The paper presents the possibility of using the lifestyle concept for better recognition of the employee motivation attitude towards work leadership and managerial behaviours. That could result in better human capital management in different types of organizations. Different approaches to the lifestyle concept are presented in the paper. Also the linkage between the motivation theory, here the Douglas McGregor theory, and the lifestyle based theory VALS is examined.

OBJECTIVE PREDICATION The author claims that there are two kinds of predicates that are used to describe cognitive states of mind like beliefs or perception. Using some of them, one can describe the cognitive states of mind directly, whereas using some others, one can describe these states in comparison with one’s own. For example, one can say that a person has a belief or one can say that that person’s belief is according to his own beliefs. In the latter situation, (...) he uses the predicate “to know”. The conditions that Peter uses correctly the sentence “John knows that p” are as follows: (1) Peter believes that John believes that p; (2) Peter believes that p; (3) Peter believes that the reasons for which John believes that p have a good justification. In a similar way one can ascribe to somebody a visual impression of an object x or to compare that person’s impressions with his own cognitive states. In the latter situation one uses the predicate “to see” (to perceive). The conditions that Peter uses correctly the sentence “John can see x” are the following: (I) Peter believes that John has visual impression of object x; (II) Peter believes that object x exists; (III) Peter believes that this that John has visual impression of object x is according to the laws of vision. When one uses predicates that describe cognitive states of mind of a person (possession of beliefs or sensory impressions), one speaks subjectively, whereas when one speaks objectively, he uses predicates that allow him to compare cognitive states of mind of a person with his own. Keywords: PREDICATION, BELIEFS, PERCEPTION. (shrink)

The widespread idea that infinitesimals were “eliminated” by the “great triumvirate” of Cantor, Dedekind, and Weierstrass is refuted by an uninterrupted chain of work on infinitesimal-enriched number systems. The elimination claim is an oversimplification created by triumvirate followers, who tend to view the history of analysis as a pre-ordained march toward the radiant future of Weierstrassian epsilontics. In the present text, we document distortions of the history of analysis stemming from the triumvirate ideology of ontological minimalism, which identified the continuum (...) with a single number system. Such anachronistic distortions characterize the received interpretation of Stevin, Leibniz, d’Alembert, Cauchy, and others. (shrink)

The aim of the paper is to point out the modelling choices that lead to different systems of deontic action logic. A kind of a roadmap is presented. On the one hand it can help the reader to find the deontic logic appropriate for an intended application relying on the information considering the way in which a deontic logic represents actions and how it characterises deontic properties in relation to (the representation of) actions. On the other hand it is a (...) guideline how to build a deontic action logic which satisfies the desired properties. (shrink)

Non-governmental organisations in recent years have gained new possibilities to realise their initiatives, thanks to the strong need among corporations to maintain their socially-desired image, which translates into their greater openness towards possible cooperation with the third sector. Several representatives of NGOs, utilising the latest technological solutions, are improving both the extent of their influence and its effectiveness. As multiple examples from Lubusz Voivodeship illustrate, the strategy of cooperation between business and non-governmental organisations can take on many forms, not necessarily (...) based on financial support. Currently, a bargaining chip in the case of both sides is their knowledge capital. Corporations striving to maintain a positive image in the surroundings they function within are more eager to support social initiatives, recognising in it a possible path to gaining a competitive edge. In my article, I intend to reflect the specificity of the business/NGO relation and its determinants on the basis of selected examples from Lubusz Voivodeship. By analysing case studies, I will try to indicate the most common mutual expectations and construct a vision of a “perfect partner”. The context of analysing the quality of relations between business and NGO’s is social capital, which is an important value determining its shape. This arises from the belief that an organisation’s social capital has a meaningful impact on its attractiveness in the eyes of a potential partner. In my paper I will also present the most recent data, depicting the level of trust among the local community. (shrink)

In this essay, I trace different motives in Alicja Kuczyńska’s thought that are linked together in her philosophy of image. According to Kuczyńska, the creative power of forming artistic images is deeply rooted in existential experience that can be described in terms of finitude, fragmentality, evanescence. The desire to find a way out of such a state is the origin of philosophical as well as artistic creation. It is hope which joins together the individual wish or desire and culture. Hope (...) can be treated as yearning for indeterminacy that is characteristic of existence, as longing for the state of lost totality. (shrink)

We present several naturally defined σ-ideals which have Borel bases but, unlike for the classical examples, these ideals are not of bounded Borel complexity. We investigate set-theoretic properties of such σ-ideals.

The aim of this article is to analyse the issue of “weak separatism” in Latin America as well as to give an answer to the question why there are no significant separatist movements in this region. The authors provide the definitions of separatism and secessionism as well as an explanation of these phenomena. Moreover, they present an overview of historical and contemporary separatist movements in Latin America. Based on Horowitz’s theory of ethnic separatism, the authors attempt to analyse the separatist (...) movement “The South is My Country” in Brazil and compare it with separatism in Catalonia in Spain, where a referendum on independence from Spain was held in 2017, serving as an impetus for a similar referendum that took place in the South of Brazil. In spite of similar goals of these two separatist movements, the authors argue that there are significant differences in their nature, which are determined by the history and culture of the respective countries. (shrink)

In Towards Non-Being Graham Priest proposes an informative criterion of identity across possible worlds. Roughly, the criterion says that whenever two objects satisfy the very same qualitative characteristics in every possible world they are identical. But Priest also maintains that there are qualitatively indiscernible possible worlds. It is argued in the paper that for this reason he should allow the existence of two numerically different but qualitatively identical objects, and that is in tension with the criterion of transworld identity he (...) has proposed. Thus Priest should reject either his criterion of transworld identity, or the thesis of possibleexistence of qualitatively indiscernible worlds. (shrink)

Artykuł dotyczy miejsca i roli filozofii dziejów w całości myślenia filozoficznego w jego historycznym rozwoju. Kluczowe staje się tu określenie przedmiotu zainteresowania tej dyscypliny filozoficznej w jej specyficznych, historycznych ujęciach, a także wskazanie teoretycznych przesłanek do rozróżnienia terminów „historiozofia” i „filozofia dziejów” jako pojęć odrębnych znaczeniowo.

Poszukiwanie źródeł rozwoju ludzkiej kultury jest charakterystyczne zarówno dla historyków, jak i filozofów dziejów. We współczesnej refleksji dziejowej niekiedy trudno odróżnić, kiedy badacz jest historykiem, a kiedy włącza w swoje badania elementy spekulacji dziejowej. Poglądy włoskiego matematyka, zawarte w książce Zapomniana rewolucja, stanowią dobry przykład twórczej syntezy historii i historiozofii. Epoka hellenistyczna, stanowiąca dla niego punkt zwrotny w dziejach ludzkości, dostarcza kryteriów oceny całej historii. Porzucenie zdobyczy tej epoki przez następujące po niej pokolenia prowadzi Russo do przyjęcia stanowiska pesymizmu historiozoficznego (...) i odrzucenia idei postępu. (shrink)

Wielu autorów wskazuje, że myślenie w kategoriach postępu możliwe jest wyłącznie na gruncie filozoficznej refleksji nad historią, a idea postępu nie powinna być przedmiotem zainteresowania zawodowych historyków. Opinia ta wywołała wiele dyskusji, a ich efektem były próby wskazania specyfiki świadomości progresywistycznej. Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na historiozoficzny kontekst myślenia w kategoriach postępu oraz ukazanie płaszczyzn, na których możliwe jest budowanie optymistycznego przekonania o stopniowym i nieodwracalnym postępie dziejowym.

Celem artykułu jest ukazanie specyfiki filozoficznego myślenia o dziejach. Powstanie historii jako samodzielnej dyscypliny nie doprowadziło do całkowitego zaniku refleksji historiozoficznej, która znalazła swoje miejsce pośród nauk społecznych jako ich synteza oraz próba uzgodnienia i uogólnienia ich wyników. Pytania, które zawsze stawiała filozofia dziejów, są nadal aktualne i niezbędne, jeżeli postrzegamy przeszłość jako jeden z fenomenów istnienia.

Celem artykułu jest ukazanie w perspektywie historiozoficznej, dla której naczelną wartością staje się stosunek do świadomości historycznej. Jednym z jej wyznaczników jest relacja wobec czasu historycznego. Na tym tle można mówić o utopiach antyhistorycznych, ahistorycznych i historycznych.

English title: Master Eckhart’s God Confronted with Nietzschean Critique of Christianity. Author tries to demonstrate that the way of thinking about Christian God developed in the late Middle Ages by Master Eckhart goes beyond the interpretation which underlies Nietzsche’s criticism of Christianity as a religion of the other world. In the paper, Author first presents the said criticism, followed by the vision of God outlined by Eckhart. He demonstrates that Christianity, criticized by Nietzsche, uses a commonsense vision of God’s transcendence (...) based on spatial images. The author also demonstrates that Eckhart defines this transcendence in such a way that it does not fall under Nietzsche’s criticism, in particular it cannot lead to the depreciation of worldliness in favour of an invented other world, which Nietzsche observes. Eckhart’s thought makes room for Christianity ‘after Nietzsche.’. (shrink)

Aristotle in Analytica Posteriora presented a notion of proof as a special case of syllogism. In the present paper the remarks of Aristotle on the subject are used as an inspiration for developing formal systems of demonstrative syllogistic, which are supposed to formalize syllogisms that are proofs. We build our systems in the style of J. Łukasiewicz as theories based on classical propositional logic. The difference between our systems and systems of syllogistic known from the literature lays in the interpretation (...) of general positive sentences in which the same name occurs twice (of the form SaS). As a basic assumption of demonstrative syllogistic we accept a negation of such a sentence. We present three systems which differ in the interpretation of specific positive sentences in which the same name occurs twice (of the form SiS). The theories are defined as axiomatic systems. For all of them rejected axiomatizations are also supplied. For two of them a set theoretical model is also defined. (shrink)

In my paper I'm going to present and evaluate position that science and religion (Christianity) do not contradict each other and that they rather answer different kinds of questions and solve different problems. Even if they both claim anything about the origin of Universe or human their claims are made from various, independent perspectives. Advocates of complementarity of science and religion state that science is a search for empirical data while religion refers to the domain of values and meaning. In (...) effect they are complementary to each other and their connection gives richer and consistent picture of reality. I agree that there are many problems and questions that are not common to scientific and religious domains, but I'm also going to show that meaning of many religious claims - also the crucial ones - is dependent upon existence of some facts in empirical world included to realm of science. I will also argue that the thesis of complementarity of science and religion is based on discredited neopositivistic picture of science as free from any philosophical commitments. (shrink)

W artykule przedstawiam tezę, uznawaną przez większość uczonych, że spełnianie postulatu naturalizmu metodologicznego jest warunkiem koniecznym naukowości oraz wskazuję na jej znaczenie dla relacji nauki i religii. Mówiąc o religii w tym artykule, mam na myśli przede wszystkim teizm chrześcijański. Staram się wykazać, że współczesna nauka nie pozostawia żadnych luk ani w naszej wiedzy (nie mam bynajmniej na myśli tego, że wszystkie problemy zostały już przez naukę rozwiązane), ani w porządku przyrodniczego świata, których wyjaśnienie wymagałoby odwołania do jakiejś nadnaturalnej, transcendentnej (...) sfery postulowanej przez religie teistyczne. W chrześcijaństwie uznaje się zajście takich zdarzeń w historii Wszechświata, dla wyjaśnienia których, konieczne jest odwołanie do takich działań czynników nadnaturalnych, które łamią naturalny porządek przyrodniczy. Jeśli faktycznie tak jest, to można twierdzić, iż współczesna nauka jest niezgodna z doktryną chrześcijańską. Będę argumentował również, że jeśli przyjmuje się realistyczną interpretację teorii naukowych powstałych na bazie naturalizmu metodologicznego oraz uwzględnia się znaczenie nauki we współczesnej kulturze Zachodu, to naukowy model rzeczywistości (jeżeli możemy mówić o istnieniu takiego modelu) należy uznać za skłaniający do ateizmu. (shrink)

The article covers the problem of testability of intelligent design theory. The objection that intelligent design theory does not correspond to principle of methodological naturalism is discussed. I show that recognizing intelligent causes is commonly applied in science. I present the "specification-complexity" criterion, an attempt to generalize the criteria used to define the problem in particular sciences. This criterion - together with the concept of explanatory filter - is to guarantee the testability of intelligent design theory. The irreducible complexity criterion, (...) which is to recognize design in biology, is brought forward. The problem of progressiveness of intelligent design theory is also reported. The analysis leads to the conclusion that functioning in intelligent design theory criterion of design recognition belongs to probability and complexity theory and that theory discussed is empirically testable. (shrink)

Citizen identification systems (known also as ‘ID card systems’, or ‘national identity management systems’, even though those definitions are not identical) are receiving a mixed acceptance, with their privacy, security and usability being criticised, specifically in the UK. This paper investigates whether it is possible to improve social acceptance of such systems in cases where they are incompatible with the perceived value of privacy, but without significantly changing their original architecture. The paper analyses requirements using four different scenarios that address (...) long-term privacy issues. Relatively small alterations to such systems are suggested that may significantly improve their adoption. (shrink)