O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a participação das mulheres no planejamento territorial rural nos Andes de Ayacucho (Peru). O estudo foi qualitativo e foram entrevistadas 11 mulheres (agricultoras) e 6 homens (com cargos administrativos). As mulheres desempenham um papel activo e significativo no planeamento territorial rural, superando desafios e promovendo a ajuda mútua através da organização comunitária. Existem barreiras ligadas aos papéis tradicionais de género que limitam a sua plena participação no planeamento territorial rural. No entanto, a presença de (...) mulheres nas reuniões de tomada de decisão aumentou significativamente, embora ainda existam desafios como dar prioridade à voz dos homens em grupos comunitários. Este avanço mina a necessidade de promover uma maior inclusão e equidade de género em funções de liderança no planeamento territorial rural. (shrink)

Reivindicación de Maquiavelo en la obra de Hannah Arendt -- Acercamientos a Max Weber desde una crítica a la modernidad -- La violencia como disolución de lo político.

La presente investigación, tiene por objeto delimitar las consideraciones epistemológicas de la contabilidad ambiental desde tres categorías: funcionalista, interpretativo y crítico, cada una de ellas con 16 subcategorías. La metodología utilizada es de carácter exploratoria, cualitativa, basada en un análisis documental de artículos científicos arbitrados en la más alta exigencia científica (SCOPUS), bajo filtros de búsqueda exacta, con procesamiento sistemático a través de ATLAS.ti9. Los resultados muestran un mayor enraizamiento en el enfoque crítico, destacando el impulso al cambio, los estudios (...) de conflictos, la desigualdad estructural; seguido del enfoque funcionalista, donde predomina el interés por la claridad, el rigor conceptual, así como la pretensión demostrativa y el espíritu de precisión y certeza; finalmente, en el enfoque interpretativo se buscan prácticas racionalizadoras, con una intención comprensiva que impulse a un proceso de resolución. (shrink)

In this paper, I provide an analysis of the emergence of “problematic of alien sexuality.” I first locate discourses about “alien sexuality,” and the so-called anchor baby in particular, within other national discourses surrounding maternity, the fetus, and citizenship. I analyze the ways that national political discourses surrounding “anchor babies” and “alien maternity” construct the “problematic of alien sexuality,” thus constituting the “alien” subject as always-already perverse. I suggest that this production of a sexually deviant and threatening “alien” subject functions (...) in the normative dichotomy that places the sexually pure citizen on the one hand, and the perverse anticitizen on the other, in what I call “backwards uncitizening.” My analysis of this process shows that the perverse “alien” subject, as constituted in significant part by nonjuridical normalizing mechanisms of biopower, resists the juridical discourse that is supposed to determine it. (shrink)

The phenomenon of base-rate neglect has elicited much debate. One arena of debate concerns how people make judgments under conditions of uncertainty. Another more controversial arena concerns human rationality. In this target article, we attempt to unpack the perspectives in the literature on both kinds of issues and evaluate their ability to explain existing data and their conceptual coherence. From this evaluation we conclude that the best account of the data should be framed in terms of a dual-process model of (...) judgment, which attributes base-rate neglect to associative judgment strategies that fail to adequately represent the set structure of the problem. Base-rate neglect is reduced when problems are presented in a format that affords accurate representation in terms of nested sets of individuals. (shrink)

The paper presents and defends a Bayesian theory of trust in social networks. In the first part of the paper, we provide justifications for the basic assumptions behind the model, and we give reasons for thinking that the model has plausible consequences for certain kinds of communication. In the second part of the paper we investigate the phenomenon of overconfidence. Many psychological studies have found that people think they are more reliable than they actually are. Using a simulation environment that (...) has been developed in order to make our model computationally tractable we show that in our model inquirers are indeed sometimes better off from an epistemic perspective overestimating the reliability of their own inquiries. We also show, by contrast, that people are rarely better off overestimating the reliability of others. On the basis of these observations we formulate a novel hypothesis about the value of overconfidence. (shrink)

l / Some Aspects and Developments of Gestalt Psychology1 [I] The Development and Status of the Problem At the basis of the constitution of the physical ...

Aron sviluppa in questo testo alcune riflessioni sullo sviluppo tecnologico e sul rapporto tra la conoscenza scientifica e le sue applicazioni pratiche. Da una preliminare distinzione tra quattro forme di tecnica, egli analizza gli spe­cifici sviluppi di queste tecniche e i loro differenti rapporti per giungere a ripensare, alla luce delle recenti innovazioni, il problema dei paesi sot­tosviluppati, la tematica della guerra e le possibili derive dei regimi politici. L’incerta traduzione pratica delle innovazioni tecnologiche nella con­tem­po­raneità che emerge induce Aron (...) al richiamo finale a una scienza del­l’e­du­ca­zione che conduca alla saggezza e all’etica della prudenza che, sole, sono in grado di garantire un reale progresso dell’umanità.Aron develops in this text some reflections on the technological deve­lop­ment and the relationship between the scientific acquaintance and its prac­tical applications. From one preliminary distinction between four shapes of technique, he analyzes the specific developments of these techniques and theirs different relationships in order to rethink, to the light of the recent in­novations, the problem of the underdeveloped countries, the thematic of the war and the possible drifts of the political regimes. The uncertain practical translation of the technological innovations that emerges induces Aron to a fi­nal consideration about a science of education that leads to wisdom and to an ethics of prudence that can achieve a real progress for humanity. (shrink)

El objetivo de este trabajo es proponer un acercamiento metafísico al problema del método filosófico como proceso de reflexión y, con ello, enunciar que toda investigación filosófica se sustenta en la noción de relación como concepto metafísico absoluto. La tesis que sostengo señala, primero, que la relación es la expresión ontológica fundamental, y segundo, la noción de porción es el concepto mínimo de sentido en toda multiplicidad ontológica y todo criterio gnoseológico. Al asumirlas como premisas deduzco de ellas la proporción (...) (analogía) que hace posible establecer un vínculo congruente entre un mundo ontológico α y un criterio gnoseológico β apoyado en una lógica de magmas, indispensable para acudir a que llamo lógica gamma. (shrink)

En este ensayo pretendo señalar la experiencia y la práctica de la investigación cualitativa en Iberoamérica. Al comparar el estado del arte de la investigación cualitativa en diferentes países, este manuscrito es un primer esfuerzo por difundir el debate al que nos enfrentamos en nuestras sociedades de habla hispana en el contexto de la globalización de la academia. ¿Cómo se ve la investigación cualitativa iberoamericana a través de la globalización? ¿Cuáles son nuestras principales preocupaciones acerca de los métodos y enfoques? (...) ¿Está la hermenéutica incluida en nuestra agenda? En particular, voy a tomar en cuenta el contexto iberoamericano para señalar un conjunto determinado de obstáculos y desafíos de hacer investigación cualitativa en estos países. (shrink)

El presente ensayo tiene como finalidad mostrar que la pornografía es una significación imaginaria social cuyo sentido consiste en producir en el individuo una inquietud que lo lleva a una confrontación consigo mismo. Para lograr este objetivo, en primer lugar se explicará qué es una significación imaginaria a partir de la tesis que propone Cornelius Castoriadis. En segundo lugar, se analizará a la pornografía como un aspecto de la sexualidad; y en tercer lugar, se estudiará la noción de pornografía a (...) partir de las propuestas de Jean Baudrillard, Andrés Barba y Javier Montes; finalmente se presentarán las conclusiones. (shrink)

In the philosophy of music and in musicology, apart from ethnomusicology, there is a long tradition of focus on musical compositions as objects of inquiry. But in both disciplines, a body of recent work focuses on the place of performance in the making of music. Most of this work, however, still takes for granted that compositions, at least in Western art music, are the primary objects of aesthetic attention. In this paper I focus on aesthetic attention to the performing activity (...) itself. I begin by roughly characterizing what is involved in attending to the performing activity of musical performers. I then argue that such attention is essential to the full appreciation of the central compositions of the Western art music canon. Finally, I argue that, often enough, recordings provide a suitable vehicle for this sort of attention; listeners to recordings can use them to listen to musical performance. (shrink)

Haciendo uso de paquete informático Bibliometrix y de la Guía Prisma, se desarrolló un análisis bibliométrico de la literatura proveniente de la Web of Science sobre la competencia digital docente universitaria. Se delimita la investigación a través de tesauros de Eric. Se plantearon preguntas de investigación relacionadas con las fuentes de datos, los autores y las redes de colaboración. La investigación evidencia incrementos en la producción a partir del año 2019, la nacionalidad de los autores y la filiación de instituciones (...) resaltan a través de redes de investigaciones extendidas en Iberoamérica. Es necesario ampliar este estudio a otras bases científicas. (shrink)

According to the Argument from Disagreement (AD) widespread and persistent disagreement on ethical issues indicates that our moral opinions are not influenced by moral facts, either because there are no such facts or because there are such facts but they fail to influence our moral opinions. In an innovative paper, Gustafsson and Peterson (Synthese, published online 16 October, 2010) study the argument by means of computer simulation of opinion dynamics, relying on the well-known model of Hegselmann and Krause (J Artif (...) Soc Soc Simul 5(3):1–33, 2002; J Artif Soc Soc Simul 9(3):1–28, 2006). Their simulations indicate that if our moral opinions were influenced at least slightly by moral facts, we would quickly have reached consensus, even if our moral opinions were also affected by additional factors such as false authorities, external political shifts and random processes. Gustafsson and Peterson conclude that since no such consensus has been reached in real life, the simulation gives us increased reason to take seriously the AD. Our main claim in this paper is that these results are not as robust as Gustafsson and Peterson seem to think they are. If we run similar simulations in the alternative Laputa simulation environment developed by Angere and Olsson (Angere, Synthese, forthcoming and Olsson, Episteme 8(2):127–143, 2011) considerably less support for the AD is forthcoming. (shrink)

No presente trabalho propõe-se continuar o diálogo sugerido por Alejandro Cerletti (2008), frisando o eixo kantiano e salientando suas implicações políticas. O Sapere aude (KANT, 1999) aparece como proposta para a irrupção do pensamento do outro, o que não se limita ao mero conhecimento, pois a Aufklärung é também um projeto filosófico-político (Kant, 1989). Esse é o primeiro ponto de discussão, pois entendo que esse singular projeto é o modo proposto por Kant tanto para o exercício do pensar como para (...) a realização da liberdade individual e coletiva no âmbito da ação política. Dessa maneira, quando Kant define como o filósofo deveria exercer sua função específica e o para que desse exercício, estabelece uma imbricação (não superposição nem substituição) do filosofar com a ação política, considerando o filósofo como mais um dos agentes da política, com uma função específica e importante no cenário político, a partir do próprio exercício da filosofia. Aqui, então, se desdobra o segundo ponto de discussão, pois partindo desses pressupostos, quando Kant visa a formação de cidadãos do mundo, na construção e preservação de um estado civil, o exercício da filosofia não deveria se entender como uma propedêutica, e sim como uma das instâncias da formação e do exercício da política. Por isso, a formação política faz parte do currículo de filosofia não como instrumental que posteriormente seria utilizado, em âmbitos alheios à filosofia. (shrink)

Este ensayo propone una lectura de la VIII de las Tesis sobre la historia, de Benjamin que la “emplea”, en el sentido en que el propio Benjamin sostenía que una exposición materialista de la historia debía emplear los fragmentos del pasado para interrogar radicalmente el presente y resistir a las opresiones. Se pone en relación esta tesis con las palabras de las mujeres zapatistas, pronunciadas con motivo de la inauguración del Segundo encuentro internacional de mujeres que luchan, para argumentar que (...) el “estado de excepción” que Benjamin había advertido era en verdad la regla, lo sigue siendo hoy específicamente (aunque no únicamente) para las mujeres y otros cuerpos, individuales y colectivos, feminizados. Se argumenta también que la tradición de lucha de las mujeres indígenas producida por una colonialidad capitalista que sigue en curso es la que hoy nos muestra la normalidad del “estado de excepción” contemporáneo. Finalmente se propone que las luchas de las mujeres son, también, ejercicios críticos y prácticas de resistencia e invención, para una justicia por-venir. (shrink)

According to the traditional Bayesian view of credence, its structure is that of precise probability, its objects are descriptive propositions about the empirical world, and its dynamics are given by conditionalization. Each of the three essays that make up this thesis deals with a different variation on this traditional picture. The first variation replaces precise probability with sets of probabilities. The resulting imprecise Bayesianism is sometimes motivated on the grounds that our beliefs should not be more precise than the evidence (...) calls for. One known problem for this evidentially motivated imprecise view is that in certain cases, our imprecise credence in a particular proposition will remain the same no matter how much evidence we receive. In the first essay I argue that the problem is much more general than has been appreciated so far, and that it’s difficult to avoid without compromising the initial evidentialist motivation. The second variation replaces descriptive claims with moral claims as the objects of credence. I consider three standard arguments for probabilism with respect to descriptive uncertainty—representation theorem arguments, Dutch book arguments, and accuracy arguments—in order to examine whether such arguments can also be used to establish probabilism with respect to moral uncertainty. In the second essay, I argue that by and large they can, with some caveats. First, I don’t examine whether these arguments can be given sound non-cognitivist readings, and any conclusions therefore only hold conditional on cognitivism. Second, decision-theoretic representation theorems are found to be less convincing in the moral case, because there they implausibly commit us to thinking that intertheoretic comparisons of value are always possible. Third and finally, certain considerations may lead one to think that imprecise probabilism provides a more plausible model of moral epistemology. The third variation considers whether, in addition to conditionalization, agents may also change their minds by becoming aware of propositions they had not previously entertained, and therefore not previously assigned any probability. More specifically, I argue that if we wish to make room for reflective equilibrium in a probabilistic moral epistemology, we must allow for awareness growth. In the third essay, I sketch the outline of such a Bayesian account of reflective equilibrium. Given that this account gives a central place to awareness growth, and that the rationality constraints on belief change by awareness growth are much weaker than those on belief change by conditionalization, it follows that the rationality constraints on the credences of agents who are seeking reflective equilibrium are correspondingly weaker. (shrink)

Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura localizada en Scopus sobre la competencia digital (CD) del profesorado universitario; con ayuda de la metodología PRISMA y operadores se delimitó la investigación a través de tesauros de Eric. Los autores/entidades españolas resaltan en la temática, existen esfuerzos orientados al diseño, validación y aplicación de rúbricas a nivel mundial. Los abordajes predominantemente son cuantitativos. La investigación fortalece el entendimiento sobre la CD, existe un efecto positivo otorgado por las CD docentes en la (...) formación de estudiantes, se requiere desarrollar planes de formación y emprender esfuerzos similares en otras bases de datos científicas. (shrink)

Traditional Bayesianism requires that an agent’s degrees of belief be represented by a real-valued, probabilistic credence function. However, in many cases it seems that our evidence is not rich enough to warrant such precision. In light of this, some have proposed that we instead represent an agent’s degrees of belief as a set of credence functions. This way, we can respect the evidence by requiring that the set, often called the agent’s credal state, includes all credence functions that are in (...) some sense compatible with the evidence. One known problem for this evidentially motivated imprecise view is that in certain cases, our imprecise credence in a particular proposition will remain the same no matter how much evidence we receive. In this article I argue that the problem is much more general than has been appreciated so far, and that it’s difficult to avoid it without compromising the initial evidentialist motivation. _1_ Introduction _2_ Precision and Its Problems _3_ Imprecise Bayesianism and Respecting Ambiguous Evidence _4_ Local Belief Inertia _5_ From Local to Global Belief Inertia _6_ Responding to Global Belief Inertia _7_ Conclusion. (shrink)

Keine ausführliche Beschreibung für "Leibniz" verfügbar.

Aron Vinegar’s essay explores art history and visual culture’s dependence on a phenomenological conception of world, which is based on a hermeneutics of facticity, intentionality, and ontological difference. He argues that the ‘basic concept’ of world has structured the field of art history and visual culture in implicit and explicit ways, thus dictating many of its commitments and concerns. One of the primary limitations of this commitment to world, is that it has resulted in art history and visual culture’s tendency (...) to concern itself with a very small portion of existence, usually human existence, in its emphasis on hermeneutics and facticity, thus foreclosing on a more generous and speculative ontology, ethics, and politics. The concept of “world” suggests an overarching totality, an interconnected field of meaning and sense, often indicated by a tacit and resonate tonality. But there is no overarching “world” or “world-view” that can provide us with an overview of or container for the myriad worlds of things. An art history that is willing to consider that the world does not exist would acknowledge and embrace the fact that there is no overall focus, which can encompass things and events in all their spatio-temporal complexity. It would entail a practice attentive to a “supple and inflected bathmology” (Vinegar prefers this phrase to “flat ontology”) in its refusal to emphasize “privileged ontological scenes” predicated on hierarchies of ontological difference, and subsuming things and experience within the structures of phenomenological intentionality. To initiate such a practice, Vinegar suggests an embrace of what he terms “ontological indifference,” a robust notion of habit, and a temporal logic that would be fully attentive to a pluriverse of multiple existences and eruptions of substance, which extend well beyond ‘our’ realms of significance and meaning, cares and concerns, laughter and joy, losses and mournings. (shrink)