Zodiacal and Planetary ‘decani’. The 36 ecliptical ‘decani’ (sectors of 10°) were distributed either to the twelve zodiacal signs or to the seven planets. The first system has been transmitted only by the Roman didactic poet Manilius, who commits an error at the end of his catalogue that can be explained by comparing it with the more frequent planetary one. Both systems follow the Roman calendar beginning with the Ram respectively Mars. Although the zodiacal system (36 : 12) runs without (...) remainder whereas the planetary one (36 : 7) repeats Mars once more (six times), so that it both begins and ends with this planet, this planetary system prevails. Four possible astrological reasons of this contradiction are discussed including other texts, mostly taken from the ‘Babylonian’ Teucrus (at the latest first century BC), who represents the first witness, if not the inventor of this particular lore. (shrink)

Against the backdrop of recent scholarship related to Deuteronomy 26:5–11, the influential hypothesis formulated by Gerhard von Rad that this verse entails a ‘small historical creed’ will be re-evaluated. In addition to recent Old Testament scholarship, attention will be paid to migrant theory and a rereading of 26:5–11. It will be suggested that this ‘creed’ addressed the identity concerns of returning migrants or exiles from Babylon, as well as the peasant farmers who remained behind in Palestine. Thus, the creed (...) is not understood as an early cultic starting point of a theological tradition, but as a later synthesising framework that responded to theological challenges and tensions prevalent in Persian Yehud. (shrink)

In Studia Leibnitiana VII, 2 legt Roger Woolhouse dar, Leibniz vertrete die These, Alexander der Große habe vor seinem Tode in seiner Seele Merkmale gehabt, aus denen man habe ersehen können, daß er in der Stadt Babylon sterben sollte , aber nicht um zu zeigen, daß er dort sterben werde . Ich versuche zu zeigen, daß Leibniz' Auffassung über das, was es heißt, gemäß einem vollständigen Begriff zu leben, für diese Unterscheidung keinen Raum läßt. Trotz Woolhouses Gegenargumenten und trotz (...) Leibniz' Bemühen um den Nachweis der menschlichen Freiheit schließt Leibniz' Auffassung die Möglichkeit von Unterbrechungen in der Entfaltung eines vollständigen Begriffs eines Individuums aus. Um die Implikation, daß die Zukunft nicht offen ist, zu vermeiden, müßte Leibniz sein Prinzip des zureichenden Grundes neu fassen. (shrink)

Ich werde zu Beginn die philosophische Entwicklung Heideggers darstellen. Auf diese Weise wird es möglich sein, genau die Stelle aufzuzeigen, wo das Fichte-Studium für ihn von größter Wichtigkeit ist. Der wahre Ausgangspunkt des Heideggerschen Denkens ist nicht die Seinsfrage, sondern die katholische Theologie. Nach seinem Abitur im Sommer 1909 nahm er sein Theologiestudium in der Absicht auf, Priester zu werden. In den theologischen Veröffentlichungen, die vor allem in Der Akademiker erschienen, treten seine katholische Weltanschauung und der antimoderne Charakter seines Denkens (...) klar zutage. Seine Kritik des Modernismus richtet sich vor allem gegen Individualismus, Liberalismus, Naturalismus und das neukantische Streben nach Autonomie; auch die Technik, der zügellose Konsum und das Modebewußtsein werden angeprangert. Dem rasenden, verflachten Leben des modernen Menschen stellt Heidegger das katholische Leben mit seinem Traditionsbewußtsein gegenüber. Das Jerusalem Gottes wird dem neoheidnischen Babylon als ein nachstrebenswürdiges Ideal vorgehalten. Die moderne Welt kann nur von ihren Übeln heilen, indem sie zum ewigen Brunnen aller Wahrheit zurückkehrt. Gegen die Zersplitterung und Nivellierung der modernen Zeit, durch die die Welt eindimensional wird und der Raum der Transzendenz verlorengeht, muß die katholische Gemeinschaft sich zur Wehr setzen und die religiöse Dimension des Lebens mit Händen und Füßen verteidigen. (shrink)

Parkinson schreibt, es sei nicht klar, daß Alexander selbst von Geburt an Merkmale oder Zeichen des Ortes seines zukünftigen Todes in sich getragen haben müsse, weil der vollständige Begriff von Alexander den Begriff des in Babylon Sterbens enthält. Die vorliegende Interpretation des Prinzips der Vorherbestimmtheit der Geschichte verdeutlicht dies mit Hilfe der bildlichen Ausdrücke, Pläne und Dispositionen und mit Hilfe einer aristotelischen Unterscheidung zwischen "going to be" und "will be" , fur welche ein formaler chronologischer Apparat ausgearbeitet ist. Die (...) Arbeit gibt ebenfalls Einblick in den Gedanken, daB die Gegenwart schwanger mit der Zukunft ist, und antwortet auf Reschers Kritik, daß Leibniz' Metaphysik von Grund auf statisch sei. (shrink)

In "*Must* ...stay ...strong!" (von Fintel & Gillies 2010) we set out to slay a dragon, or rather what we called The Mantra: that epistemic *must* has a modal force weaker than expected from standard modal logic, that it doesn't entail its prejacent, and that the best explanation for the evidential feel of *must* is a pragmatic explanation. We argued that all three sub-mantras are wrong and offered an explanation according to which *must* is strong, entailing, and the felt indirectness (...) is the product of an evidential presupposition carried by epistemic modals. Mantras being what they are, it is no surprise that each of the sub-mantras have been given new defenses. Here we offer them new problems and update our picture, concluding that *must* is (still) strong. (shrink)

Chapter Growing up Constructivist: Languages and Thoughtful People What is radical constructivism? It is an unconventional approach to the problems of ...

INTRODUCTION TO THE THIRD EDITION: FROM VALUE THEORY TO PRAXEOLOGY Ludwig von Mises (1881–1973) is arguably the most important economist of the twentieth ...

This article surveys the state of the art in the field of semantic universals. We examine potential semantic universals in three areas: (i) the lexicon, (ii) semantic “glue” (functional morphemes and composition principles), and (iii) pragmatics. At the level of the lexicon, we find remarkably few convincing semantic universals. At the level of functional morphemes and composition principles, we discuss a number of promising constraints, most of which require further empirical testing and/or refinement. In the realm of pragmatics, we predict (...) that Gricean mechanisms are universal, but suggest that the precise nature of presuppositions may be subject to cross-linguistic variation. Finally, we follow E.L. Keenan in concluding that the overarching universal of effability or translatability between languages cannot be upheld in its strongest form. A recurring theme throughout this survey is how much work still remains to be done in the relatively young field of cross-linguistic formal semantics. (shrink)

Hermann von Helmholtz was a leading figure of nineteenth-century European intellectual life, remarkable even among the many scientists of the period for the range and depth of his interests. A pioneer of physiology and physics, he was also deeply concerned with the implications of science for philosophy and culture. From the 1850s to the 1890s, Helmholtz delivered more than two dozen popular lectures, seeking to educate the public and to enlighten the leaders of European society and governments about the potential (...) benefits of science and technology to a developing modern society. David Cahan has selected fifteen of these lectures, which reflect the wide range of topics of crucial importance to Helmholtz and his audiences. Among the subjects discussed are the origins of the planetary system, the relation of natural science to science in general, the aims and progress of the physical sciences, the problems of perception, and academic freedom in German universities. This collection also includes Helmholtz's fascinating lectures on the relation of optics to painting and the physiological causes of harmony in music, which provide insight into the relations between science and aesthetics. Science and Culture makes available again Helmholtz's eloquent arguments on the usefulness, benefits, and, intellectual pleasures of understanding the natural world. With Cahan's Introduction to set these essays in their broader context, this collection makes an important contribution to the philosophical and intellectual history of Europe at a time when science played an increasingly significant role in social, economic, and cultural life. (shrink)

Summary Verbs of creation (create, make, paint) are not transparent. The object created does not exist during the event time but only thereafter. We may call this type of opacity temporal opacity. I is to be distinguished from modal opacity, which is found in verbs like owe or seek. (Dowty, 1979) offers two analyses of creation verbs. One analysis predicts that no object of the sort created exists before the time of the creation. The other analysis says that the object (...) exists throughout the act of creation. I investigate three theories: Theory I says that no object of the sort created and which is caused by the very act of creation exists before the creation. In this theory, verbs of creation must embed a property. Theory II can regard the indefinite object of a creation verb as a quantifier and gives it wide scope with respect to the verb. The theory has to make sure that the objects quantified over exist only after the event. While Theory I and II start from the assumption that the extension of all nouns depend on time, Theory III says that Individual Level predicates do not depend on time. This ontology will enable us to treat verbs of creation as first order relations. The theory will entail that a picture does not mean the same as there is a picture. The paper discusses various approaches to the problem: Krifka, Parsons, Landman, Kratzer and Zucchi. (shrink)

This article contains an overview of the author's long‐standing involvement with deontic logic, both from a technical and from a wider philosophical point of view. As far as the formal aspects of deontic logic are concerned, the author describes his intellectual development from the original discovery of the analogy between modal (and deontic) notions on the one hand, and quantifiers on the other, through the formulation of a systematic theory of dyadic deontic concepts, to the proposal of a formal logic (...) of action as a foundation for deontic logic. In a more philosophical vein, the author discusses such questions as the very possibility of deontic logic if norms have no truth‐value, the relation between the descriptive interpretation of classical deontic logic and the logic of norm‐propositions, the correct representation of conditional or hypothetical norms, the distinction between moral obligation and practical necessity, and the interdefinability of permission and obligation. (shrink)

EDITOR'S INTRODUCTORY ESSAY1 A short biographical note Dietrich von Hildebrand was born in 1889 in Florence, as the sixth child and only son of the German ...

Karen von Kunes traces Milan Kundera’s creative ideas to a 1950 police report filed in Stalinist era Czechoslovakia. Demonstrating how this incident influenced Kundera’s literary trajectory and ultimately contributed to his acclaim as a writer, von Kunes interprets his work in a new way.

Narrative imagination, as MarthaNussbaum (1996) discusses it, is ``the abilityto be an intelligent reader of another person'sstory'', an ability tied to being a democraticand cultivated world citizen, one whounderstands the lives of others. Narrativeimagination does not only need knowledge andlogical reasoning but also love and compassion.This article argues that in order to be agenuine tool for democracy, narrativeimagination and consciously taking theperspective of others has to be based on anunderstanding of humans as basicallypluralistic, as homines aperti. Criticalexamination and reflection should (...) be broughtcloser to the lives we live and confront ourhabits and implicit values in order tocultivate us as humans so that we are genuinelyaffected and touched. (shrink)

This is a three-part study of the relations between law and liberty.

"O fim do direito é a paz, e o meio para atingi-lo é a luta. Enquanto o direito precisar estar pronto ante a agressão da injustiça, o que ocorrerá enquanto existir o mundo, não poderá ele poupar se da luta. A vida do direito é luta, uma luta dos povos, do poder do estado, das classes, dos indivíduos." O jurista Rudolf von Ihering expõe neste livro de 1872 sua ideia de que o direito não é cedido ao povo naturalmente, mas (...) sim que deve haver uma luta social para conquistá-lo. O autor expressa que o processo é de fato difícil e doloroso, contudo é justamente essa dor que desenvolve uma ligação mais forte e perene entre o Direito conquistado e o povo que sangrou para conquistá-lo. E vai além: essa luta seria não apenas um dever moral do indivíduo para consigo mesmo como também um dever cívico dele para com a sociedade. A luta pelo Direito tece críticas a todos os que sacrificam seus direitos individuais em nome de uma paz pessoal, e reafirma o poder e o dever de cada um perante a coletividade. Obra fundamental em tempos de mudanças sociais e jurídicas tão profundas. (shrink)

Georg Ernst Stahl (1659-1734) was a German physician and chemist. The book (in German) documents a symposium of the Academy Leopoldina on his works and thoughts that contributed to the Enlightenment. Der weite Horizont seines Denkens und seiner Arbeiten umfasst die Phlogiston-Theorie der Verbrennung, die später mit der Entdeckung des Sauerstoffs widerlegt wurde, aber dennoch wichtige Erkenntnisse zur Reversibilität von Reaktionen und zur unsichtbaren Persistenz der beteiligten chemischen Komponenten beitrug. Seine Gedanken zur Rolle der „Anima“, die heute überholt erscheinen, führten (...) bereits am Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts Konzepte ein, die für die moderne Biologie und Psychologie von Bedeutung sind. Dazu zählen etwa Homöostase, Synergie, die Vorbereitung willentlicher Bewegungen und Unterschiede zwischen unbewussten aber vernünftigen Handlungen und solchen, die von rationalen Erwägungen geleitet werden. Stahls medizinisches Hauptwerk ist die „Theoria medica vera”, Halle 1708. Eine der zentralen Publikationen zur chemischen Theorie der Verbrennung ist die „Zymotechnia fundamentalis seu fermentationis theoria generalis”, Halle 1697, in deutscher Sprache 1734. Siehe auch „Georg Ernst Stahl (1659-1734), German Physician and Chemist“, Artikel von A. Gierer, in: Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment (Hg. A.C. Kors), Bd. 4, Oxford University Press, New York 2003, S. 124-125. -/- . (shrink)

Excerpt from Philosophie des Schönen Es versteht sich von selbst, dass eine solche "philosophie des Schönen, wie sie einerseits induktiv aus der thatsächliohen per sönlichen Vertrautheit des Philosophen mit dem Schönen aller Art verwachsen sein muss, so auch in stetigem geschichtlichen Zu sammenhange rnit den bisherigen Leistungen dieser Art stehen muss. Den Ausweis uber diese historische Kontinuität hat das nachfolgende Buch nicht erst zu erbringen, da er im erstenhistorischkritisohen Theil enthalten ist. 'das Vorausschicken dieses ersten Theiles gestattet mir, nunmehr von (...) allen kritischen und polemischen Erörterungen gegen die Ansichten anderer Aesthétiker Abstand zu nehmen und dem Fluss der eigenen Gedankenentwickelurig ungestört Folge zu geben. Manche Einzelfragen konnte ich öhne Bedenken ganz bei Seite lassen, weil dieselben in der kritischen Behandlung des ersten Theils bereits in ausreichendem Maasse zur Sprache gelangt waren; in anderen Punkten konnte ich aus dem selben Grunde wenigstens auf polemische Sicherstellung und nähere Begrundung verzichten und der überzeugenden Kraft der Wahrheit in ihrem systematischen Zusammenhange vertrauen. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

Philosophische Sittenlehre ist ein unveranderter, hochwertiger Nachdruck der Originalausgabe aus dem Jahr 1794. Hansebooks ist Herausgeber von Literatur zu unterschiedlichen Themengebieten wie Forschung und Wissenschaft, Reisen und Expeditionen, Kochen und Ernahrung, Medizin und weiteren Genres.Der Schwerpunkt des Verlages liegt auf dem Erhalt historischer Literatur.Viele Werke historischer Schriftsteller und Wissenschaftler sind heute nur noch als Antiquitaten erhaltlich. Hansebooks verlegt diese Bucher neu und tragt damit zum Erhalt selten gewordener Literatur und historischem Wissen auch fur die Zukunft bei.".

Als Briefpartner Diltheys und Anreger Heideggers z hlt Paul Graf Yorck von Wartenburg (1835-1897) zu den gro en Wegbereitern des auf die Geschichtlichkeit aller Wahrheit abhebenden Denkens. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage, wie sich individuelles Bewu tsein und Welt in einer nicht metaphysisch begr ndeten Weise vermitteln, also der R ckzug auf die "Lebenswelt" (so sp ter auch Husserl).

There is a rich literature about the temporal conjunctions before/after, but at the time I gave the talk that underlies this paper I was not aware of any analysis of the temporal comparatives früher/später ‘earlier/later’, which may be used to express similar states of affairs, but are constructed differently.2 Recently I became acquainted with del Prete’s thesis about It. prima/dopo, which analyses prima as a comparative and dopo as a preposition.3 This is the only paper known to me that goes (...) into the same direction as the following proposal. Del Prete’s analysis is very different from mine and I must leave the discussion of his theory to another occasion. (shrink)

Wolfgang Pauli, well known for his seminal contributions to quantum theory, recorded his dreams from 1932 to 1958 and discussed them with C.G. Jung and a number of analysts belonging to Jung's inner circle. Pauli's dream records, to a major extent belonging to Jung's heritage, will be published in the near future. Moreover, Pauli's thoughts about the relation of his dreams to Jung's archetypal psychology as well as to physics are remarkable. The scope, the genesis, the contents, and the significance (...) of this material will be described in this article. (shrink)

"Languaging", as Maturana occasionally explains, serves, among other things, to orient. By this he means directing the attention and, consequently, the individual experience of others, which is a way to foster the development of "consensual domains" which, in turn, are the prerequisite for the development of language. - Although the sentence (you might say, the languaging) with which I have here begun is at best a pale imitation of Maturana's style, it does perhaps represent one important aspect of Maturana's system: (...) The circularity which, in one way or another, crops up again and again. (shrink)

In (Jäger and Blutner 1999), Gerhard Jäger and Reinhard Blutner (henceforth J&B) have launched a forceful attack against the account of the adverb wieder “again” I presented in (Stechow 1995) and (Stechow 1996) There I defended a classical account of the repetitive/restitutive ambiguity exhibited by the adverb wieder, which is very close to early proposals found in the Generative Semantics literature, notably (Morgan 1969) and (McCawley 1971). I argued that German surface syntax shows that something in the style of this (...) old decomposition analysis must be correct. (shrink)

Reconstruction of the versions of Aristoxenos and Dikaiarchos.--The sources of Dikaiarchos and Aristoxenos and the reliability of their accounts. --Reconstruction of Timaios' version and the reliability of his accounts.--The chronological questions and the numismatic evidence.--The character of the "Pythagorean rule" in southern Italy.--Appendix.

Excerpt from Der Spiritismus Man erkennt schon aus diesen vorausgeschickten Bemerkungen, dass man es bei dem Erscheinungsgebiet, auf welches der Spiritismus sich stutzt, mit wesentlich anderen Versuchsbedingungen zu thun hat, als bei Ex perimenten mit unorganischen Stoffen oder organischen Korpern. Nur ein kleiner Theil der mediumistischen Erscheinungen ist seiner Wirkung nach rein physikalisch; aber selbst dieser Theil ist seiner Entstehung nach an psychische Bedingungen, an Stimmung, Zuversicht, un gestorte Behaglichkeit des Mediums geknupft. Nun ist es ab er ganz ungerechtfertigt, wenn (...) Naturforscher die Unter suchung dieser Erscheinungen deshalb ablehnen, weil die selben an Bedingungen geknupft sind, deren Herstellung nicht zu jeder Zeit in der Macht des Forschers liegt. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)