啓蒙思想の系譜を繙き、理性の力を問い直す。古代ギリシアから、ホッブズ、カント、フランクフルト学派を経て最新の議論まで。啓蒙を巡る問題意識の変遷を追う論考集。.

This article presents research on robot therapy for elderly residents in a care house. Experiments were conducted from June 2005, lasting more than 2 months. Two therapeutic baby seal robots were introduced to the residents, and activated for over 9 hours daily. To investigate the psychological and social effects of the robots, the residents’ activities in public areas were recorded using video cameras, during the daytime for over 2 months. In addition, urinalysis of the residents was performed for 17-ketosteroid sulfate (...) and 17-hydroxycorticosteroid. Results of the video analysis indicated that social interaction increased through interaction with the seal robots. Results of the urine tests showed that the reactions of the subjects’ vital organs to stress improved after the introduction of the robots. (shrink)

Illustrations: Numerous B/w Figures Description: Key questions in the history of Navya-nyaya (New Nyaya) remain unresolved: when did this school of logic begin, who was its founder, what distinguishes Navya-nyaya from Pracina-nyaya (Old Nyaya), and so on. This book attempts to answer these key questions in Part I. Part II provides a translation, analysis, and critical edition of the Lion and Tiger Definitions of Invariable Concomitance Chapter (Simha-vyaghra-laksana: LT Chapter) of the Tattva-cintamani-rahasya (TCR) of Mathuranatha (16th-17th c.). The hypothesis adopted (...) by the author with regard to the first question is that Udayana, who lived in the 11th century, is the founder of Navya-nyaya. This hypothesis is closely linked to the hypothesis offered regarding the second question, which is that the feature that distinguishes Navya-nyaya from the earlier school is its description of concepts and the structure of the world in terms of relation. Early Navya-nyaya authors, who flourished between Udayana and Gangesa (14th c.), devised specific terminology, of which delimitor (avacchedaka) and describer (niËpaka) are the most important, in order to identify or specify relation. This book attempts to illustrate the function of these and other Navya-nyaya terms from the viewpoint of relation. The main sources upon which the author has based his conclusions are Udayana s Laksanavali and the chapters on invariable concomitance or pervasion (vyapti) of the Nyaya-siddhanta-dipa (NSD) of Sasadhara (13rd-14th c.), the Tattva-cintamaÆi (TC) of Gangesa, and the TCR. Of these Sanskrit texts no scholar has worked on the Invariable Concomitance Chapter (Vyapti-vada) of the NSD in detail or the LT Chapter of the TCR. The latter chapter follows in the TCR the Five Definitions of Invariable Concomitance Chapter (Vyapti-pancaka), which Ingalls edited, translated, and analyzed in his epoch-making book Materials for the Study of Navya-Nyaya Logic (1951). One major innovation of this book made in Part II is to explain the structure of Navya-nyaya analysis by employing 86 diagrams based on the dharma-dharmin (property and property-possessor) relation, which serve as a visual aid and help readers to more easily understand the complicated structure of its analysis. The diagrams are also helpful in ascertaining how the definitions of invariable concomitance apply to individual cases and how the entities are connected in the application of the definitions. Another major innovation is: almost every sub-section of the LT Chapter of the TCR contains Mathuranatha s clarification of part of the two definitions; but this clarification does not give the definition incorporating prior clarifications and insertions; this book provides such a definition accompanied by a diagram. In other words, Part II illustrates the structure of the whole definition at every process of the clarification, which (definition) is never presented as such in Mathuranatha s text. (shrink)

動物にとどまらず、あらゆる存在の解放をめざす包括的正義の理論へと至った批判的動物研究を初めて本格的に紹介。.

Contributed papers presented at a seminar held at Graduate School of Letters, Nayoga U. in 2005.

This article focuses on the trajectory of life of the three generations of the Jankowski family in Siberia, Primorski Krai and Korea in the years 1863– 1945 in terms of their economic, cultural and scientific achievements. The founder of the Far Eastern branch of the family was Michał Jankowski. Exiled to Siberia for participation in the January Uprising of 1863, as a man of indefatigable energy and collaborator of Benedykt Dybowski, he undertook many initiatives, including hunting, wild ginseng collecting and (...) a gold mining administration. In 1880 he settled on the Sidiemi Peninsula near Vladivostok, where he established a farm specializing in horse breeding and ginseng gardening. In addition to farming, he conducted natural history and archaeological research and sent the acquired specimens and artifacts to Russian and European museums. The tradition of his father was continued in the second generation by Jerzy Mikhailovich Jankowski. Endowed with similar character and talent, he studied agriculture and husbandry in Texas and at the agricultural faculty of St. Louis University in Missouri. He expanded the farm to include commercial fishing and rice cultivation. The occupation of the Far East by the Red Army in 1922 forced the family to emigrate to Korea and Manchuria. The new family seat called Novina was built on the Ompo River near the town of Ch’ŏngjin, about 200 kilometers south along the Korean coastline from the mouth of the Tuman River. It was not only a modern farm with specialized animal husbandry and fruit farming, but was also a recreational, cultural, and spiritual enclave, with a school for children, a summer theater, an Orthodox church, and a resort for holidaymakers. The third and the most famous representative of the family was Walery Jurewicz Jankowski. In 1945, he joined the Soviet Army, where, due to his knowledge of Korean and Japanese, he served as an interpreter for the military intelligence at the headquarters of the 25th Army in P’yŏngyang. At the beginning of 1946, both Walery and his fathers were arrested and sent to the labor camps. The family was scattered around the world, from Australia to the North and Latin Americas and the farm was nationalized. The Jankowsky family achieved spectacular success in the Russian Far East and in Korea because they were able to apply the traditional Polish gentry ethos based on the extended structure of family and servants, which they were able to combine with a chivalrous fortitude and openness to hard life in the frontiers populated by various ethnic groups. (shrink)

There are reasons to believe that decision‐making capacity (mental competence) of women in labor may be compromised in relation to giving informed consent to epidural analgesia. Not only severe labor pain, but also stress, anxiety, and premedication of analgesics such as opioids, may influence women’s decisional capacity. Decision‐making capacity is a complex construct involving cognitive and emotional components which cannot be reduced to ‘understanding’ alone. A systematic literature search identified a total of 20 empirical studies focused on women’s decision‐making about (...) epidural analgesia for labor pain. Our review of these studies suggests that empirical evidence to date is insufficient to determine whether women undergoing labor are capable of consenting to epidural analgesia. Given such uncertainties, sufficient information about pain management should be provided as part of prenatal education and the consent process must be carefully conducted to enhance women’s autonomy. To fill in the significant gap in clinical knowledge about laboring women’s decision‐making capacity, well‐designed prospective and retrospective studies may be required. (shrink)

Celem artykułu jest przeanalizowanie Ajschylosowej _Orestei _pod kątem wybranych motywów, dynamiki oraz konsekwencji popełnionych zbrodni przez głównych bohaterów tragedii. Wśród motywów występków uwzględniono klątwę rodową Atrydów, indywidualny charakter bohaterów oraz międzypokoleniowy charakter zemsty. Te trzy elementy razem oddziaływały na siebie, potęgując cierpienie ofiar i wzmacniając w bohaterach trylogii przeświadczenie o nieuchronności ludzkiego fatum, które popycha człowieka ku złu. Omawiając dynamikę _Orestei_, zwrócono szczególną uwagę na trzy występujące obok siebie rodzaje mordów: dzieciobójstwo, którego dopuścił się Agamemnon; mężobójstwo (_maritricidium_), które popełniła Klitajmestra, (...) oraz matkobójstwo, którego sprawcą był Orestes. Podobnie jak w przypadku motywów zbrodni, również między nimi zachodzi nierozerwalna zależność przyczynowo-skutkowa. Ostatnia część artykułu zwraca uwagę na konsekwencje popełnionych złych czynów, które zostały ujęte w trzy zasadnicze kategorie. Pierwsza kategoria ma charakter społeczny i dotyczy roli instytucji publicznych w podejmowaniu decyzji o życiu i śmierci obywateli. Druga kategoria ma charakter religijny i stawia pytanie o rolę religii w życiu społecznym, w szczególności o wpływ zmarłych na żywych oraz znaczenie rytuału religijnego w oczyszczeniu zbrodniarza. Trzecia kategoria ma naturę prawną i stawia pytanie o genezę prawa, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem attyckiej procedury sądowej. (shrink)

The ethics of care and Confucian care ethics are both characterised by relations-based moral reasoning and decision-making. Acknowledging this similarity, this article compares and contrasts these two ethics, highlighting Western and Eastern moral concerns. One of the main differences between the two ethical theories is their different focus on vulnerability and inequality as factors in achieving equality in the ethics of care; another is the reciprocity, rather than equality, dimension in Confucian ethics. Both theories enshrine the view that the characteristics (...) of care offer scope for developing the capacity for judgement. However, a fundamental difference is revealed when considering that Confucian ethics emphasises care as a virtue in the cultivation of one's moral agency, whereas the ethics of care sees care as both a disposition and practice, and the caring relationship to be a primary means of moral evaluation. For the care ethicists, the practice of care embraces communicative morality, within fluid, dynamic interpersonal relationships - in sharp contrast to Confucian care practices, which are constructed within formal standards and fixed, role-based relationships. (shrink)

The American Journal of Bioethics, Volume 11, Issue 6, Page 27-29, June 2011.

Contributed articles on miscellaneous Indological topics.

W 1854 roku rosyjska załoga fregaty „Pallada” wielokrotnie zetknęła się z mieszkańcami Królestwa Chosŏn na wyspie Kŏmundo oraz w kilku miejscach podczas rejsu wzdłuż całego wschodniego wybrzeża kraju. Było to pierwsze i zarazem najważniejsze rosyjsko-koreańskie spotkanie na trasie rejsów morskich, jako że wcześniejsze kontakty między przedstawicielami obydwu cywilizacji miały miejsce na trasach lądowych, podczas walk o Albazin oraz w trakcie misji prawosławnej w Pekinie. Celem artykułu jest przeanalizowanie tych spotkań opisanych w relacji Iwana Gonczarowa, zawartej w dziele _Fregata Pallada _w (...) szerszym kontekście politycznym i kulturowym, uwzględniającym zarówno lądową historię kontaktów rosyjsko-koreańskich w XVII i XVIII wieku, jak również morską rywalizację mocarstw zachodnich w Azji Północno-Wschodniej w dobie wojen opiumowych, powstania tajpingów oraz wojny krymskiej. O znaczeniu tej wymiany świadczy również fakt, że wzmianki o niej zostały uwiecznione w źródłach koreańskich, w szczególności w „Dziennikach Sekretariatu Królewskiego” (_Sŭngjŏngwŏn_ _ilgi_) oraz „Rocznikach Dynastii Chosŏn” (_Chosŏn_ _wangjo __sillok_). (shrink)

Artykuł dotyczy odkrycia nestoriańskiej steli w Xi’an, dawnej stolicy Państwa Środka, wzniesionej w 781, a odkrytej w 1625 r. Znalezisko przyciągnęło bardzo szybko uwagę niektórych pracujących w Chinach misjonarzy jezuickich, którzy zarówno badali stelę na miejscu, jak i opisali jej treść w raportach do generała zakonu. Zajmowali się nią również autorzy pierwszych monografii poświęconych historii misji Towarzystwa Jezusowego w Chinach, takich jak Álvaro de Semedo, Michał Boym, Athanasius Kircher. Stela stanowiła ważne narzędzie ewangelizacyjne, gdyż dobrze wpisywała się w tradycyjne wartości (...) kultury chińskiej, do których należał szacunek do ciągłości historycznej i konserwatyzmu. Tomasz Szpot Dunin wskazuje na potrójne znaczenie odkrycia. Po pierwsze, jej obecność wskazywała, iż wiara chrześcijańska była starożytną religią stojącą na równi z tradycyjnymi chińskimi religiami, takimi jak taoizm, buddyzm, konfucjanizm. Po drugie, zachowana inskrypcja podkreślała monoteizm religii chrześcijańskiej, co wpisywało się w działalność misyjną jezuitów, którzy, jak Matteo Ricci, próbowali udowodnić Chińczykom, że w zamierzchłych czasach byli oni monoteistami. Po trzecie, odnalezienie płyty przyczyniło się do sukcesu misyjnego w samej prowincji Shaanxi. (shrink)