IN THE LAST PART of the Theory of Moral Sentiments, Adam Smith puts his theory in a class with those of his contemporaries Francis Hutcheson and David Hume, namely, the systems that make sentiments the principle of approbation. Despite recognizing important differences with both of them, he thinks that since he has placed the origin of moral sentiments in sympathy, and in particular the fact that we are able to enter into the motives of the agent and get pleasure from (...) finding them appropriate to their cause, sentiments are the foundation of his theory of morals. Many of Smith’s commentators, in fact almost all of the most important studies over the last few years, reaffirm the author’s self-description. However, my aim in this paper is to challenge this view by showing that Smith’s system can also be plausibly seen as a theory of practical reasoning, and in some important aspects very similar to Aristotelian ethics. Surprisingly few scholars have seen this parallel. Laurence Berns, Samuel Fleischacker, Charles Griswold, and Gloria Vivenza are the latest exceptions, identifying several points of coincidence between Adam Smith and Aristotle’s ethics. None of them, however, has tied all these similarities under a unified interpretation, such as the one I propose here: The basic analogy between these theories, and the source of those particular coincidences, is the operation of practical reason. Moreover, and besides the common elements with Aristotle’s ethics, Smith’s reconstruction of practical reason simultaneously announces some of the main features of modern accounts of ethics, such as impartiality and universality as preconditions of moral judgment. The integration of these ancient and modern elements in a single coherent theory allows Smith’s TMS to overcome the insufficiencies and paradoxes of both these traditions, and it constitutes one of the most interesting and challenging proposals of modern ethics. (shrink)

En los últimos años, la relación entre la filosofía de la Ilustración y el cinismo ha logrado atraer la atención de los especialistas. En ese marco, los críticos suelen identificar las filosofías de Diógenes y Diderot. El objetivo del presente trabajo es revisar el vínculo que existe entre ambos con el fin de demostrar que el mismo es problemático y que, por esa razón, desborda las interpretaciones que se han presentado hasta el momento. Esto, por otra parte, arrojará luces sobre (...) la relación entre el materialismo de Diderot y su teoría ético-política. In recent years the relationship between the philosophy of the Enlightenment and cynicism has managed to attract the attention of scholars. In this framework, critics often identify Diogenes and Diderot's philosophy. The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between Diderot and Diogenes in order to demonstrate that it is a problematic relationship that goes beyond the interpretations that have been presented so far. This, on the other hand, will shed light on the relationship between Diderot's materialism and his ethical and political theory. (shrink)

Este artículo analiza los aspectos centrales de la concepción del Estado en El Anti-Edipo. Capitalismo y esquizofrenia, en particular los desarrollos ofrecidos en el capítulo tercero: "Salvajes, Bárbaros, Civilizados". La innovadora figura del Estado surge de un juego polifónico, abigarrado, discontinuo y elíptico con Karl Marx a partir de la noción de Modo de producción asiático; con Friedrich Nietzsche considerando la noción de origen y domesticación; y con Sigmund Freud siguiendo la noción de latencia. Los rasgos centrales para su conceptualización (...) se sintetizan en: 1) El Estado despótico como momento paradigmático de todo Estado y 2) el Estado es entendido como máquina social, en su doble articulación: social y libidinal. The article analyzes the key aspects of the conception of the State in The Anti-Oedipus. Capitalism and Schizophrenia, in particular the developments offered in chapter three: "Savages, Barbarians, Civilized". The innovative idea of the State arises from a game polyphonic from the notion of Asian Production Mode, from the concept of origin and domestication, and from the notion of latency. The central features for conceptualization are summarized as follows: 1) The Despotic State as paradigmatic moment of every State and 2) the State is understood as a social machine, in its double articulation: social and libidinal. (shrink)

Over the last several decades an increasing number of philosophers have announced their sympathies for or have become affiliated with what has become known as neo-pragmatism. The connection between the various strands of pragmatism, new and old, however, remains quite unclear. This paper attempts to shed some light on this issue by focusing on a debate between Hilary Putnam and Robert Brandom on classical and contemporary pragmatisms. Using the Brandom-Putnam debate as my starting point, I examine the relationship between the (...) pragmatisms of Putnam and Rorty, two of the most influential neopragmatists, and argue that differing conceptions of the normative are at the heart of their disagreement. I further argue that this disagreement has similarities to, and can be illuminated by, two differing conceptions of norms in Wittgenstein's work. I conclude that Brandom does not delineate the differences between various strands of pragmatism convincingly. (shrink)

There has been little consensus around the sequential relationship between organizational affective commitment and workers’ wellbeing. In line with the Conservation of Resources Theory, results of this two-wave study with a contact center employee sample showed that organizational affective commitment decreases work ill-being and increases work wellbeing. Furthermore, in keeping with the loss spiral assumption of this theory, the mediating role of burnout in the affective commitment-health relationship was supported in this study. However, in accordance with the Job Demand-Resources, work (...) engagement was found not to prevent effects on health. The findings have implications for the organizational affective commitment theory, as well as for organizational occupational health policies and interventions. (shrink)

This essay concerns political identities as related to the existence of an enemy. Here are four methodological key points as topics for discussion.Even in the natural biological environment, where imitation has its real beginning, we find not only a subject and an object, but also a third element: René Girard calls it "the model of desire."1 The subject desires the object insofar as the model is imagined to want the same object. Therefore, mankind's dependence on the model is, as it (...) always was, the modus operandi of hyper-mimetic beings. It is not solely a distorted compulsion that transforms the model into a "material" obstacle to obtaining the object.As for mimetism, it must be underlined that rivalry... (shrink)

Na tentativa de tornar compreensível o processo vintista nas suas componentes ideológicas ao nível das estruturas orgânicas da Nação, analisamos um caso – o do município do Horta. Utilizando as categorias do liberalismo historicista, de matriz inglesa, e as do radicalismo libe­ral, de coloração racionalista à francesa, procuramos demonstrar como o liberalismo vintista se estabelece entre o balanceamento dos dois modelos. A teoria do municipalismo, levada a cabo por Alexandre Herculano, mais não faz do que elevar ao nível da conceptualização (...) uma consciência que os "corpos intermédios" manifestaram na adesão ao vintismo, quando a ideia da "soberania da Nação" tendia a afirmar-se como absoluta. (shrink)

The article offers us a theologic reflection about the environment crisis which is quickly moved by the human being arrogation and a damning evidence by the accumulation of material estate caused by mass consumerism. But in earlier times however, it was not exactly the way it’s used to be. The dream of the Lord represented in the created Heaven and the power to submit the earth, to get forward with his project joing people living together without violence in our “Casa (...) Comum”, having a goog live. Philosophy “levinasiana” recommends alterability as a tool for ethnic-philosophic to face a large crisis which was developed by the total view that reduces the other to himself. We apply this intuition to present the environment as another cosmos, it expresses an ecological alterability that claims ethnically “No kill”. This call reflects the sound of one-earth, the other-environment nowadays. They seem to be as a cosmie alterability which is so important and needful to human being survives. This conscience needs an ecological conversion taking part in a process salvation revealed by Jesus. It’s necessay and urgent an eco-spirituality. We must pay more attention in considerations of Pope Francis encyclicals Laudato Si, Fratelli Tutti and in his apostolical exhortation Laudate Deum. He advices us about our carelessness with our “Casa Comum”; Our Planet. This reality affects mainly who is needy. It produces inequality, poverty, injustice. Because of that the title of this article means: “Are we all together?”. It means to be a conscious agreement changing the attitude in front of an environment crisis. Then, we will realize that together and aware we will be able to make over again our trajectory, saving our Planet, preserving life. (shrink)

Until recently, feminist theory and citizenship theory have seemed two distinct areas, with writers in both camps seldom discussing the other's work.

In recent years there has been renewed interest in the participation of lay people in regulatory procedures. The debate peaked in the 1980s with the anti-nuclear movements and again more recently as a reaction to the food scandals of the mid-1990s. In the wake of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) crisis there has been a proliferation of European Community rules on the production, processing and retailing of food products, along with the multiplication of scientific committees in order to cope with (...) increased ... (shrink)

En el presente artículo se realiza un análisis de los Estudios Subalternos, acerca de su posibilidad, avances y fracasos. Se parte de la pregunta por el sujeto subalterno y sobre la posibilidad de éste de crear su propia historia. En el fondo se interroga por el derecho a erigirse como sujeto de lenguaje. Se reflexiona a partir de los aportes de Fanon, Chakrabarty y Mignolo sosteniendo que pueden arrojar luz y así producir verdaderos corrimientos en las epistemologías académicamente consolidadas. Se (...) apuesta a epistemologías fronterizas que tomen en cuenta desde dónde pensamos y que al pensar desde el límite puedan llevar a cabo la propuesta del pensamiento decolonial. (shrink)

This paper presents qualitative research that focus on the Reading Groups. The aim is to understand the values of reading and discussing books in group, during the months of lockdown, caused by the Covid-19 health emergency. Using written and structured interviews, we collected the experiences of 73 adult participants in Reading Group in Milan and Bergamo provinces. The results show how, even by the unusual online mode, the Reading Group was a way to defend oneself from the pain of reality, (...) a space of relationship in isolation and a possibility of self-assertion, in situation of strong limitation of individual freedom. Starting from the analysis of what happened, this study wants to outline the potential of Reading Groups as pedagogical environments to produce change. (shrink)

While there is some consensus that the frame problem is one of the most controversial and difficult problems to solve within the field of the philosophy of the mind, even today it has not been possible to reach a consensus about its definition or solution. It is for this reason that our main objective is to clarify the interpretation of the original frame problem and some problems that derive from it. We will argue that, even this interpretation among several, has (...) various aspects and that it cannot be interpreted as "an" only problem but rather as a set of problems closely related to the same issue. (shrink)

Como respuesta a una práctica clínica cada vez más especializada, tecnologizada y cientificista, la medicina y la bioética buscan restituir el protagonismo a la experiencia del paciente. Para ello, cada vez más sectores dentro de la medicina y la bioética adoptan un marco teórico proveniente de la tradición hermenéutica o del giro narrativo. Ya no se interpretan sólo los síntomas fisiológicos y los resultados de laboratorio: al incorporar la voz del paciente, se busca considerarlo de manera íntegra, como un texto (...) a ser comprendido. No obstante, la heterogénea recepción de estas perspectivas, obstaculiza la retroalimentación entre teorías. Las que subrayan la arista narrativa dejan entrever un dualismo subyacente entre el cuerpo y el paciente, las capacidades técnicas e interlocutivas de los profesionales, y lo científico y lo narrable, y las que enfatizan la arista hermenéutica tienen inconvenientes a la hora de argumentar la aplicación de la teoría a la vida. En este trabajo, se sostiene que es preciso incorporar la dimensión retórica al horizonte teórico hermenéutico-narrativo en medicina y bioética. Se espera que el presente constituya un aporte a “lo no-dicho” en las definiciones que los especialistas en salud emplean de narrativa, hermenéutica y por supuesto, de texto. (shrink)

Xavier Zubiri y Leonardo Polo son partidarios del realismo gnoseológico. Ambos reflexionan sobre lo que es propio del acto cognoscitivo, en cuanto acto cognoscitivo. Zubiri afirma que conocer es actualización de realidad, pues en el conocer está presente la actualidad de la realidad, no de modo intencional, está como realidad en su estricto de suyo. La superación del objeto se da por la riqueza en que queda la realidad actualizada, en su contenido y su formalidad. Para Polo, lo propio del (...) acto cognoscitivo es ser operación, praxis perfecta o inmanente, co-actualidad de acto y objeto; pero la presencia propia del objeto manifiesta su límite desde el conocimiento habitual. (shrink)

According to Quine's thesis of the indeterminacy of translation there are no facts of matter which could determine the choice between two or more incompatible translation schemes which are in accordance with all behavioral evidence. Donald Davidson agrees with Quine that an important degree of indeterminacy will remain after all the behavioral evidence is in, but he believes that this indeterminacy of meaning should not be seen as either mysterious or threatening. In this paper I argue that IM is not (...) as innocuous as Davidson believes it to be and has consequences which do not sit easily with some core elements of the Davidsonian project. I argue that IM leads to the nontrivial thesis of the indeterminacy of language ascription which is not captured by the mundane examples of indeterminacy of measurement that Davidson frequently cites. Davidson makes a liberal use of the principle of charity in order to lessen the effect of IM. In recent years he has broadened the scope of the principle of charity by arguing that a radical interpreter, at least in some basic cases, should identify the object of a belief with the cause of that belief. Davidson agrees with Quine and Putnam that the concept of causality is applied to the world according to human interests. For Quine and Putnam, however, the interest-relativity of causal relations has relativistic consequences. Given Davidson. s long-standing opposition to all types of relativism this conclusion should not be welcome to him. Relativism may be avoided by imposing a great deal of social and biological homogeneity on all language-users which is an equally unwelcome view. (shrink)

Análisis de la fortuna de Maquiavelo en España a través de la revisión de las primeras traducciones del Príncipe : tres traducciones manuscritas pertenecientes al siglo XVII y dos traducciones editadas del siglo XIX. El análisis comienza con un apartado dedicado a la fortuna de Maquiavelo en España: se estudia cuándo y cómo se dio la prohibición del autor en este país y cómo esta prohibición influyó en la difusión de sus obras, ya sean en versión orginal que traducida. A (...) continuación, se examinan cómo nacen las primeras traducciones manuscritas e impresas del Príncipe en España y cuáles son sus características principales. (shrink)

Este artigo é um estudo inicial sobre o modelo de teoria crítica desenvolvido por Max Horkheimer na década de 30 no artigo Teoria Tradicional e Teoria Critica. Este modelo é de suma importância, tanto para aqueles que fundaram a chamada escola de Frankfurt, Adorno, Marcuse, Benjamim, Pollock, etc., quanto para os nomes mais atuais que ainda se ocupam por pensar a teoria critica na sociedade contemporânea. Como metodologia, concentraremos no artigo do autor, de modo a seguir sua argumentação tendo como (...) horizonte a distinção entre teoria critica e teoria tradicional, destacando a importância da história para a teoria e a necessidade da elaboração de um diagnóstico do tempo presente. Além disso, mostraremos que a teoria critica se define, sobretudo, pela orientação para a emancipação e pelo comportamento crítico. De certo modo, salientamos a dificuldade desta tarefa, já que nas próprias palavras de Horkheimer não é algo tão claro. (shrink)

Luciana Martínez y Esteban Ponce (eds.). El genio en el siglo xviii. Barcelona: Herder Editorial, 2022, 334 páginas. Viviana Suñol y Lidia Raquel Miranda (eds.). La educación en la filosofía antigua. Ética, retórica y arte en la formación del ciudadano. Buenos Aires: Miño y Dávila, 2020, 256 páginas.

Most of the research done with spatial demonstratives have focused on the production, not the interpretation, of these words. In addition, emphasis has been largely on demonstrative pronouns, leaving demonstrative adverbs with relatively little research attention. The present study explores the interpretation of both demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adverbs in Estonian—a Finno-Ugric language with two dialectal-specific demonstrative pronoun systems. In the South-Estonian dialectal region, two demonstrative pronouns, see—“this” and too—“that”, are used. In the North-Estonian region, only one, see—“this/that”, is used. (...) The aim of this study is twofold. First, we test if the distance and the visual salience of a referent have an effect on the interpretation of demonstratives. Second, we explore if there is a difference in the interpretation of demonstratives between native speakers from SE and NE. We used an interpretation experiment with 30 participants per group and compared the SE and NE group responses. The results clearly show that the distance of the referent has an effect on how demonstratives are interpreted across the two groups, while the effect of visual salience is inconclusive. There is also a difference in the interpretation of demonstratives between the two dialectal groups. When using the Estonian with an influence of the SE dialect, the NE speakers rely on demonstrative adverbs in interpreting the referential utterance that includes demonstrative pronoun and adverb combinations, whereas the SE speakers also take into account the semantics of demonstrative pronouns. We show that, in addition to an already known difference in the production, there is also a difference in the interpretation of demonstratives between the two groups. In addition, our findings support the recognition that languages that have distance neutral demonstrative pronouns enforce the spatial meaning of a referring utterance by adding demonstrative adverbs. Not only is the interpretation of demonstrative pronouns affected, but the interpretation of demonstrative adverbs as well. The latter shows the importance of studying adverbs also, not just pronouns, and contributes to further knowledge of how demonstratives function. (shrink)