The French philosopher Renaud Barbaras remarked that late in Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s career, “The phenomenology of perception fulfills itself as a philosophy of expression.” In _Tracing Expression in Merleau-Ponty: Aesthetics, Philosophy of Biology, and Ontology, _Véronique M. Fóti_ _addresses the guiding yet neglected theme of expression in Merleau-Ponty’s thought. She traces Merleau-Ponty’s ideas about how individuals express creative or artistic impulses through his three essays on aesthetics, his engagement with animality and the “new biology” in the second of his lecture courses (...) on nature of 1957–58, and in his late ontology, articulated in 1964 in the fragmentary text of _Le visible et l’invisible _. With the exception of a discussion of Merleau-Ponty’s 1945 essay “Cezanne’s Doubt,” Fóti engages with Merleau-Ponty’s late and final thought, with close attention to both his scientific and philosophical interlocutors, especially the continental rationalists. Expression shows itself, in Merleau-Ponty’s thought, to be primordial, and this innate and fundamental nature of expression has implications for his understanding of artistic creation, science, and philosophy. (shrink)

Are there distinctively political values? Certain egalitarians seem to think that equality is one such value. Scheffler 's contribution to the symposium seeks to articulate a division of moral labour between norms of personal morality and the principles of justice that regulate social institutions, and using this suggests that the egalitarian critique of Rawls can be deflected. In this paper, instead, I question the status of equality as an intrinsic value. I argue that an egalitarianism which focuses on the status (...) of equality as valuable in itself embraces a theory of value with the worst elements of utilitarianism while leaving behind any of the intuitive appeal that utilitarianism has. In its place I press that we need a political conception of egalitarianism which stresses the role of equality as a political ideal without presupposing any values with which we engage beyond those found in the norms of personal morality. (shrink)

When describing motion along both the horizontal and vertical axes, languages from different families express the elements encoding verticality before those coding for horizontality (e.g., going up right instead of right up). In light of the motor grounding of language, the present study investigated whether the prevalence of verticality in Path expression also governs the trajectory of arm biological movements. Using a 3D virtual-reality setting, we tracked the kinematics of hand pointing movements in five spatial directions, two of which implied (...) the vertical and horizontal vectors equally (i.e., up right +45° and bottom right −45°). Movement onset could be prompted by visual or auditory verbal cues, the latter being canonical in French (“en haut à droite”/up right) or not (“à droite en haut”/right up). In two experiments, analyses of the index finger kinematics revealed a significant effect of gravity, with earlier acceleration, velocity, and deceleration peaks for upward (+45°) than downward (−45°) movements, irrespective of the instructions. Remarkably, confirming the linguistic observations, we found that vertical kinematic parameters occurred earlier than horizontal ones for upward movements, both for visual and congruent verbal cues. Non-canonical verbal instructions significantly affected this temporal dynamic: for upward movements, the horizontal and vertical components temporally aligned, while they reversed for downward movements where the kinematics of the vertical axis was delayed with respect to that of the horizontal one. This temporal dynamic is so deeply anchored that non-canonical verbal instructions allowed for horizontality to precede verticality only for movements that do not fight against gravity. Altogether, our findings provide new insights into the embodiment of language by revealing that linguistic path may reflect the organization of biological movements, giving priority to the vertical axis. (shrink)

Veronique Foti delves into the full range of Heideggerian texts to elaborate the problematics of historicity, language, and the structure of disclosure or "manifestation" in connection with the Herman poets whom Heidegger invoked along his path of thinking. Foti's reading of these ports is a probing inquiry into the aesthetic, ethical, and political implications of Heidegger's thought. She knows how technicity and poetizing are opposed yet brought together in Heidegger's hermeneutic phenomenology, how they are both politicized and linked with ethical (...) praxis, and how technicity, poetizing, and praxis cannot be dissevered from Heidegger's essential thinking. (shrink)

Humans possess two nonverbal systems capable of representing numbers, both limited in their representational power: the first one represents numbers in an approximate fashion, and the second one conveys information about small numbers only. Conception of exact large numbers has therefore been thought to arise from the manipulation of exact numerical symbols. Here, we focus on two fundamental properties of the exact numbers as prerequisites to the concept of EXACT NUMBERS : the fact that all numbers can be generated by (...) a successor function and the fact that equality between numbers can be defined in an exact fashion. We discuss some recent findings assessing how speakers of Munduruc (an Amazonian language), and young Western children (3-4 years old) understand these fundamental properties of numbers. (shrink)

Is the principal concern of political philosophy the source of political authority? And, if so, can this source be located in individual consent? In this article I draw on Rousseau to answer the second question negatively; and in rejecting that answer, why we might answer the first question in the negative as well. We should be concerned with questions of legitimacy rather than with the source of authority and political obligation. Our principal concern, that is, should be with the question (...) how well political institutions meet the needs of individuals. I pursue these issues in the context of interpreting Rousseau's distinctive contribution to political thought. I start out by asking the question ‘What problem is the General Will designed to solve?’ I argue that Rousseau's challenge to Hobbes represents a crucial step in the move from the source of authority and political obligation to a focus on legitimacy. (shrink)

After the ‘empirical turn’ in bioethics, few specific approaches have been developed for doing clinical ethics research in close connection with clinical decision-making on a daily basis. In this paper we describe the ‘committed researcher’ approach to research in clinical ethics that we have developed over the years. After comparing it to two similar research methodological approaches, the ‘embedded researcher’ and ‘deliberative engagement’, we highlight its main features: it is patient-oriented, it is implemented by collegial and multidisciplinary teams, it uses (...) an ethical grid to build the interview guide, and it is geared towards bringing the results to bear on the public debate surrounding the issue at stake. Finally, we position our methodological approach with respect to the ‘is vs. ought’ distinction. We argue that our ‘commitment researcher’ approach to clinical ethics research takes concerned people’s life-building values as the main data, and compares them to the larger normative framework underlying the medical practice at stake. (shrink)

Clinical ethics has developed significantly in Europe over the past 15 years and remains an evolving process. While sharing our experiences in different European settings, we were surprised to discover marked differences in our practice, especially regarding the position and role of patients. In this paper, we describe these differences, such as patient access to and participation or representation in ethics consults. We propose reasons to explain these differences, hypothesizing that they relate to the historic and sociocultural context of implementation (...) of clinical ethics consultation services (Cecs), as well as the initial aims for which each structure was established. Then, we analyse those differences with common ethical arguments arising in patient involvement. We conclude that there is no unique model of best practice for patient involvement in clinical ethics, as far as Cecs reflect on how to deal with the challenging ethical issues raised by patient role and position. (shrink)

Mary Briody Mahowald, Bioethics and women across the life span, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006, reviewed by Véronique Bergeron.

Compromises are arrived at when, in spite of the efforts of those participating to mediate and defend their position in a rationally acceptable manner, each remains with his judgment while, at the same time, a decision must be made without further delay. What this means is that the parties agree to an option about which they are not, in their heart of hearts, entirely convinced. This article examines the notion of moral compromise, concentrating thereby on the case of political praxis. (...) It asks whether, in view of the complexity and multiplicity of morally relevant decisions encountered in a pluralist society, it is at all realistic to expect much else from political institutions than what Rawls dismissively refers to as a modus vivendi and whether a conception of justice that is true or reasonable only given the reasonable pluralism of comprehensive doctrines is still a conception of justice, and not simply a compromise between the contending doctrines. (shrink)

« L'année internationale de la famille », célébrée en 1994, fut l'occasion de toute une série de manifestations, colloques et publications. La revue Politis a consacré un numéro spécial à la famille en décembre 1994 - janvier 1995, tout comme Sciences Humaines et Chronique féministe. Bon nombre d'articles s'apparentent à des bilans de la politique familiale française à l'heure où le deuxième septennat de François Mitterrand s'achève. La gauche a-t-elle transformé les orientations princ...

En varios escritos de ciencias políticas, filosofía política, historia y antropología política, la cuestión de la visibilidad ha adquirido un lugar central dentro de los debates relativos a la ciudadanía multicultural. En estas páginas, trataré de esclarecer los procesos de construcción cultural que están en juego en el Caribe colombiano de hoy, a través del caso de Santa Marta, tomando prestado el modelo evolutivo de la ciudadanía propuesto por T.H. Marshall. En este modelo, la fase cultural resulta ser la última (...) de una cadena de reivindicaciones hacia un reconocimiento por parte del Estado-nación. Sin embargo, este marco sigue reproduciendo y obscureciendo una primacía fenomenológica inherente a la concepción derivada de la modernidad política, en donde el sentido de la vista – y el término resultante de “visibilidad”– se ha vuelto el único modo de categorización. En este artículo, se pretende demostrar cómo el caso de la producción de una forma de ciudadanía cultural por medio de “lo afro” en la ciudad de Santa Marta, interrumpe actualmente esta cadena fenomenológico-política, y nos faculta para imaginar otras modalidades sensoriales que lleguen a ser parte integrante de una práctica ciudadana “multicultural”. (shrink)

Cooking and earthenware pots in Byzantium. This study presents in a synoptic manner the utensiles for culinary use, the pots for preserves, the jars for storage, and other small kitchen equipment utilized at the hearth and in the storeroom in an urban and rural framework during the Macedonian, Comnenian, and Paleologian periods. The joint examination of ceramics discovered at sites in Greece, in Thrace, and in Anatolia, and various written sources in which pots and jars are mentioned, allows, on the (...) one hand, establishing an inventory of the diverse types of utensiles employed in the Byzantine empire, and, one the other, replacing the objects in their functional context. (shrink)

Lors de la publication de sa thèse sur les collections complètes des Discours de Grégoire de Nazianze, en 1997, l'A. signalait que l'inventaire des colletions fourni était incomplet. Il publie donc, pour les autres témoins, une description correspondant à la classification utilisée dans sa thèse. Seuls les manuscrits conservés en Russie n'ont pu être accessibles.

Although pragmatism and feminism share a number of key features, pragmatist philosophy has had little influence on feminist thought. This article explores the reasons for this failed rendezvous. Focusing particularly on Rorty’s neo-pragmatism, it is argued that neo-pragmatism’s lack of an adequate political theory, particularly regarding key issues in current feminist theory such as the conceptualization of the relations between the public and private spheres and the understanding of subjectivity, is a particularly important factor here. Earlier versions of pragmatist thought, (...) however, might make more useful contributions to current feminist debates, particularly on the issues of rationality and ethics of care. (shrink)

Geometry defines entities that can be physically realized in space, and our knowledge of abstract geometry may therefore stem from our representations of the physical world. Here, we focus on Euclidean geometry, the geometry historically regarded as “natural”. We examine whether humans possess representations describing visual forms in the same way as Euclidean geometry – i.e., in terms of their shape and size. One hundred and twelve participants from the U.S. (age 3–34 years), and 25 participants from the Amazon (age (...) 5–67 years) were asked to locate geometric deviants in panels of 6 forms of variable orientation. Participants of all ages and from both cultures detected deviant forms defined in terms of shape or size, while only U.S. adults drew distinctions between mirror images (i.e. forms differing in “sense”). Moreover, irrelevant variations of sense did not disrupt the detection of a shape or size deviant, while irrelevant variations of shape or size did. At all ages and in both cultures, participants thus retained the same properties as Euclidean geometry in their analysis of visual forms, even in the absence of formal instruction in geometry. These findings show that representations of planar visual forms provide core intuitions on which humans’ knowledge in Euclidean geometry could possibly be grounded. (shrink)

This paper aims to study the perception of color (representations, synesthesia, denominations, uses and classification) in specific writings such as recipe treatises written from 1520 to 1689. These treatises deal with the manufacture and stages of color in various objects (remedies, blushes and mainly gems). They reveals that color is not only an apparent surface but also a sensitive substance, in particular white and red colors. Although color is a principle of unity for diverse materials, it sometimes becomes contradictory when (...) it is associated with variable signified and signifiers, so that color also offers a play on naming: meaning is sometimes clear, sometimes obscure, and in any case mobile (azure, vermilion). The contemporary reader does not perceive color in the same way as the Renaissance craftsman. Finally, as a principle of classification, it shows an imbalance and hierarchy of colors which, while providing structure to recipes: it gives mainly a place of choice to red and its shades. (shrink)

Human adults are thought to possess two dissociable systems to represent numbers: an approximate quantity system akin to a mental number line, and a verbal system capable of representing numbers exactly. Here, we study the interface between these two systems using an estimation task. Observers were asked to estimate the approximate numerosity of dot arrays. We show that, in the absence of calibration, estimates are largely inaccurate: responses increase monotonically with numerosity, but underestimate the actual numerosity. However, insertion of a (...) few inducer trials, in which participants are explicitly (and sometimes misleadingly) told that a given display contains 30 dots, is sufficient to calibrate their estimates on the whole range of stimuli. Based on these empirical results, we develop a model of the mapping between the numerical symbols and the representations of numerosity on the number line. (shrink)

Si la recherche contemporaine s’est davantage intéressée aux sémiologies du corps humain développées par la médecine et la physiognomonie antiques, un grand nombre de sources gréco-romaines témoignent de l’engouement qu’a connu l’interprétation divinatoire des signes et mouvements du corps dans l’Antiquité. Après une présentation générale de la palmomantique, notamment des traités du Pseudo-Mélampous, cet article analyse plus en détail les sources antiques relatives à l’interprétation divinatoire de l’éternuement, l’un des principaux mouvements involontaires du corps, traditionnellement considéré comme un signe envoyé (...) par les dieux et qu’il convenait de savoir reconnaître et déchiffrer.Contemporary research has focused on the semiology of the human body in ancient medicine and physiognomics. However, a large number of Greco-Roman sources evidence the popularity of body divination, especially through observing bodily signs and movements, in Antiquity. This paper presents the system of palmonancy especially as developed in the treatises of Pseudo-Melampous, and analyses in depth ancient sources relating to the divinatory interpretation of sneezing, one of the commonest involuntary body movements, traditionally regarded as a sign sent by gods, and hence useful to identify and interpret. (shrink)

La philosophe étudie le concept d'amour du monde de H. Arendt. Il permet de dévoiler toute la complexité du rapport d'Arendt au christianisme, livrant un nouvel éclairage sur son oeuvre. Du souci du politique, qui s'mpose en 1933, à l'amour du monde, choisi librement en 1955, la pensée d'Arendt ne cesse de s'élargir, dans un dialogue serré avec le christianisme.

This piece is a response to Jean-Pierre Reed’s review of Bringing Back the Social into the Sociology of Religion published in Critical Research on Religion. Aside from his appreciation for the contributions of this volume, Jean-Pierre Reed’s critique concentrates on three fundamental issues in relation to the agenda for a critical sociology of religion we advance: scientificism, interdisciplinarity, and politics. This response focuses on scientificism and politics in particular, since they are intimately related and at the core of this book’s (...) evaluation of the subfield. (shrink)

Voici deux « beaux livres » qui mettent à l’honneur les filles et les femmes déviantes et délinquantes à travers l’histoire. Leurs figures traversent les pages non seulement grâce à de très nombreuses illustrations mais également parce qu’il est possible d’entendre ces voix féminines à travers les transcriptions faites des archives judiciaires. Dans Vagabondes - Les écoles de préservation pour les jeunes filles, les éditions l’Arachnéen offrent aux lecteurs et lectrices de magnifiques reprodu...

Résumé Cet article cherche à montrer comment, dans les procès d’assises en France, la mise en cause et les interactions impliquant des accusés d’origine étrangère, ici pour la plupart Srilankais, permettent un décentrement, révélateur des codes implicites et des présupposés qui régissent le système judiciaire. En prenant pour point d’ancrage le rôle du langage (et donc l’importance des interprètes) et celui des émotions dans le prétoire, on s’intéressera à la définition et à la place donnée à la « culture », (...) alors que la double exigence d’égalité de tous devant la loi et de l’individualisation de la peine se présente souvent comme contradictoire. (shrink)

This article deals with the complex personality and legacy of a mysterious saint known both as a Sufī (Ḥājji Ratan) and a Nāth Yogī (Ratannāth) and links his multiple identity as well as the religious movement originated from him, to the specific cultural context of the former North-West Indian provinces. The first part is devoted to Ratan in the Nāth Yogī tradition, the second to his many facets in the Muslim tradition, in connection with his dargāh in the Panjabi town (...) of Bhatinda. The third and main part explores a particular movement, the Har Śri Nāth tradition. Presently centered around a “ dargāh mandir ” in Delhi, this movement, with its two branches issued from Ratan and from his “son” Kāyānāth, was rooted in what is now Pakistan. The influence of location and history has led to many peculiarities which lead us to stress the blurred boundaries between Islam and Hinduism and the essential part played by charismatic figures in the construction of religious identities. (shrink)

This article presents the publication of the join between two Delos inscriptions made by J. Treheux: ID 440 and ID 456. These two documents, restored to their context, enable a reconstruction of the accounts for the year 174. They reveal the administrative practices of the hieropoioi applicable to the end of Delian independence and illuminate the economic and financial situation of the sanctuary of Apollo during this period. While the monetary reserves remained considerable, the sacred coffer suffered the consequences of (...) the administrative evolution: a system of accountancy which became bureaucratised by emphasizing the task of inventorying, and a working budget burdened by the augmentation of the personnel. (shrink)

Une des grandes mutations induite par la société industrielle réside, à n’en pas douter, dans le passage du travail au loisir. L’un ne se définit que par rapport à l’autre, et déjà Rousseau notait : « Si l’indolente oisiveté n’engendre que la tristesse et l’ennui, le charme des doux loisirs est le fruit d’une vie laborieuse. » En effet, les fatigues de la vie moderne,..