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  1. Gordon Pask’s Conversation Theory and Interaction of Actors Theory: Research to Practice.Shantanu Tilak, Thomas Manning, Michael Glassman, Paul Pangaro & Bernard C. E. Scott - 2024 - Enacting Cybernetics 2 (1):1-22.
    This three-part paper presents Gordon Pask’s conversation theory (CT) and interaction of actors theory (IA) and outlines ways to apply these cybernetic approaches to designing technologies and scenarios for both formal and informal learning. The first part of the paper covers concepts central to CT and IA, explaining the relationship between conceptual and mechanical operators, and machines mediating informal and formal learning. The second part of the paper applies visual representations of CT and IA to understanding the use of Pask’s (...)
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    Designing Sociohistorically Sensitive Information Search: Experimental Analyses of Essays Written Using ThoughtShuffler and Google.Shantanu Tilak, Latif Kadir, Ziye Wen, Paul Pangaro & Michael Glassman - 2023 - Cybernetics and Human Knowing 30 (1-2):133-151.
    In an era marked by rapid information flows, search engine use often precedes online exploration. Search engines like Google function through reliance on over 200 signals that fine tune consumer behavior and provide ordered results. This process "adds a little something extra" to the idea of results ordered by pure conceptual relationships between keywords and phrases, and may stifle critical reflection. The search interface we test, ThoughtShuffler, designed using principles of Gordon Pask's cybernetics, reorders Google's results based on the degree (...)
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    Building transformative search engines: Understanding differences in the reflectivity of essays produced using ThoughtShuffler and Google.Shantanu Tilak, Ziye Wen, Chia-Hsin Yin, Latif Kadir, Paul Pangaro & Michael Glassman - 2024 - Journal of Transformative Learning 11 (1):30-48.
    Studies suggest college students/adult learners interacting with current search tools like Google display tendency to power-browse and adhere to page-ranking order in choosing sources to supplement writing. Such limitations may limit critical reflectivity. We present a tool, ThoughtShuffler which allows users to malleably alter neighborhoods of keywords and presents results as arrays of cards and collections that can be compared and contrasted. We conducted binary qualitative coding of essays produced by 39 users divided into experimental and control conditions and computed (...)
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    The Potential of Second-Order Cybernetics in the College Classroom.Shantanu Tilak, Shayan Doroudi, Thomas Manning, Paul Pangaro, Michael Glassman, Ziye Wen, Marvin Evans & Bernard C. E. Scott - 2023 - Relating Systems Thinking and Design Symposium.
    This workshop unearths the potential of applying principles of cybernetics to curriculum and educational technology design. Here, we focus on using technology-assisted learning scenarios at the confluence of education, psychology, and computer science as an asset for adults to learn the skills for critical Internet navigation; skills we argue are an integral part of life in the Information Age. The first part of the workshop begins with an introduction to what von Foerster called Gordon Pask’s first theorem (a basic framework (...)
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