“What characterizes the act of justice is not resort to a court and to judges; it is not the intervention of magistrates (even if they had to be simple mediators or arbitrators). What characterizes the juridical act, the process or the procedure in the broad sense, is the regulated development of a dispute. And the intervention of judges, their opinion or decision, is only ever an episode in this development. What defines the juridical order is the way in which one (...) confronts one another, the way in which one struggles. The rule and the struggle, the rule in the struggle, this is the juridical.” - Michel Foucault Penal Theories and Institutions is the title Michel Foucault gave to the lectures he delivered at the Collège de France from November 1971 to March 1972. In these lectures Michel Foucault presents for the first time his approach to the question of power that will be the focus of his research up to the writing of Discipline and Punish (1975) and beyond. His analysis starts with a detailed account of Richelieu’s repression of the Nu-pieds revolt (1639-1640) and then goes on to show how the apparatus of power developed by the monarchy on this occasion breaks with the system of juridical and judicial institutions of the Middle Ages and opens out onto a “judicial State apparatus”, a “repressive system”, whose function is focused on the confinement of those who challenge its order. Michel Foucault systemizes the approach of a history of truth on the basis of the study of “juridico-political matrices” that he had begun in the previous year’s lectures (Lectures on the Will to Know) and which is at the heart of the notion of “knowledge-power”. In these lectures Foucault develops his theory of justice and penal law. The appearance of this volume marks the end of the publication of the series Foucault’s courses at the Collège de France (the first volume of which was published in 1997). (shrink)

E agora algumas palavras sobre esse seminário. O ponto de partida. Minha intenção não era lidar com o problema da verdade, mas com o problema de dizer a verdade ou do que diz a verdade como uma atividade. Com isso quero dizer que, para mim, não era uma questão de analisar os critérios internos ou externos que possam permitir a gregos e romanos, ou a qualquer outro povo, reconhecer se uma declaração ou proposição é verdadeira ou não. A questão para (...) mim foi, outrossim, a tentativa de considerar dizer a verdade como uma atividade específica ou como um papel. Mas, mesmo no âmbito dessa questão geral do papel do narrador da verdade. (shrink)

L'Observatoire de la Formation, de l'Emploi et des Métiers de la CCIP a rédigé un rapport en juin 2003 sur les pratiques linguistiques des entreprises françaises exerçant une activité internationale, afin de mesurer les impacts de la mondialisation des échanges sur l'usage de la langue française au sein de ces entreprises. Il ressort de cette analyse que les entreprises interrogées ne ressentent pas de barrière linguistique forte dans le développement de leurs activités à l'international. Si l'anglais est considéré comme un (...) avantage concurrentiel fort, les incitant à former leurs collaborateurs à son usage, le français conserve toute sa place dans la communication interne et les relations commerciales avec la clientèle francophone. Par ailleurs, le français est considéré comme un élément indissociable de l'image de marque des entreprises sans toutefois être vu comme un avantage sur le marché. Aussi, il est nécessaire de mettre en place une politique d'incitation à l'usage du français en tant qu'avantage concurrentiel indissociable d'une politique marketing afin de garantir son maintien comme langue des affaires au sein même des entreprises francophones. Une telle politique les inciterait à se regrouper en tant que réseau d'entreprises partageant une spécificité culturelle liée à l'emploi majoritaire d'une même langue: le français.A study concerning the linguistic practices of French companies with international business activity was drafted in June 2003, by the "Observatoire de la Formation, de l'Emploi et des Métiers " at the Paris Chamber of Commerce and Industry. The purpose of this report was to analyse the effect globalization has on those practices, especially regarding the use of French. The report shows clearly that these companies do not suffer from linguistic barriers in the expansion of their international business activity. If the use of English seems to be a competitive advantage in international markets, prompting those companies to provide English training for their employees, French holds its position when it comes to internal communication and business relationships with French-speaking customers. Moreover, French is considered as an essential part of their brand image without however being considered a commercial advantage. Therefore, it is necessary to urge these companies to develop their use of French as a competitive advantage closely linked to their marketing policy and thus to maintain French as a business language used by Francophone companies. Such campaign would permit the emergence of a network of companies, all sharing the same cultural specificity linked to the use of the same language: French. (shrink)

ABSTRACT This article aims to add an important new dimension to the historical scholarship on early socialism by analysing the Saint-Simonian encounter with Owenism during the first decades of the nineteenth century. The article shows how the Saint-Simonian interpretation of Owenism was shaped by the manner by which the Saint-Simonians disseminated their doctrine. It draws on a number of neglected texts to show what the Saint-Simonians drew from Owen’s work and how they set out to distinguish themselves from Owen and (...) his French followers. The article focuses on key Saint-Simonian publications, including Le Globe and those edited by women members of the movement, Jeanne-Désirée Veret and Marie-Reine Guindorf’s La Tribune des femmes, and its early iterations. The article shows in detail the extent to which the Saint-Simonians saw Owen’s work as threatening to their cause, and how they formulated a thoroughgoing critique of it. (shrink)

Michel Serres is one of the most influential living theorists in European philosophy. This volume makes available a work which has a foundational place in the development of chaos theory, representing a tour de force application of the principles underlying Serres' distinctive philosophy of science.

In recent decades the expression "molecular biology" has progressively disappeared from journals, and no longer designates new chairs or departments. This begs the question: does it mean that molecular biology is dead, and has been displaced by new emerging disciplines such as systems biology and synthetic biology? Maybe its reductionist approach to living phenomena has been substituted by one that is more holistic. The situation, undoubtedly, is far less simple. To appreciate better what has happened it is necessary to acknowledge (...) the following: the intial project of molecular biologists was not a reductionist one, but an attempt to naturalize the phenomena of life by using the epistemological principles of physics as a model; and, it is necessary to distinguish the early stages of molecular biology, and the later aggregating process which gave it its present characteristics. Only one of these characteristics, the importance of the informational vision, has been seriously challenged in recent years. But it is obvious that the ambition of most early molecular biologists to discover simple rules and principles explaining all of biological facts has vanished. The pendulum has now moved toward the study of the diversity generated by a long evolutionary history. (shrink)

Artémise, femme puissante. D’Hérodote à Despentes (et retour), tel est le titre qu’on est tenté de donner à l’ouvrage de V. Sebillotte Cuchet, à la fois érudit et engagé, suggestif et rigoureux. Les études de genre, associées de plus en plus aux approches dites postcoloniales, et les études classiques (ou sciences de l’Antiquité), en particulier l’histoire, l’archéologie et l’anthropologie culturelle des mondes anciens, incluant les littératures et l’historiographie anciennes, y dialoguent av...

La formation - le mot et la chose - envahit le champ des discours et des pratiques éducatives. Elle s'étale dans la durée : formation initiale, continue, bref permanente. Elle se répand dans l'espace d'une société que l'on n'hésite plus à qualifier de " pédagogique ". L'idée de formation brouille également les distinctions conceptuelles et obscurcit le discours pédagogique en s'insinuant quelque part entre " instruction ", " éducation ", " enseignement ", " apprentissage ". Savons-nous bien désormais ce que (...) nous sommes : enseignants, éducateurs, formateurs ou rien de tout cela, ou encore tout cela à la fois? On tente ici de clarifier le problème et d'esquisser quelques réponses : - peut-on isoler dans le champ des pratiques éducatives (école, formation professionnelle, formation psycho-sociologique...) les caractéristiques d'une problématique de formation? Comment développer alors cette problématique sur " le triangle de la formation "? ; - Quelles ressources la réflexion peut-elle tirer de la tradition philosophique qui, d'Aristote à Heidegger, en passant par Rousseau ou Bachelard, pense la forme et la formation? ; - Comment la philosophie contemporaine de l'éducation questionne-t-elle cet héritage et interpelle-t-elle nos pratiques de formation? Poser ces questions, c'est chercher le sens de ce que nous faisons, ici et maintenant, en formation. (shrink)

The author analyzes the transformation of norms and values in France and England during the preindustrial period (1500-1760). The relationship between religion and reason, the nature of popular fears, witchcraft, marriage, attitudes toward death, and persecution of confessional minorities are singled out for closer examination. The interplay between the two national traditions and the Catholic and Protestant ways remains under constant focus. The new norms and models for behavior that arose in each country in this period, besides being different, were (...) also articulated, communicated, and enforced differently, even though there is a broad family resemblance between the changes in France and in England that led to modernization. It is argued that the general concepts used in comparative religious ethics should always be suspect and may be of questionable applicability outside the historical wholes which gave them birth. To enhance the applicability of these concepts, it is proposed that the work adopt the more limited ambition of comparing cultural wholes that are geographically close and culturally permeable. (shrink)

In this paper, I criticize Putnam’s argument, which contends that scientific realism implies adherence to a God’s eye point of view. I also show that some sort of God’s eye point of view in a weak sense, i.e. interest-free, is indeed accessible to humans and that a moderate version of scientific realism is philosophically defensible.

The relationship between Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity and Hendrik A. Lorentz’s ether theory is best understood in terms of competing interpretations of Lorentz invariance. In the 1890s, Lorentz proved and exploited the Lorentz invariance of Maxwell’s equations, the laws governing electromagnetic fields in the ether, with what he called the theorem of corresponding states. To account for the negative results of attempts to detect the earth’s motion through the ether, Lorentz, in effect, had to assume that the laws (...) governing the matter interacting with the fields are Lorentz invariant as well. This additional assumption can be seen as a generalization of the well-known contraction hypothesis. In Lorentz’s theory, it remained an unexplained coincidence that both the laws governing fields and the laws governing matter should be Lorentz invariant. In special relativity, by contrast, the Lorentz invariance of all physical laws directly reflects the Minkowski space-time structure posited by the theory. One can use this observation to produce a common-cause argument to show that the relativistic interpretation of Lorentz invariance is preferable to Lorentz’s interpretation. (shrink)

RÉSUMÉDifférentes méthodes ?identification des systèmes ont été développées par les informaticiens qui consistent à déterminer à partir de ľobservation des grandeurs ?entrée et de sortie de ce système, les relations de cause à effet qu'il établit entre ces grandeurs.Cet exposé rappelle le principe des méthodes ?identification 〈statique〉 et 〈dyna‐mique〉, et conclut que ces méthodes peuvent être considéréd comme un exemple ?applications des approches définies par la philosophic de ľouverture pour ľacqui‐sition de nouvelles connaissances.

A phenomenological view of contemplative disciplines is presented. However, studying mindfulness by phenomenology is at odds with both neurobiological and anthropological approaches. It involves the first-person standpoint, the openness of being-in-the-world, the umwelt of the meditator, instead of assessing her neural processes and behaviors from a neutral, distanced, third-person standpoint. It then turns out that phenomenology cannot produce a discourse about mindfulness. Phenomenology rather induces a cross-fertilization between the state of mindfulness and its own methods of mental cultivation. A comparison (...) between the epochè, the phenomenological reduction, and the practice of mindfulness, is then undertaken. (shrink)

Texte inédit de 2005 extrait d’un projet de livre « Le blanc ».

La politique positive est la politique de l’ère positive. Elle s’oppose à la politique métaphysique (c’est-à-dire la philosophie politique classique, dont Comte croyait pouvoir annoncer la prochaine disparition) comme le réel au fictif, ou le relatif à l’absolu. Elle se résume à deux principes: pas de société sans gouvernement, pas de société sans un sacerdoce quelconque. La théorie du gouvernement: contenir les divergences et développer les convergences. La théorie du pouvoir spirituel : consensus et autorité; rapports de la politique à (...) la morale et à la religion. (shrink)