The parameter-free part $$\textbf{PA}_2^*$$ of $$\textbf{PA}_2$$, second order Peano arithmetic, is considered. We make use of a product/iterated Sacks forcing to define an $$\omega$$ -model of $$\textbf{PA}_2^*+ \textbf{CA}(\Sigma ^1_2)$$, in which an example of the full Comprehension schema $$\textbf{CA}$$ fails. Using Cohen’s forcing, we also define an $$\omega$$ -model of $$\textbf{PA}_2^*$$, in which not every set has its complement, and hence the full $$\textbf{CA}$$ fails in a rather elementary way.

Categorical-theoretic semantics for the relevance logic is proposed which is based on the construction of the topos of functors from a relevant algebra (considered as a preorder category endowed with the special endofunctors) in the category of sets Set. The completeness of the relevant system R of entailment is proved in respect to the semantic considered.

When we engage with fictions, we are, in effect, pretending to deal with reports of actual events. After all, numerous fictional works are explicitly designed to facilitate this kind of pretense. This was the prevailing understanding of fiction in both analytic philosophy and classical narratology for decades. However, there is a significant problem with this view: many fictional narratives routinely portray scenarios that could not possibly be the subject of anyone’s reporting. Currie’s 'mindless fictions' are one such example. This issue (...) can be referred to as the problem of unreportability. The standard solution to this challenge has been to argue that fictions are not pretend reports, but rather direct authorial stipulations to imagine specific scenarios. This paper contends, however, that such an explanation fails to provide a satisfactory account of fiction. By drawing on Walton’s notion of ‘silly questions’, it instead argues for a revised version of the report model-one that doesn’t necessarily depend on ubiquitous fictional reporters. (shrink)

Článek reflektuje Hayekovy výklady o povaze pravidel. Ukazuje, že jeho pojetí pravidel je extrémně široké a vazba mezi pravidly a pravidelnostmi je nepřijatelně úzká. Následně je nastíněno alternativní - užší - vymezení pojmu pravidla. Nakonec je podrobeno kritice Hayekovo příliš úzké chápání pojmu normativních pravidel a je navrženo jeho širší vymezení.

Tato stať se zabývá implicitním vztahem pojmu nutnosti a náhodnosti (bytí jsoucího) a pojmu zákona (bytí jsoucího) v Marxově filosofii spjaté (svázané) s explicitním vztahem pojmu nutnosti a náhodnosti (bytí lidsky jsoucího v ekonomicko-společenské bytné sféře) a pojmu zákona (bytí lidsky jsoucího v ekonomicko-společenské bytné sféře) v Marxově politické ekonomii a ukazuje její ontologicko-nomologické přednosti, poukazujíc však na její antropologicko-ontologické nedostatky, spjaté zvláště s jejím historicismem (s "bídou historicismu").

. How, why and what for we should combine logics is perfectly well explained in a number of works concerning this issue. But the interesting question seems to be the nature and the structure of the general universe of possible combinations of logical systems. Adopting the point of view of universal logic in the paper the categorical constructions are introduced which along with the coproducts underlying the fibring of logics describe the inner structure of the category of logical systems. It (...) is shown that categorically the universe of universal logic turns out to be a topos and a paraconsistent complement topos. (shrink)

What do we learn when we find out that an argument is logically incorrect? If logically incorrect means the same as not logically correct, which in turn means not having a valid logical form, it seems that we do not learn anything too useful—an argument which is logically incorrect can still be conclusive. Thus, it seems that it makes sense to fix a stronger interpretation of the term under which a logically incorrect argument is guaranteed to be wrong. In this (...) paper, we show that pinpointing this stronger sense is much trickier than one would expect; but eventually we reach an explication of the notion of logical incorrectness which we find non-trivial and viable. (shrink)

: El estudio de la percepción y significación de la variable tiempo por parte del profesorado ha sido un aporte en la comprensión de diversos fenómenos educativos. El objetivo de esta investigación cualitativa fue describir e interpretar las teorías subjetivas de docentes sobre el tiempo de enseñanza priorizada en el contexto de pandemia. Se realizaron entrevistas episódicas grupales a 11 profesores de establecimientos escolares de la Región de Coquimbo (Chile). Los datos fueron analizados utilizando procedimientos de la teoría fundamentada, lo (...) que permitió elaborar dos modelos axiales sobre el tiempo de enseñanza priorizada. Los resultados reconstruyeron diversas implicancias de la experiencia profesional en la percepción del tiempo psicológico del profesorado cuando éste gestiona la enseñanza priorizada. Asimismo, las teorías subjetivas de profesores(as) pertenecientes a los diversos grupos socioeconómicos estudiados, variaron en sus explicaciones sobre sus elecciones pedagógicas previo y durante el tiempo de clases remotas virtuales. Se concluyó que una mayor experiencia profesional y la orientación. (shrink)

In one of the first genetic screens aimed at identifying induced developmental mutants, Nadine Dobrovolskaïa-Zavadskaïa, working at the Pasteur Laboratory in the 1920s, isolated and characterized a mutation affecting Brachyury, a gene that regulates tail and axial development in the mouse. Dobrovolskaïa-Zavadskaïa's analysis of Brachyury and other mutations affecting tail development were among the earliest attempts to link gene action with a tissue-specific developmental process in a vertebrate. Her analyses of genes that interacted with Brachyury led to the discovery of (...) the t-haplotype chromosome of mouse. After 70 years, Brachyury and the multiple genes with which it interacts continue to occupy a prominent focus in developmental biology research. A goal of this review is to identify the contributions that Dobrovolskaïa-Zavadskaïa made to our current thinking about Brachyury and how she helped to shape the dawn of the field of developmental genetics. BioEssays 23:365–371, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (shrink)

In 'A Coherence Theory of Truth and Knowledge', Donald Davidson argues that it is not possible for us to be massively mistaken in our beliefs. The argument is based on the possibility of an omniscient interpreter who uses the method of radical interpretation to attribute beliefs, since an omniscient interpreter who uses this method will attribute largely true beliefs to those he is inteipreting. In this paper we investigate some of the assumptions behind this argument, and we argue that these (...) assumptions are incompatible with Davidson's view that the object of a belief is its cause. If Davidson wants to keep his interpretationist theory of mind, he should therefore abandon that view. (shrink)

The paper discusses various aspects of the concept of “cultural memory” coined by Jan Assmann and related both to the problem of determining the categories of culture that became the first objects of philosophical reflection in the era of the Axial Age and to the issues of the modern crisis of the ideology of globalism and multiculturalism. Using the example of some categories of an archaic myth that have not lost their cultural and social relevance at present, the variability of (...) the genesis of philosophy in various civilizations of the epoch of the “Axial Age” is demonstrated - both those in which it arises as an independent form of worldview and those where this process stops at the stage of a highly speculative myth. Special attention is paid to the cultural and social aspects of memory and recollection of the past as forms of spiritual “resistance” to external cultural influences and the preservation of religious and ethnic identity, which is equally relevant both during the genesis of philosophy and in modern post-industrial society during the crisis of globalist ideology and the philosophy of multiculturalism. (shrink)

Though, at first sight, logical formalization of natural language sentences and arguments might look like an unproblematic enterprise, the criteria of its success are far from clear and, surprisingly, there have only been a few attempts at making them explicit. This paper provides a picture of the enterprise of logical formalization that does not conceive of it as a kind of translation from one language (a natural one) into another language (a logical one), but rather as a construction of a (...) 'map' of (a piece of) the 'inferential landscape' of the natural language. The criteria that appear to govern the enterprise are labeled as those of reliability, ambitiousness, transparency and parsimony. These criteria, it is argued, do not provide for an excavation of a ready-made logical structure, but rather help us achieve a "reflective equilibrium" between the normative authority of logic and the answerability of logic to a natural language. (shrink)

This paper analyses two definitions of contingency. Both definitions have been widely accepted and used as to identify contingent events. One of them is primarily of a philosophical character, whereas the other is more commonly used in mathematics. Evidently, these two definitions do not describe the same set of phenomena, and neither of them determines the completely intuitive notion of contingency.Namely, carefully selected examples testify that the first definition is too narrow and the second too wide. These facts have certain (...) epistemological consequences. They must, therefore, serve as a warning for using the definitions only in a restrictive and cautious way when detecting random beliefs – those we cannot identify as knowledge. (shrink)

Tato stať - recenze - "Od polovzdělanosti k nevzdělanosti" - se zabývá knihou K. P. Liessmanna "Teorie nevzdělanosti"; v jejích stopách promýšlí a domýšlí tyto otázky: 1. Jaký je dřívější zakládající a zacilující vztah k ideji vzdělanosti? 2. Jaký je nynější vztah k ideji vzdělanosti, zakládající se mimo ni a zacilující se proti ní? 3. Jaká je zakládající a zacilující antiidea dnešního "vzdělávání"? 4. Jaká je zakládající a zacilující antiidea "vzdělávání" v dnešních "vzdělávacích institucích", zvláště pak ve školách jako "vzdělávacích (...) institucích"? 5. Jaký je bytný základ zakládající a zacilující antiideje dnešního "vzdělávání" (tj. i jaký je bytný základ zakládající a zacilující antiideje "vzdělávání" v dnešních "vzdělávacích institucích", tj. i ve školách jako "vzdělávacích institucích")? - Tato recenzní stať - "Od polovzdělanosti k nevzdělanosti", zabývajíc se knihou K. P. Liessmanna "Teorie nevzdělanosti" a v jejích stopách promýšlejíc a domýšlejíc ony otázky, dodává dodatek o struktuře dnešního školství, dle nějž struktura dnešního školství tkví v rozdělení na vyšší školy - továrny a nižší školy - stoky i v propojení vyšších škol - továren a nižších škol - stok posuvnou hranicí, tj. hranicí posuvnou pouze směrem nahoru, nikoli ovšem směrem dolů. (shrink)

In some systems of Legniewskian Ontology were introduced as a toolkit for Husserl's and Meinong's theory of objects. Here such consi- deration is extended to Brentano-Husserl's theory of time. So-called antidiodo- rean logics are used as the foundations of the approach undertaken.

The phenomenon of the paradoxes of the largest remainders methods has been studied by numerous authors. Nevertheless, the examples presented in their studies do not deal with the case where a party’s possible additional votes can directly lead to a loss in the party’s number of representatives. This paradox, which can be called the no-show apportionment paradox, has not previously been mentioned in the literature. It is based on the assumption that a voter’s favourite party may lose a seat if (...) the voter votes honestly but get more seats if he or she abstains. The article gives simple examples illustrating the no-show paradox in a party-list proportional representation electoral system using the quota method of apportionment. In these situations it would be better for the party if some of their voters abstained, otherwise it would lose one or more seats. (shrink)

The problem of dialectical contradictions—the source and driving force of fundamental changes and of the raising of society to a new and higher stage—occupies a major place in the conception of accelerating socioeconomic development and restructuring our society.