Le présent article traite des origines de la théorie de la catégorisation, telle qu’elle fut élaborée par Eleanor Rosch dans les années 1970. Il est divisé en deux parties. La première est consacrée au contexte théorique dans lequel les recherches initiales de Rosch ont pris place. Pour bien comprendre ce contexte, il convient de remonter aux recherches de Lenneberg et de ses coauteurs sur le principe de relativité de Whorf. On retracera ainsi le cheminement qui mena de ce principe jusqu’à (...) sa reformulation comme hypothèse empiriquement testable, en partant des études sur la catégorisation des couleurs (menées à l’université de Harvard) pour en arriver à la publication de l’ouvrage de Berlin et Kay sur les termes de couleurs de base. Pour des raisons que nous tenterons d’expliciter, au relativisme initial se substitua une forme d’universalisme auquel le livre de Berlin et Kay apporta une contribution non négligeable. La seconde partie narre le développement de la théorie de Rosch au sein de ce contexte universaliste. En étendant progressivement sa théorie au-delà de ses objets initiaux (les couleurs et les formes spatiales) pour embrasser les catégories dites “sémantiques”, Rosch évolua d’une conception “analogique” ou gestaltiste de la catégorie vers une analyse en termes d’attributs discrets. Son concept de prototype incorporait initialement des traits qui venaient de la Gestalttheorie et de la notion de schéma (telle qu’elle avait été opérationnalisée en psychologie après Bartlett), pour devenir ensuite plus complexe. Tout au long de cette évolution, elle conserva une approche réaliste de la catégorie, entendue comme un agrégat “naturel” de propriétés. Pour étayer son réalisme, elle recourut à des outils théoriques forgés avant elle par Egon Brunswik (à qui elle est redevable de son index de validité de l’indice) et par Garner, à qui elle a emprunté la notion de structurelle corrélationnelle, notion issue d’une théorie informationnelle de la catégorisation. Quant à sa conception des niveaux de catégorisation, et notamment du “niveau de base”, elle doit beaucoup aux travaux de Brent Berlin sur les taxinomies populaires. Il est possible aussi que Rosch ait subi l’influence de Roger Brown, du moins en ce qui concerne les schémas d’action associés à des objets. Ainsi, la théorie de Rosch constitue un “patchwork conceptuel” qui a acquis cohérence et unité en intégrant des éléments d’origines variées. (shrink)

A generation of students at the Faculty of Theology of the K.U.Leuven have been introduced by Roger Burggraeve to the thoughts of Emmanuel Levinas. Levinas has been for him a true "master in thinking". For Levinas responsibility is heteronymous because it does not start from the "I" but from the epiphany of the other as the face, appealing to me not "to kill" but to promote him/her. In and through the appeal of the face, the difference between the other (...) and me - expressed in the irreducible alterity of the other - is, ethically speaking, the appeal to the highest "non-indifference": proximity without absorption. As Levinas' thinking carries on obvious Jewish-Talmudic imprint, Burggraeve was interested as to how the concept of responsibility can be connected to a biblically inspired ethic. In which way can the Levinasian view on responsibility enhance a Christian anthropology, and in particular that one articulated by Louvain personalism, and in its turn inspired by a Christian anthropology, so that it benefits from uniquely Christian accents? In this Festschrift for Roger Burggraeve, authors explore the theme of "Responsibility, God and Society" in order to answer two questions. What does Levinas' ethic of responsibility have to offer Christian theology? And vice-versa, what can Christian theology offer to contemporary ethical thought on personal, relational and societal responsibility. (shrink)

This is a dictionary of Descartes and Cartesian philosophy, primarily covering philosophy in the 17th century, with a chronology and biography of Descartes's life and times and a bibliography of primary and secondary works related to Descartes and to Cartesians.

Der Begriff der Integrität begegnet in Alltag und Beruf häufig: Wir sprechen davon, jemand sei integer oder auch habe Integrität. Manchmal schreiben wir auch nur berufliche Integrität zu. Aber inwiefern sollten diese beiden Auffassungen von Integrität zugeschrieben werden? Anhand dreier Fallbeispiele wird diese Frage diskutiert. Zu diesem Zweck wird das moderne Paradigma der Integrität mit dem neoaristotelischen Paradigma der schwachen Einheit der Tugenden identifiziert und mit diesem argumentiert. Aufbauend auf alltäglichen Intuitionen wird die Problematik der Zuschreibung von Integrität als einzelne (...) Tugend und an einzelne Personen aufgezeigt. Daraufhin wird beispielhaft mit Neera K. Badhwar und Daniel C. Russell für die Kontextualität von Integrität, d. h. für ihre Einbettung in Lebenskontexte oder auch -bereiche wie eben den Beruf, argumentiert. Des Weiteren wird die Relationalität von Integrität aufgezeigt, d. h. deren Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen Rollen und von Bezugspersonen. (shrink)

Human communication is often thought about in terms of transmitted messages in a conventional code like a language. But communication requires a specialized interactive intelligence. Senders have to be able to perform recipient design, while receivers need to be able to do intention recognition, knowing that recipient design has taken place. To study this interactive intelligence in the lab, we developed a new task that taps directly into the underlying abilities to communicate in the absence of a conventional code. We (...) show that subjects are remarkably successful communicators under these conditions, especially when senders get feedback from receivers. Signaling is accomplished by the manner in which an instrumental action is performed, such that instrumentally dysfunctional components of an action are used to convey communicative intentions. The findings have important implications for the nature of the human communicative infrastructure, and the task opens up a line of experimentation on human communication. (shrink)

The A to Z of Descartes and Cartesian Philosophy includes a chronology, an introduction, a bibliography, and cross-reference dictionary entries Descartes's writings, concepts, and findings, as well as entries on those who supported him, those who criticized him, those who corrected him, and those who together formed one of the major movements in philosophy, Cartesianism.

In this chapter, Grace Andrus de Laguna and Theodore de Laguna critically examine the pragmatist theory of knowledge and offer their own alternative to it.

In this article, Grace Andrus de Laguna develops a view of human freedom, one according to which it is made possible by the uniqueness of human individuals and the cultural worlds in which they live.

The old arguments concerning aristotle's empirical or factual approach to history in the "politics" and the fragments of the 158 aristotelian 'politeiai' should be supplemented or revised through fresh analyses of his treatment of limited, Specific themes. The present paper offers an analysis of aristotle's conception of the spartan constitution in the "politics" and the "lakedaimonion politeia." from this examination it is concluded that books ii, Vii, And viii of the "politics" represent a later, More empirical stage in aristotle's thinking (...) concerning the spartan system, And books iv and v an earlier, More theoretical one. Book v and the "lakedaimonion politeia" reflect an intermediate fact-Gathering stage in his research. These several stages are particularly clear in aristotle's change from an approbative to a disapproving view of spartan institutions, Wherein the earlier view of an admirable lycurgan constitution contrasts with a later critical attitude toward the mistakes of the spartan 'nomothetes'. (shrink)

O presente artigo tangencia o conceito de tensor esgueirando-se pelos platôs linguísticos de Mil platôs, agenciando o que Deleuze e Guattari potencializam em o que passou?, e que buscamos atualizar em o que passa? Nesse sentido, buscamos a articulação entre o que ambos os conceitos movimentam: isso, que acontece na relação entre dois ou mais estratos. Percebemos que o tensor transversa a obra de Deleuze e Guattari e, mesmo que não exerça um relevo, está lá, estrategicamente em funcionamento. Destarte, desejamos (...) articular com esses conceitos de partida, uma possibilidade para poder inventariar os deslocamentos imanentes de escrileitura, como forma de aproximar procedimentos didático-tradutórios, que possam vir a ser envolvidos em uma pesquisa, que deseja experimentarse em momentos de invenção. Para tanto, problematizamos uma tríade conceitual – tensor, o que passa?, e escrileitura, de modo a possibilitar perspectivas de composição e de funcionamentode uma máquina abstrata escrileitora de invenções. Com o Método Maquinatório de Pesquisa, afirmamos a busca por dar vez e voz a um processo de maquinações, que possam vir tensionar uma crítica sintomatológica, duplamente articulada a uma clínica maquinatória; um Plano de Organização tensionado por um Plano de Invenção; e, no intermezzo desses encontros, algo passa, algo pode passar; e, assim, persistem os rastros de uma escrileitura, envolta e revolta em um contínuo recursivo: escrever-ler-escrever. Nesse percurso, jogamos os dados em um tabuleiro desejante; procuramos abrir um caminho para a passagem de procedimentos escrileitores de invenção, e ensaiamos uma aposta: poder tensionar a transitividade atual-potencial do fazer linguístico, literário e escritureiro. Palavras-chave: Educação. Filosofia da diferença. Método Maquinatório de Pesquisa. Escrileitura. Tensor. (shrink)

In 1893, The World’s Parliament of Religions met in Chicago from the 15th of May until the 28th of October. 2013 marked the 120th anniversary of this gathering where the leading representatives of the religions of the world engaged in dialogue. To commemorate this event, Special Collections Research Center at Southern Illinois University Carbondale in conjunction with the Hegeler Carus Foundation hosted a symposium on the relationship between science, religion, and philosophy. One of the themes of the Parliament was “…the (...) actual harmony of science and religion; and the origin and nature of the alleged conflict between them.” Featured speakers addressed these issues igniting fascinating conversations. These are the papers that were presented. (shrink)

Pentecostalism meant a break with Protestant anthropology hostage to the epistemology of Modernity. As Havey Cox explains, these American movements in the early years of the 20th century filled the ecstatic deficit left by evangelicals, pointing towards the affective system of knowledge of reality, an affective epistemology. If, on the one hand, the Pentecostal experience encouraged the shift from the margin to the center of corporeality, on the other, the violated and subjugated bodies became visible and empowered, because marginalized groups, (...) excluded by the American and Brazilian Protestant establishment, were and are protagonists. Pentecostal movements are presented as a presence in the world and religious practice that reveals the defense of fundamental rights, especially in the militancy experience of racial justice, which does not mean a theoretical defense, but community experiences of excluded bodies that gain pneumatic status. The essay discusses the relationship between religion, human rights and racial issues, pointing out how Pentecostalism represents intuitions for a more fraternal and egalitarian society. (shrink)

The nm23 gene, a putative metastasis suppressor gene, was originally identified by its reduced expression in highly metastatic K‐1735 murine melanoma cell lines, as compared to related, low metastatic melanoma cell lines. Transfection of nm23 cDNA has been reported to suppress malignant progression in Drosophila and mammalian cells. Highly conserved homologues of nm23 have been found in organisms ranging from the prokaryote Myxococcus xanthus to Drosophila, where the gene is involved in normal development and differentiation. The product of the nm23 (...) gene exhibits a nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity, yet the nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity of Nm23 does not correlate with its apparent biological functions. We review recent cellular, genetic, biochemical and X‐ray crystallographic data to formulate and evaluate hypotheses concerning the molecular mechanism of nm23 action. (shrink)

Question: Where, when and under what circumstances did the two of you get to know each other?Fischer: It was in the early seventies, in Frankfurt, after the dissolution of the gauche proletarienne and while there were still leftist groups in Germany. It must have been 1972. Question: Was that a private visit?Glucksmann: We had private discussions. We also participated in rallies and demonstrations.Question: That was in the late phase of the student movement.Fischer: We kept in contact through my old room-mate, (...) Daniel Cohn-Bendit. He was our link to France, so to speak.Question: And was this the link between the French and the German Left that existed then? (shrink)

Trata-se de uma resenha da obra Brexit: Origens e Desafios, de Roger Scruton, cuja tradução foi publicada no Brasil em 2021 pela editora Record. A resenha, além de uma síntese do livro, procura traçar breves considerações sobre o pensamento teórico-político de Scruton, sua concepção de nacionalismo, sua crítica do globalismo econômico e do globalismo político, e, ao final, tece uma crítica sobre a atual crise migratória na Europa.

Humans are experts in cooperating with each other when trying to accomplish tasks they cannot achieve alone. Recent studies of joint action have shown that when performing tasks together people strongly rely on the neurocognitive mechanisms that they also use when performing actions individually, that is, they predict the consequences of their co‐actor’s behavior through internal action simulation. Context‐sensitive action monitoring and action selection processes, however, are relatively underrated but crucial ingredients of joint action. In the present paper, we try (...) to correct the somewhat simplified view on joint action by reviewing recent studies of joint action simulation, monitoring, and selection while emphasizing the intricate interrelationships between these processes. We complement our review by defining the contours of a neurologically plausible computational framework of joint action. (shrink)

Roger Garaudy é um filósofo francês que muda de uma posição inicialmente marxista para outra existencialista. A sua aproximação com o existencialismo se dá na década de 70 quando o pensador foi expulso do Partido Comunista Francês por discordar dos rumos do marxismo de então. Ao mesmo tempo ele descobre no existencialismo a chave teórica que justifica sua preocupação humanista. Da fase marxista, o filósofo preserva os elementos éticos e as preo­cupações sociais que ele transfere para sua filosofia existencial. (...) Garaudy espera com eles resol­ver os problemas de uma subjetividade que cresceu além da conta nos tempos modernos, ques­tão que lhe parece outros existencialistas não haviam ainda resolvido. Neste texto também mostramos como o filósofo considera a superação da facticidade, o que dá especificidade à sua reflexão. A complexidade e criatividade de suas formulações nos mostram uma das muitas possibilidades do existencialismo, movimento que precisamos bem balancear neste início do século XXI porque ele traduz as inseguranças e incertezas do homem do último século. (shrink)

Lehren und Lernen, verstanden als komplexe Vermittlung und Verarbeitung von Inhalten, finden immer in räumlichen Kontexten statt, die hinderlich oder förderlich sein können. Diese Räume können von ganz verschiedener Art sein und sie müssen sich keineswegs auf den Hörsaal und Seminarraum beschränken. Der Sammelband, der aus zwei Symposien des Münchner-Dozierenden-Netzwerks in den Jahren 2020 und 2021 hervorgegangen ist, möchte diese Räume erkunden, medial reflektieren und zugleich neue Räume für die Lehre eröffnen. Folgende Fragen stehen dabei im Zentrum: Welche Lehr- und (...) Lernräume innerhalb und außerhalb der Hochschule haben sich bislang bewährt? Wo liegen ihre Grenzen, wo ihre Möglichkeiten? Wie lassen sich Lehr- und Lernräume gestalten? Welche Materialien, welche Technik und welche Medien haben sich bewährt oder bieten neue Möglichkeiten? Die Herausgebenden PD Dr. Jörg Noller lehrt Philosophie an der LMU München. Dr. Christina Beitz-Radzio ist Tierärztin und Trainerin (Sprachraum eG)und arbeitet im Studiendekanat der Tierärztlichen Fakultät der LMU München. Melanie Förg, M.A., promoviert in Philosophie an der Universität zu Kielund arbeitet an der Technischen Universität München (TUM) im Team der TUM Talent Factory. Dr. Sandra Eleonore Johst ist Philosophin, wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin der FernUniversität in Hagen und selbstständige Beraterin. Dr. Daniela Kugelmann ist akademische Oberrätin am Lehrstuhl für vegetative Anatomie und Zellbiologie an der LMU München. Dr. Sabrina Sontheimer ist freiberufliche Trainerin für Hochschuldidaktik, E-Learning, wissenschaftliches Schreiben und Kommunikation. Am Schreibzentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München ist sie für die Weiterbildung der Lehrenden zuständig. Dr. Sören Westerholz ist Biologe und lehrt am Biomedizinischen Centrum der LMU München. (shrink)

Composed more than 2,000 years ago during a turbulent period of Chinese history, the Dao de jing set forth an alternative vision of reality in a world torn apart by violence and betrayal. Daoism, as this subtle but enduring philosophy came to be known, offers a comprehensive view of experience grounded in a full understanding of the wonders hidden in the ordinary. Now in this luminous new translation, based on the recently discovered ancient bamboo scrolls, China scholars Roger T. (...) Ames and David L. Hall bring the timeless wisdom of the Dao de jing into our contemporary world. Though attributed to Laozi, “the Old Master,” the Dao de jing is, in fact, of unknown authorship and may well have originated in an oral tradition four hundred years before the time of Christ. Eschewing philosophical dogma, the Dao de jing set forth a series of maxims that outlined a new perspective on reality and invited readers to embark on a regimen of self-cultivation. In the Daoist world view, each particular element in our experience sends out an endless series of ripples throughout the cosmos. The unstated goal of the Dao de jing is self-transformation–the attainment of personal excellence that flows from the world and back into it. Responding to the teachings of Confucius, the Dao de jing revitalizes moral behavior by recommending a spontaneity made possible by the cultivated “habits” of the individual. In this elegant volume, Ames and Hall feature the original Chinese texts of the Dao de jing and translate them into crisp, chiseled English that reads like poetry. Each of the eighty-one brief chapters is followed by clear, thought-provoking commentary exploring the layers of meaning in the text. The book’s extensive introduction is a model of accessible scholarship in which Ames and Hall consider the origin of the text, place the emergence of Daoist philosophy in its historical and political context, and outline its central tenets. The Dao de jing is a work of timeless wisdom and beauty, as vital today as it was in ancient China. This new version will stand as both a compelling introduction to the complexities of Daoist thought and as the classic modern English translation. (shrink)

The number of traumatic events that occur worldwide is increasing, yet the literature pays little attention to their implications for leader development. This paper calls for a consideration of how collective trauma such as genocides and the Holocaust can shape the cognition of leaders who are second- and third-generation descendants. Drawing on research on the transgenerational transmission of collective trauma, social learning, social identity and psychodynamic theories, we identify three mechanisms through which collective trauma can be transmitted to leaders: cultural (...) artifacts, community events and family narratives. In this article, we introduce the topic of collective trauma in leader development and draw on the theories of psychodynamic, social identity and social learning to explain how the transmission of collective trauma occurs. We also propose how the transmitted trauma shapes leader cognition, values and behaviors. This framework can serve as a basis for future theory-building in leader and leadership development that will be key to the study of authentic and ethical leadership. (shrink)

Roger Ames and François Jullien are eminent scholars writing on ancient Chinese thought, yet they have followed quite different paths in their academic research. In this paper I will argue that, although their styles, theories and motivations are sometimes dramatically different, both authors share an interest in combining philosophy and sinology in an effort to unveil the existence of a radical contrast between China and the West. I will explain that language is at the center of the affirmation of (...) Chinese otherness, insofar as it is seen as a reflection of the processual inclinations of ancient China. Thus, Ames and Jullien have developed a hybrid Chinese-Western language that seeks to bridge East and West, while at the same time respecting the boundaries and preserving the strangeness of both traditions. (shrink)