Ideas about child education are inevitably underpinned by particular views of children, including their nature and development. The purpose of this paper is to discuss C. G. Jung's account of child education in relation to his psychological theory and view of children. However, as Jung's theory predominantly concerns the psychological development of adults and not children, the current paper makes selective use of Jung's texts that focus on children, and examines what Jung calls ‘the other half’ of education that works (...) through the teacher's personality indirectly affecting the student's development of personality. From a close study of Jung's texts, the paper discusses the nature and the extent of children's involvement in ‘the other half’ of education and considers some problems with Jung's account of unconscious education. The paper identifies the active and autonomous roles played by children in unconscious education and suggests that Jung's account of ‘the other half of education’ could provide fresh insights about the meaning and quality of education. (shrink)

Enhancers are short segments of regulatory DNA that control when and in which cell‐type genes should be turned on in response to a variety of extrinsic and intrinsic signals. At the molecular level, enhancers serve as a genomic scaffold that recruits sequence‐specific transcription factors and co‐activators to facilitate transcription from linked promoters. However, it remains largely unclear how enhancers communicate with appropriate target promoters in the context of higher‐order genome topology. In this review, we discuss recent progress in our understanding (...) of the functional interplay between enhancers, genome topology, and the molecular properties of transcription machineries in gene regulation. We suggest that the activities of transcription hubs are highly regulated through the dynamic rearrangement of enhancer‐promoter and promoter‐promoter connectivity during animal development. (shrink)

The present study investigated the comprehension processes of verbal irony by clarifying the temporally distinct contributions of three information sources, namely, salience-based lexical meaning, egocentric context, and allocentric Theory of Mind. We predicted that salience-based lexical meaning initially activates the literal representation of an ironic utterance. This is immediately followed by the activation of the ironic representation supported by the automatic interaction between salience-based lexical meaning and egocentric context. Finally, overall interpretation is achieved by incorporating the information from Theory of (...) Mind, which is provided by effortful processing. Salience-based representations are retained rather than suppressed. Cognitive load prevents incorporating the allocentric information given by Theory of Mind, resulting in an egocentric interpretation. The experimental results supported our hypothesis: both ironic representations (Experiment 1) and salience-based literal representations (Experiment 2a) become active early on. Cognitive load prevented the deactivation of unintended ironic representations (Experiment 3) and did not affect the retention of salience-based representations (Experiment 4). Intentional irony required longer reading times than unintentional irony and literal utterances (Experiment 5). (shrink)

On trouvera dans ce volume des textes qui refletent certains aspects de la dernieres philosophies de Maine de Biran, ainsi que de nombreux temoignages de ses lectures entre 1818 et 1823. Sa pensee se developpe selon trois perspectives: une redefinition de la philosophie a l'occasion d'une critique detaillee de Bonald (sur l'origine du langage et la definition de l'homme, notamment), une reflexion sur la morale (qui s'efforce de trouver une troisieme voie a partir de Condillac et Kant), et une reprise (...) de la tradition religieuse (Lamennais, Bossuet, Fenelon, commentaire de l'Evangile de saint Jean). Son evolution vers un platonisme de plus en plus marque, la presence croissante du christianisme peuvent se lire a travers de nombreux textes et appendices - tous inedits (sur Plotin, Proclus, saint Augustin) - ou s'elabore plus nettement le theme de la troisieme vie. (shrink)

Les textes rassembles ici marquent un tournant decisif de la philosophie biranienne: apres avoir developpe sa pensee dans les Memoires couronnes (tomes II, III, IV, VI), Maine de Biran, revenant sur ses pas, estime qu'il a laisse sans solution les problemes de la metaphysiques classiques. Il s'efforce d'y repondre a partir de son propre point de vue et elabore a cet effet ses theories de la croyance et de l'absolu: l'etre ne se reduit pas au phenomene qui le manifeste; etre, (...) ce n'est pas etre percu. C'est dans les Rapports des sciences naturelles avec la psychologie que Biran traite pour la premiere fois ces questions de maniere detaillee, ce qui l'oblige a reprendre sa distinction du sujet et de l'objet, et a revoir sa critique de Condillac et des cartesiens. On trouvera aussi dans ce volume plusieurs opuscules de la meme epoque abordant ces questions, et notamment des discours prononces a la societe philosophique qu'il animait alors. (shrink)

Ces deux tomes de la Correspondance decoupent la litterature epistolaire de Maine de Biran en deux periodes: avant la correspondance echangee avec Ampere sur la periode 1766-1804, de 1805 a 1824 les lettres se multiplient alors que commencent les echanges avec Ampere. Le volume des pieces publiees est double par rapport a ce que l'on connaissait. Des correspondants inconnus apparaissent alors que les echanges connus sont completes et revises. L'ensemble est refere a ses sources originales et a ses traditions editoriales. (...) Chaque document est accompagnes de notes historiques qui ouvrent aux commentaires. Ces pieces ont ete presentees comme une biographie epistolaire continue relative aux episodes des fonctions publiques de Maine de Biran. Elles constituent ainsi le pendant des ecrits politiques. (shrink)

Entre 1805 et 1819, Maine de Biran et Ampere echangerent une correspondance si abondante, si riche, si coherente, qu'il a paru souhaitable de consacrer un volume autonome a ces documents, pour une large part restes inedits. Pour Maine de Biran, Ampere est un interlocuteur consistant, qui permet de mettre a l'epreuve les principes philosophiques elabores dans les grands textes de la maturite; il est de plus le grand artisan de la conversion a l'ontologie, operee par le philosophe autour de 1813: (...) c'est dans ces lettres que la question du noumene est posee et discutee longuement. En Maine de Biran, Ampere dispose d'un partenaire de choix, qui lui offre l'occasion de tester les diverses classifications des operations psychiques auxquelles il attache une si grande importance. (shrink)

The development of empathy is central to positive social adjustment. However, issues remain with integrating empathy research conducted with children, adolescents, and adults. The current article (...

Philosophisch gelangte Maine de Biran (1766-1824) über den Sensualismus von Condillac, Helvétius, La Mettrie und Cabanis hinaus, war dem Idealismus Kants und Fichtes zugeneigt und bereitete einen neuen Spiritualismus in der französischen Metaphysik vor. Seine Tagebuchaufzeichnungen zeigen ihn auch als Psychologen und politisch unorthodoxen Menschen.

Consent remains a crucial, yet challenging, cornerstone of clinical practice. The ethical, legal and professional understandings of this construct have evolved away from a doctor-centred act to a patient-centred process that encompasses the patient’s values, beliefs and goals. This alignment of consent with the philosophy of shared decision-making was affirmed in a recent high-profile Supreme Court ruling in England. The communication of information is central to this model of health care delivery but it can be difficult for doctors to gauge (...) the information needs of the individual patient. The aim of this paper is to describe ‘core information sets’ which are defined as a minimum set of consensus-derived information about a given procedure to be discussed with all patients. Importantly, they are intended to catalyse discussion of subjective importance to individuals. The model described in this paper applies health services research and Delphi consensus-building methods to an idea orginally proposed 30 years ago. The hypothesis is that, first, large amounts of potentially-important information are distilled down to discrete information domains. These are then, secondly, rated by key stakeholders in multiple iterations, so that core information of agreed importance can be defined. We argue that this scientific approach is key to identifying information important to all stakeholders, which may otherwise be communicated poorly or omitted from discussions entirely. Our methods apply systematic review, qualitative, survey and consensus-building techniques to define this ‘core information’. We propose that such information addresses the ‘reasonable patient’ standard for information disclosure but, more importantly, can serve as a spring board for high-value discussion of importance to the individual patient. The application of established research methods can define information of core importance to informed consent. Further work will establish how best to incorporate this model in routine practice. (shrink)

Margolis’ philosophical thought and career is framed by the pragmatism that dominated his early education and his vision of a “resurgent” pragmatism as the most promising direction for an increasingly eclectic Western philosophical tradition. This version of pragmatism is based on Peirce’s formulation of the pragmatic maxim, but Margolis sees the implications of that maxim as running counter to a central strand of Peirce’s own thought: fallibilism as an infinitist, self-correcting process of inquiry asymptotically tending toward to truth and reality. (...) Margolis argues that this version of fallibilism is untenable and un-pragmatic, and his most mature work on the subject identifies an “abductive turn” in Peirce’s philosophy which points in the direction of an improved pragmatism, a pragmatism that is anarchic, relativistic, cast in terms of tolerances instead of laws, and without “Hope” in Peirce’s sense. (shrink)

Periodic orbit quantization requires an analytic continuation of non-convergent semiclassical trace formulae. We propose two different methods for semiclassical quantization. The first method is based upon the harmonic inversion of semiclassical recurrence functions. A band-limited periodic orbit signal is obtained by analytical frequency windowing of the periodic orbit sum. The frequencies of the periodic orbit signal are the semiclassical eigenvalues, and are determined by either linear predictor, Padé approximant, or signal diagonalization. The second method is based upon the direct application (...) of the Padé approximant to the periodic orbit sum. The Padé approximant allows the resummation of the, typically exponentially, divergent periodic orbit terms. Both techniques do not depend on the existence of a symbolic dynamics, and can be applied to bound as well as to open systems. Numerical results are presented for two different systems with chaotic and regular classical dynamics, viz. the three-disk scattering system and the circle billiard. (shrink)

In this title the author explores the time-tested practice and philosophy using modern examples from more than a decade of experience with this ancient practice. He brings the principles of yoga into focus and makes them user-friendly for yogis living in the post modern era.