En las páginas que siguen trato de acercarme a estos dos grandes pensadores para ver qué es lo que tienen que decirnos acerca del hombre y de su historia. Marx confía en el progreso histórico y cree que finalmente los hombres pasarán del reino de la necesidad al de la libertad. Vico, en cambio, nunca creyó que el progreso fuese una necesidad que tenía que producirse inevitablemente, ni mucho menos que fuese irreversible, pues la barbarie está siempre acechando y toda (...) conquista es siempre precaria.I take this paper to be an approach to these two great thinkers in order to find out what they have to say about man and his history. Marx, unlike Vico, relies heavily in the historical progress and seems to be firmly convinced that men would eventually step into the kingdom of freedom once they have abandoned that of necessity. Vico, on the other hand, never believed that progress was bound inevitably to occur, let alone that it were an unavoidable process, since barbarism is always lying in wait and all conquer appears to be meager. (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically changed the lives of people all over the world. In particular, an unprecedented educational crisis has occurred due to the circumstances of physical distancing and remote learning. This article focuses specifically on the meaningful learning experiences in the everyday lives of adolescents during the pandemic. 72 meaningful learning experiences were identified from 11 participants who recorded their specific learning experiences for a week by a means of a journal recorded by themselves. A content analysis was (...) undertaken in order to identify the ecology (what, how, where, and who with) of the different learning experiences. The results show a prevalence of personal and conceptual learning, a presence of both formal and specifically informal, everyday activities among the meaningful learning experiences detected, the importance of peers, teacher and “learning experiences while alone,” and the use of digital technologies as learning resources; they also reveal the assistance of others in the learning process. The main contribution of this study illustrates how students in everyday life during pandemics are involved in a whole range of different activities both at school and at home. (shrink)

La novela Elvira (1940), de Moisés Vincenzi, y su adaptación cinematográfica (1955), producida por Carlos Alfaro McAdam, ofrecen, a través del protagonista de ambos relatos, Alberto Manara Bassi, un símbolo del intelectual costarricense de mediados del siglo XX. Estas representaciones, una anterior y otra posterior al establecimiento de la Segunda República en 1949, incluyen posiciones respecto a la patria, la etnia, las clases sociales y el género que pueden ser vinculadas al momento histórico de su producción. Por otra parte, (...) el juego especular por el que coinciden las ideas y escritos del sujeto literario Manara Bassi (quien toma el nombre de Mariano González) y el autor Vincenzi, conocido principalmente por su obra filosófica, convierten la novela y el filme en una vía para examinar las aspiraciones, inquietudes y contradicciones de un sector de la intelectualidad nacional del período. (shrink)

En el presente texto se hace una lectura fenomenológica del relato mítico amazónico del Yurupary. A partir de esta, se defiende la tesis de que en la oralitura que se manifiesta en este relato se ofrece la cosmovisión de una cultura precolombina; en esta, se plasma en su estructura interna una determinada manera de estar-en-el-mundo, es decir, devela rasgos de la dimensión ontológica de la misma. Para exponer la tesis anterior el texto se divide en tres partes: I. “De la (...) fenomenología o presupuestos metodológicos”; II. “Aproximación fenomenológica al relato”, y III. “Perspectivas”. (shrink)

The article analyzes the information on the Internet of Things, based on Evgeny Morozov's approach, and in genome studies, on Paula Sibilia's approach, identifying the main characteristics of the information, critically and reflexively relating them to the freedom that is derived from it, mainly, in its link with the market, surveillance and control, and with the disembodiment and depoliticization inherent in it.

The Absolute, philosophized most saliently about by Georg Hegel, encompasses the entirety of reality. The absolute is composed of five dimensions – height, length, width, time, and justice. The five dimensions operate dialectically, and the normative values of reality inhere within the fifth dimension – hard, soft, moral, ethical, yellow, etc. ad infinitum. The normative values from the fifth dimension, in combination with the brain, comprise the human mind. With the issues of climate change, world-wide biosphere destruction, nuclear weapons, international (...) trade regimes, humanity has created the phenomenon of global politics – thereby changing the fifth dimension. The argument in this volume is that the broadcast iterations of Star Trek allow us to comprehend significant aspects of justice and the politics of globalism – created through the advent of science, technology, engineering, etc. The creators of Star Trek hold that nationalism is a psychological pathology and internationalism is rationality. (shrink)

Topics in Cognitive Science, Volume 14, Issue 1, Page 14-30, January 2022.

Resumen: En el presente artículo se evidencia la vinculación que establece Rama entre lengua/literatura y espacio/poder en La ciudad letrada. Este nuevo paradigma ha permitido pensar y repensar la literatura latinoamericana y los estudios culturales, sin embargo, entraña contradicciones dentro del mismo pensamiento del uruguayo. La tajante división que el autor establece entre ciudad real y ciudad letrada hace imposible pensar el rol de la literatura fuera de la esfera del poder institucional, al mismo tiempo que relega ontológicamente la realidad (...) de esta última a una meramente instrumental. Nuestra propuesta es leer a la luz del concepto de transculturación esta oposición, para establecer una dialéctica que permita considerar la politicidad propia de la ciudad real y su rol activo en la expresión de una literatura de resistencia política. Abstract: In the present article we show the relationship that Rama establish between language/power and space/power in the Ciudad Letrada. This new paradigm has allowed us to think and rethink Latin American literature and cultural studies, non the less, it also brings out contradictions inside the own thinking of the Uruguayan author. The strong division that the author establishes between the real city and the literate city does not allow one to think of the role of literature outside the field of institutionalized power, at the same time that he relegates the ontological reality of the latter to a merely instrumental one. Our proposal is to read this opposition in the light of the notion of transculturation, establishing a dialectic that allows us to consider the very policy of the real city and its active role in the expression of a political resistance literature. (shrink)

Este artigo apresenta uma abordagem inicial sobre a caracterização do campo meta-teórico de pesquisa em educação inclusiva e, em particular, examina as forças que produzem seu discurso na pesquisa documental. É reconhecida a necessidade de avançar na exploração de uma perspectiva epistêmica que permita superar o absentismo teórico enfrentado pela educação inclusiva em tempos complexos. O desenvolvimento atual da pesquisa em educação inclusiva é alimentado por vários campos de confluência fora da pedagogia, o que resultou na cristalização de um discurso (...) crítico e não crítico sobre si mesmo. As diferenças entre as perspectivas crítica e acrítica residem na ausência de raciocínio para politizar a discussão sobre a inclusão como mecanismo de transformação de todos os campos da vida do cidadão. Isso confirma a presença de políticas de produção de conhecimento que impõem fundamentos intelectuais binários e poucos pontos de fuga para problematizar as relações estruturais da desigualdade. Soma-se a isso as fortes raízes de padrões que impõem modelos epistêmicos quebrados para pensar nas opressões objeto das diversas identidades que chegam ao espaço escolar e demarcam novas formas de expressão cidadã. Conclui-se com base em um modelo pré-construído de tipo normativo para refletir sobre as questões fundamentais do desenvolvimento humano e cidadão. É necessário promover um processo de descolonização em todos os campos da Ciência da Educação, bem como uma crítica genealógica dos fundamentos híbridos que este modelo propõe, dada a uniformidade de seu discurso em todos os ciclos e níveis de ensino. Palavras-chave: educação inclusiva, políticas de produção de conhecimento, epistemologia, identidades e temas educacionais. (shrink)

La figura de José Carlos Mariátegui es una referencia intelectual en el pensamiento revolucionario latinoamericano. Su producción intelectual está acompañada de un compromiso político con las ideas transformadoras aplicadas al conjunto de América Latina y, de manera especial, a Perú. Sus aportaciones teóricas y sus propuestas prácticas para organizar a la clase obrera del país andino son motivo de disputa ideológica en el seno del comunismo peruano durante las décadas centrales del siglo XX. En ese ambiente surge Sendero Luminoso, una (...) organización dispuesta a impulsar el proceso revolucionario por la vía armada. Este texto busca los anclajes de su ideario a partir de los planteamientos iniciales sugeridos por el autor de Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana. (shrink)

Se explora la justificación que ofrece Hume del gobierno en dos momentos, y, a partir de ahí, los argumentos con los que pretende salvar la posibilidad de la resistencia civil sin afirmar tajantemente un derecho a la resistencia. Para ello pone en juego su distinción entre obligación natural —u obligación de interés—y obligación moral —-avalada por el sentimiento. Al hilo de esta distinción puede señalarse un criterio para distinguir normalidad y excepción, y, eventualmente, el tipo de situación que podría respaldar (...) acciones de resistencia civil. (shrink)

La presente nota crítica de Pinocho. Las aventuras de un títere dos veces comentadas y tres veces ilustradas, de Giorgio Agamben, propone una lectura a partir de los conceptos benjaminianos de carácter y destino, mostrando cómo estos revelan más claramente el sentido de las tesis que el autor va alcanzando, así como contrastándolo con la crítica que Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio hizo del Pinocho de Carlo Collodi. Se concluye que el Pinocho de Agamben es un personaje que trasciende aquella oposición por (...) su carácter abierto y su destino literariamente malparado. (shrink)

Tras un minucioso análisis de las aprehensiones claras y distintas que las potencias pueden recibir tanto natural como sobrenaturalmente, San Juan de la Cruz descubre que ninguna de ellas es medio proporcionado para la unión mística. Dicho hallazgo conduce al santo al desarrollo de una elevada y recia doctrina: para no impedir la infusión de las virtudes, el espiritual debe ejercitarse en la privación voluntaria de dichas aprehensiones. El presente artículo es una meditación filosófica sobre un tema esencial de la (...) teología espiritual: la purificación de la memoria, durante la noche activa del espíritu. La tesis a demostrar es que la memoria es tanto un sentido interno como una potencia, cuya operación es principio de la unidad de la existencia y fundamento del ethos. (shrink)

El objetivo del presente artículo es revisar la interpretación dada por diversos autores contemporáneos sobre la función de mago o hechicero del chamán sámi de acuerdo a las fuentes tradicionales. El artículo se presenta dividido en tres secciones diferenciadas, comenzando por una introducción del papel y actividades del chamán en la comunidad sámi durante el período en el que fueron escritas las fuentes. La mujer-chamán mostrando las multiples contradicciones encontradas en las fuentes de los autores tradicionales. Las prácticas mágicas: hechicería (...) y éxtasis. El estudio del éxtasis con viaje del alma y los espíritus auxiliares. (shrink)

En el texto «¿Por qué la guerra?» de 1933, Einstein y Freud abordan la posibilidad de educar al hombre contra la barbarie. En él se define el proceso de civilización como un predominio progresivo de la razón que tiende a la eliminación de la crueldad de la esfera social mediante la educación de los instintos primarios. Pero la intrínseca ambigüedad de la violencia (constructora y destructora) en Freud permitiría comprender la guerra civilizada como una forma histórica de crueldad estéticamente tolerable, (...) al estar su violencia ligada a «un cierto grado de hipocresía» del Kulturmenschen necesario para mantener el orden de la civilización. En diálogo con las ideas de Adorno, Elias y Bauman, este artículo examina críticamente las contradicciones dialécticas en torno a la crueldad en el mundo moderno. En él se concluye que el ocultamiento y la negación de la violencia cruel son mecanismos necesarios para mantener la ilusión de una superioridad ética de la civilización sobre la barbarie. (shrink)

Shared intentionality is key for understanding human cooperation and cognition. This paper proposes a new way of looking at shared intentionality as a set of interconnected threshold traits, highlighting the role of developmental niche construction in its evolution. This perspective suggests that shared intentionality may have arisen from environmental changes and interactions influencing existing traits, rather than genetic variation for novel cognitive machinery.

We start from a line of research that studies the prophetic knowledge in Islamic philosophy of the classical period, as a symbol and a promise of perfect knowledge which can be reached by man. And from this place, we ask after the meaning of perfect knowledge in Suarez’s epistemology. We will discuss a number of issues that will emerge from the analysis of the faculty of imagination inserted into an intentional conception of knowledge supported on two pillars: a theory of (...) representation, explained by the mediation of intentional species and a theory of understanding, ending in judicative judgment as a path to truth. The depth and branching statements that present problems will cause us to focus on the last one. (shrink)

The theory and practice of advertising self-regulation have been evolving for decades in pursuit of basic standards for advertising quality. In Spain, this discipline was put into practice in 1995, the year the Association for the Self-Regulation of Commercial Communication was created. This article aims to examine in depth the functioning of the Spanish advertising self-regulation system, with special emphasis on the Advertising Jury, and explore to what extent some of the normative requirements of rigour, independence and participation can be (...) considered to have been met. The paper is based on a case study in which interviews with Autocontrol members, Jury members and consumer associations have particular bearing. The results shed light on the achievements of Autocontrol’s self-regulation work and the challenges it still faces. (shrink)

The question addressed here is how Aristotle can characterize the ‘unmoved mover’ that is the ‘first ousia’ and first principle of his metaphysics not only as being alive, but as a model for the best kind of human life. The first step towards understanding this characterization is the distinction between ‘motion’ and ‘activity’ that Aristotle develops in 6th chapter of Metaphysics. Only on the basis of this distinction can we understand how the unmoved mover can be active without being in (...) motion. The second is the argument in De Anima that the soul as principle of life is not any kind of motion, being unmoved even by itself. The soul indeed ‘moves’ in the sense of causing motion, but while remaining itself unmoved. On this basis we see that the meaning of ‘life’ in us is not fundamentally different from its meaning in the divine, and that therefore we can indeed find in the ultimate object of metaphysics a model for how we ourselves are to live. (shrink)

In order to explore the relationship between research and universities with a Christian identity, it is important to be clear about the identity of social realities and the meaning of ‘Christian identity’ when applied to universities. In my view, the latter requires three elements: (1) assigning a central role to theological reflection, (2) recognizing a mediating role to philosophy, and (3) encouraging a reflective posture in all disciplines. These three aspects should be considered and secured through adequate research policies that (...) manage external constraints with internal ones. (shrink)

Discussions about the evolution of human social cognition usually portray the social environment of early hominins as highly hierarchical and violent. In this evolutionary narrative, our propensity for violence was overcome in our lineage by an increase in our intellectual capacities. However, I will argue in this article that we are at least equally justified in believing that our early hominin ancestors were less aggressive and hierarchical than is suggested in these models. This view is consistent with the available comparative (...) and palaeoanthropological evidence. I will show that this alternative model not only does not support long-held views of human origins, but also has important consequences for debates about the evolution of our capacity for normative guidance. _1_ Introduction _2_ Philosophical Motivation _3_ The Puzzle of Hominin Evolution _4_ The Mosaic Hypothesis _5_ Evidence for the Model _6_ Palaeoanthropological Support _7_ Philosophical Consequences. (shrink)

En este trabajo analizamos las relaciones de complementación en la lengua toba hablada en el este de la provincia de Formosa en estrecha correlación con construcciones seriales simétricas. Se trata de dos tipos de cláusulas complejas cercanas –argumentos compartidos, los dos o más verbos son finitos, no existe marca evidente de subordinación en términos sintácticos– por lo cual los límites entre ambas no resultan evidentes. Por este motivo, proponemos un abordaje de tipo funcional de la subordinación. En línea con la (...) propuesta de Cristófaro, entendemos la subordinación como una relación asimétrica entre dos eventos y no como un tipo específico de cláusula. Proponemos que no existe la complementación en esta lengua como tipo de cláusula y que la “incrustación” no es un criterio que nos permita abordar el fenómeno. El corpus se compone de cinco horas de texto libre narrativo relevado en sucesivos trabajos de campo en las comunidades tobas de Barrio Nam Qom y la ex Colonia secular Bartolomé de Las Casas. (shrink)

Here, we aim at elucidating the epistemic grounds by which scientists traverse the path from ignorance to insight to scientific understanding- within the realm of empirical sciences, specifically focusing on cases marked by the existence of recalcitrant anomalies. We contend that scientific understanding is structuralist. Furthermore, we contend that the partial overcoming of anomalies between scientific theory and observation resides in the finding of some structures that allow for reconciliation and integration of the resulting inconsistencies and explanatory gaps by providing (...) novel inferential pathways and ways of making sense of dependency relations. Moreover, we claim that this type of understanding is gradual in that it begins with insight, understood in our view as a way of grasping what type of structure might be helpful in overcoming the above difficulties and leading eventually to a more full-blown understanding involving systematic integration and subsumption of theoretical posits and empirical observations within theoretical structures. (shrink)

Comparando la presencia teórica ante la inteligencia con el papel de la presencia intelectual en el actuar práctico se descubre la importancia y el valor del pasado histórico. Eso permite establecer el sentido de lo histórico en el hombre.

The presence of Neoplatonism in contemporary french phenomenology has a pregnance that crosses its most relevant points. Jean-Luc Marion's work does not escape this. In this work we approach the marionian appropriation of Nicholas of Cusa's thought, in the light of his writing Certitudes négatives, with the intention of understanding the cusanu´s ignorant doctrine as a way of negative certainty. La presencia del neoplatonismo en la fenomenología francesa contemporánea posee una pregnancia que atraviesa sus puntos más relevantes. La obra de (...) Jean-Luc Marion no escapa a esto. En este trabajo abordamos la apropiación marioniana del pensamiento de Nicolás de Cusa, a la luz de su escrito Certitudes négatives, con la intención de comprender la doctrina ignorante del Cusano como un modo de certeza negativa. (shrink)

The Powers of the Sacred is an opportunity for Hans Joas to return to the dynamogenic character of religion highlighted by William James and Émile Durkheim, in order to propose a reflection on the process of sacralisation of values. The present contribution enters into a pragmatist dialogue with Joas’s proposals, based on investigations carried out in an evangelical context. The aim is to show how certain spiritual practices encouraged on the horizon of collective celebrations participate in the creation of values (...) configured by religious entrepreneurs anxious to capture the religious energy of the faithful for the benefit of conservative political mobilizations. These empirical cases shed new light on the notion of the sacred proposed by Joas, and allow us to identify certain methodological knots, notably in the relationship between Joasian concepts and the notions through which social actors confer meaning on their individual or collective experiences. (shrink)