Results for 'transcriptional diversity'

976 found
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  1.  19
    Ubiquitous transcription factors display structural plasticity and diverse functions.Monali NandyMazumdar & Irina Artsimovitch - 2015 - Bioessays 37 (3):324-334.
    Numerous accessory factors modulate RNA polymerase response to regulatory signals and cellular cues and establish communications with co‐transcriptional RNA processing. Transcription regulators are astonishingly diverse, with similar mechanisms arising via convergent evolution. NusG/Spt5 elongation factors comprise the only universally conserved and ancient family of regulators. They bind to the conserved clamp helices domain of RNA polymerase, which also interacts with non‐homologous initiation factors in all domains of life, and reach across the DNA channel to form processivity clamps that enable (...)
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  2.  31
    Nucleotide Excision Repair and Transcription‐Associated Genome Instability.Zivkos Apostolou, Georgia Chatzinikolaou, Kalliopi Stratigi & George A. Garinis - 2019 - Bioessays 41 (4):1800201.
    Transcription is a potential threat to genome integrity, and transcription‐associated DNA damage must be repaired for proper messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis and for cells to transmit their genome intact into progeny. For a wide range of structurally diverse DNA lesions, cells employ the highly conserved nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway to restore their genome back to its native form. Recent evidence suggests that NER factors function, in addition to the canonical DNA repair mechanism, in processes that facilitate mRNA synthesis or (...)
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  3.  56
    Epigenetic and Transcriptional Variability Shape Phenotypic Plasticity.Simone Ecker, Vera Pancaldi, Alfonso Valencia, Stephan Beck & Dirk S. Paul - 2018 - Bioessays 40 (2):1700148.
    Epigenetic and transcriptional variability contribute to the vast diversity of cellular and organismal phenotypes and are key in human health and disease. In this review, we describe different types, sources, and determinants of epigenetic and transcriptional variability, enabling cells and organisms to adapt and evolve to a changing environment. We highlight the latest research and hypotheses on how chromatin structure and the epigenome influence gene expression variability. Further, we provide an overview of challenges in the analysis of (...)
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  4.  33
    Pausing for thought: Disrupting the early transcription elongation checkpoint leads to developmental defects and tumourigenesis.Barbara H. Jennings - 2013 - Bioessays 35 (6):553-560.
    Factors affecting transcriptional elongation have been characterized extensively in in vitro, single cell (yeast) and cell culture systems; however, data from the context of multicellular organisms has been relatively scarce. While studies in homogeneous cell populations have been highly informative about the underlying molecular mechanisms and prevalence of polymerase pausing, they do not reveal the biological impact of perturbing this regulation in an animal. The core components regulating pausing are expressed in all animal cells and are recruited to the (...)
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  5.  32
    miRNA‐mediated crosstalk between transcripts: The missing “linc”?Jennifer Y. Tan & Ana C. Marques - 2016 - Bioessays 38 (3).
    Recently, transcriptome‐wide sequencing data have revealed the pervasiveness of intergenic long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) transcription. Subsets of lncRNAs have been demonstrated to crosstalk with and post‐transcriptionally regulate mRNAs in a microRNA (miRNA)‐dependent manner. Referred to as long noncoding competitive endogenous RNAs (lnceRNAs), these transcripts can contribute to diverse aspects of organismal and cellular biology, likely by providing a hitherto unrecognized layer of gene expression regulation. Here, we discuss the biological relevance of post‐transcriptional regulation by lnceRNAs, provide insights on recent (...)
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  6.  29
    Fez family transcription factors: Controlling neurogenesis and cell fate in the developing mammalian nervous system.Matthew J. Eckler & Bin Chen - 2014 - Bioessays 36 (8):788-797.
    Fezf1 and Fezf2 are highly conserved transcription factors that were first identified by their specific expression in the anterior neuroepithelium of Xenopus and zebrafish embryos. These proteins share an N‐terminal domain with homology to the canonical engrailed repressor motif and a C‐terminal DNA binding domain containing six C2H2 zinc‐finger repeats. Over a decade of study indicates that the Fez proteins play critical roles during nervous system development in species as diverse as fruit flies and mice. Herein we discuss recent progress (...)
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  7.  16
    Variation in transcription.Mary Bucholtz - 2007 - Discourse Studies 9 (6):784-808.
    The entextualization and recontextualization of speech via transcription is a fundamental methodology of discourse analysis. However, particularly for researchers concerned with sociopolitical issues in discourse, transcription is not a straightforward tool but a highly problematic yet necessary form of linguistic representation. Recent commentators have critiqued the inconsistency of researcher transcripts; by contrast, this article seeks to understand rather than remedy such variability, conceptualizing diversity in transcripts as a kind of linguistic variation. Examining four different types of variation in transcription (...)
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  8.  24
    Diversity through duplication: Whole‐genome sequencing reveals novel gene retrocopies in the human population.Sandra R. Richardson, Carmen Salvador-Palomeque & Geoffrey J. Faulkner - 2014 - Bioessays 36 (5):475-481.
    Gene retrocopies are generated by reverse transcription and genomic integration of mRNA. As such, retrocopies present an important exception to the central dogma of molecular biology, and have substantially impacted the functional landscape of the metazoan genome. While an estimated 8,000–17,000 retrocopies exist in the human genome reference sequence, the extent of variation between individuals in terms of retrocopy content has remained largely unexplored. Three recent studies by Abyzov et al., Ewing et al. and Schrider et al. have exploited 1,000 (...)
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  9.  32
    Cell diversity in the retina: more than meets the eye.Tiffany Cook - 2003 - Bioessays 25 (10):921-925.
    Over 10 years ago, Pax‐6 was shown to play an evolutionarily conserved role in controlling eye formation from Drosophila to humans.1 Since then, the identification of an entire cascade of conserved eye determination genes has brought a new understanding to the developmental relationship between the insect compound eye and the vertebrate camera eye.2 Additional studies are now beginning to suggest that even late aspects of eye development, including cell type specification, also share common molecular machinery. In this commentary, I will (...)
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  10.  25
    The diverse functions of Krüppel‐like factors 4 and 5 in epithelial biology and pathobiology.Beth B. McConnell, Amr M. Ghaleb, Mandayam O. Nandan & Vincent W. Yang - 2007 - Bioessays 29 (6):549-557.
    The Krüppel‐like factors (KLFs) comprise a family of evolutionarily conserved zinc finger transcription factors that regulate numerous biological processes including proliferation, differentiation, development and apoptosis. KLF4 and KLF5 are two closely related members of this family and are both highly expressed in epithelial tissues. In the intestinal epithelium, KLF4 is expressed in terminally differentiated epithelial cells at the villus borders of the mucosa and inhibits cell growth, while KLF5 is expressed in proliferating epithelial cells at the base of the intestinal (...)
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  11.  27
    Cellular and molecular diversity in skeletal muscle development: News from in vitro and in vivo.Jeffrey Boone Miller, Elizabeth A. Everitt, Timothy H. Smith, Nancy E. Block & Janice A. Dominov - 1993 - Bioessays 15 (3):191-196.
    Skeletal muscle formation is studied in vitro with myogenic cell lines and primary muscle cell cultures, and in vivo with embryos of several species. We review several of the notable advances obtained from studies of cultured cells, including the recognition of myoblast diversity, isolation of the MyoD family of muscle regulatory factors, and identification of promoter elements required for muscle‐specific gene expression. These studies have led to the ideas that myoblast diversity underlies the formation of the multiple types (...)
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  12.  13
    May the force be with you: Nuclear condensates function beyond transcription control.Maria Luce Negri, Sarah D'Annunzio, Giulia Vitali & Alessio Zippo - 2023 - Bioessays 45 (10):2300075.
    Over the past decade, research has revealed biomolecular condensates' relevance in diverse cellular functions. Through a phase separation process, they concentrate macromolecules in subcompartments shaping the cellular organization and physiology. In the nucleus, biomolecular condensates assemble relevant biomolecules that orchestrate gene expression. We here hypothesize that chromatin condensates can also modulate the nongenetic functions of the genome, including the nuclear mechanical properties. The importance of chromatin condensates is supported by the genetic evidence indicating that mutations in their members are causative (...)
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  13.  28
    Hox functional diversity: Novel insights from flexible motif folding and plastic protein interaction.Miguel Ortiz-Lombardia, Nicolas Foos, Corinne Maurel-Zaffran, Andrew J. Saurin & Yacine Graba - 2017 - Bioessays 39 (4):1600246.
    How the formidable diversity of forms emerges from developmental and evolutionary processes is one of the most fascinating questions in biology. The homeodomain‐containing Hox proteins were recognized early on as major actors in diversifying animal body plans. The molecular mechanisms underlying how this transcription factor family controls a large array of context‐ and cell‐specific biological functions is, however, still poorly understood. Clues to functional diversity have emerged from studies exploring how Hox protein activity is controlled through interactions with (...)
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  14.  21
    Regulation of functional diversity within the Nedd4 family by accessory and adaptor proteins.Linda Shearwin-Whyatt, Hazel E. Dalton, Natalie Foot & Sharad Kumar - 2006 - Bioessays 28 (6):617-628.
    Ubiquitination is essential in mediating diverse cellular functions including protein degradation and trafficking. Ubiquitin‐protein (E3) ligases determine the substrate specificity of the ubiquitination process. The Nedd4 family of E3 ligases is an evolutionarily conserved family of proteins required for the ubiquitination of a large number of cellular targets. As a result, this family regulates a wide variety of cellular processes including transcription, stability and trafficking of plasma membrane proteins, and the degradation of misfolded proteins. The modular architecture of the proteins, (...)
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  15.  89
    Diversity in the mechanisms of gene regulation by estrogen receptors.Rocio Sanchez, Denis Nguyen, Walter Rocha, John H. White & Sylvie Mader - 2002 - Bioessays 24 (3):244-254.
    The sequencing of the human genome has opened the way for using bioinformatics to identify sets of genes controlled by specific regulatory signals. Here, we review the unexpected diversity of DNA response elements mediating transcriptional regulation by estrogen receptors (ERs), which control the broad physiological effects of estrogens. Consensus palindromic estrogen response elements are found in only a few known estrogen target genes, whereas most responsive genes contain only low‐affinity half palindromes, which may also control regulation by other (...)
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  16.  55
    Tartaglia’s Science of Weights and Mechanics in the Sixteenth Century Selections from Quesiti et inventioni diverse: Books VII–VIII.Pisano Raffaele & Capecchi Danilo - 2015 - Springer.
    This book presents a historical and scientific analysis as historical epistemology of the science of weights and mechanics in the sixteenth century, particularly as developed by Tartaglia in his Quesiti et inventioni diverse, Book VII and Book VIII (1546; 1554). -/- In the early 16th century mechanics was concerned mainly with what is now called statics and was referred to as the Scientia de ponderibus, generally pursued by two very different approaches. The first was usually referred to as Aristotelian, where (...)
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  17.  7
    Unraveling the role of helicases in transcription.Arri Eisen & John C. Lucchesi - 1998 - Bioessays 20 (8):634-641.
    Proteins with seven conserved “helicase domains” play essential roles in all aspects of nucleic acid metabolism. Deriving energy from ATP hydrolysis, helicases alter the structure of DNA, RNA, or DNA:RNA duplexes, remodeling chromatin and modulating access to the DNA template by the transcriptional machinery. This review focuses on the diverse functions of these proteins in the process of RNA polymerase II transcription in eukaryotes. Known or putative helicases are required for general transcription initiation and for transcription-coupled DNA repair, and (...)
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  18.  43
    The Philosophy of Diversity.Lani Roberts & José-Antonio Orosco - 2009 - Philosophy in the Contemporary World 16 (2):65-71.
    In this interview, Lani Roberts provides a philosophical justification for the study of diversity issues and highlights the pedagogical methods needed to prepare students to live and thrive in a diverse society. This article is a partial transcript of a recorded interview.
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  19.  35
    Cajal body function in genome organization and transcriptome diversity.Iain A. Sawyer, David Sturgill, Myong-Hee Sung, Gordon L. Hager & Miroslav Dundr - 2016 - Bioessays 38 (12):1197-1208.
    Nuclear bodies contribute to non‐random organization of the human genome and nuclear function. Using a major prototypical nuclear body, the Cajal body, as an example, we suggest that these structures assemble at specific gene loci located across the genome as a result of high transcriptional activity. Subsequently, target genes are physically clustered in close proximity in Cajal body‐containing cells. However, Cajal bodies are observed in only a limited number of human cell types, including neuronal and cancer cells. Ultimately, Cajal (...)
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  20.  13
    Tartaglia's Science of Weights and Mechanics in the Sixteenth Century: Selections from Quesiti et inventioni diverse: Books VII-VIII.Raffaele Pisano - 2015 - Dordrecht: Imprint: Springer. Edited by Danilo Capecchi.
    This book presents a historical and scientific analysis as historical epistemology of the science of weights and mechanics in the sixteenth century, particularly as developed by Tartaglia in his Quesiti et inventioni diverse, Book VII and Book VIII (1546; 1554). In the early 16th century mechanics was concerned mainly with what is now called statics and was referred to as the Scientia de ponderibus, generally pursued by two very different approaches. The first was usually referred to as Aristotelian, where the (...)
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  21.  28
    Pygopus and the Wnt signaling pathway: A diverse set of connections.Shannon Jessen, Bingnan Gu & Xing Dai - 2008 - Bioessays 30 (5):448-456.
    Identification of Pygopus in Drosophila as a dedicated component of the Wg (fly homolog of mammalian Wnt) signaling cascade initiated many inquiries into the mechanism of its function. Surprisingly, the nearly exclusive role for Pygopus in Wg signal transduction in flies is not seen in mice, where Pygopus appears to have both Wnt‐related and Wnt‐independent functions. This review addresses the initial findings of Pygopus as a Wg/Wnt co‐activator in light of recent data from both fly and mammalian studies. We compare (...)
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  22.  20
    Six family genes—structure and function as transcription factors and their roles in development.Kiyoshi Kawakami, Shigeru Sato, Hidenori Ozaki & Keiko Ikeda - 2000 - Bioessays 22 (7):616-626.
    The members of the Six gene family were identified as homologues of Drosophila sine oculis which is essential for compound-eye formation. The Six proteins are characterized by the Six domain and the Six-type homeodomain, both of which are essential for specific DNA binding and for cooperative interactions with Eya proteins. Mammals possess six Six genes which can be subdivided into three subclasses, and mutations of Six genes have been identified in human genetic disorders. Characterization of Six genes from various animal (...)
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  23.  75
    The role of ATF‐2 in oncogenesis.Spiros A. Vlahopoulos, Stella Logotheti, Dimitris Mikas, Athina Giarika, Vassilis Gorgoulis & Vassilis Zoumpourlis - 2008 - Bioessays 30 (4):314-327.
    Activating Transcription Factor-2 is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that belongs to the bZIP family of proteins and plays diverse roles in the mammalian cells. In response to stress stimuli, it activates a variety of gene targets including cyclin A, cyclin D and c-jun, which are involved in oncogenesis in various tissue types. ATF-2 expression has been correlated with maintenance of a cancer cell phenotype. However, other studies demonstrate an antiproliferative or apoptotic role for ATF-2. In this review, we summarize the (...)
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  24.  13
    DREAM a little dREAM of DRM: Model organisms and conservation of DREAM‐like complexes.Marion Hoareau, Aurore Rincheval-Arnold, Sébastien Gaumer & Isabelle Guénal - 2024 - Bioessays 46 (2):2300125.
    DREAM complexes are transcriptional regulators that control the expression of hundreds to thousands of target genes involved in the cell cycle, quiescence, differentiation, and apoptosis. These complexes contain many subunits that can vary according to the considered target genes. Depending on their composition and the nature of the partners they recruit, DREAM complexes control gene expression through diverse mechanisms, including chromatin remodeling, transcription cofactor and factor recruitment at various genomic binding sites. This complexity is particularly high in mammals. Since (...)
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  25.  15
    Activity of PRC1 and Histone H2AK119 Monoubiquitination: Revising Popular Misconceptions.Idan Cohen, Carmit Bar & Elena Ezhkova - 2020 - Bioessays 42 (5):1900192.
    Polycomb group proteins are evolutionary conserved chromatin‐modifying complexes, essential for the regulation of developmental and cell‐identity genes. Polycomb‐mediated transcriptional regulation is provided by two multi‐protein complexes known as Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) and 2 (PRC2). Recent studies positioned PRC1 as a foremost executer of Polycomb‐mediated transcriptional control. Mammalian PRC1 complexes can form multiple sub‐complexes that vary in their core and accessory subunit composition, leading to fascinating and diverse transcriptional regulatory mechanisms employed by PRC1 complexes. These mechanisms (...)
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  26.  35
    Classification of sequence signatures: a guide to Hox protein function.Samir Merabet, Bruno Hudry, Mehdi Saadaoui & Yacine Graba - 2009 - Bioessays 31 (5):500-511.
    Hox proteins are part of the conserved superfamily of homeodomain‐containing transcription factors and play fundamental roles in shaping animal body plans in development and evolution. However, molecular mechanisms underlying their diverse and specific biological functions remain largely enigmatic. Here, we have analyzed Hox sequences from the main evolutionary branches of the Bilateria group. We have found that four classes of Hox protein signatures exist, which together provide sufficient support to explain how different Hox proteins differ in their control and function. (...)
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  27.  24
    Mitochondria and the non‐genetic origins of cell‐to‐cell variability: More is different.Raúl Guantes, Juan Díaz-Colunga & Francisco J. Iborra - 2016 - Bioessays 38 (1):64-76.
    Gene expression activity is heterogeneous in a population of isogenic cells. Identifying the molecular basis of this variability will improve our understanding of phenomena like tumor resistance to drugs, virus infection, or cell fate choice. The complexity of the molecular steps and machines involved in transcription and translation could introduce sources of randomness at many levels, but a common constraint to most of these processes is its energy dependence. In eukaryotic cells, most of this energy is provided by mitochondria. A (...)
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  28.  13
    Advancing evolution: Bacteria break down gene silencer to express horizontally acquired genes.Eduardo A. Groisman & Jeongjoon Choi - 2023 - Bioessays 45 (10):2300062.
    Horizontal gene transfer advances bacterial evolution. To benefit from horizontally acquired genes, enteric bacteria must overcome silencing caused when the widespread heat‐stable nucleoid structuring (H‐NS) protein binds to AT‐rich horizontally acquired genes. This ability had previously been ascribed to both anti‐silencing proteins outcompeting H‐NS for binding to AT‐rich DNA and RNA polymerase initiating transcription from alternative promoters. However, we now know that pathogenic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and commensal Escherichia coli break down H‐NS when this silencer is not bound to (...)
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  29.  21
    From developmental to atavistic bet‐hedging: How cancer cells pervert the exploitation of random single‐cell phenotypic fluctuations.Jean-Pascal Capp & Frédéric Thomas - 2022 - Bioessays 44 (9):2200048.
    Stochastic gene expression plays a leading developmental role through its contribution to cell differentiation. It is also proposed to promote phenotypic diversification in malignant cells. However, it remains unclear if these two forms of cellular bet‐hedging are identical or rather display distinct features. Here we argue that bet‐hedging phenomena in cancer cells are more similar to those occurring in unicellular organisms than to those of normal metazoan cells. We further propose that the atavistic bet‐hedging strategies in cancer originate from a (...)
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  30.  32
    Quantitative regulation of alternative splicing in evolution and development.Manuel Irimia, Jakob L. Rukov, Scott W. Roy, Jeppe Vinther & Jordi Garcia-Fernandez - 2009 - Bioessays 31 (1):40-50.
    Alternative splicing (AS) is a widespread mechanism with an important role in increasing transcriptome and proteome diversity by generating multiple different products from the same gene. Evolutionary studies of AS have focused primarily on the conservation of alternatively spliced sequences or of the AS pattern of those sequences itself. Less is known about the evolution of the regulation of AS, but several studies, working from different perspectives, have recently made significant progress. Here, we categorize the different levels of AS (...)
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  31.  42
    microRNAs as novel regulators of stem cell pluripotency and somatic cell reprogramming.Meng Amy Li & Lin He - 2012 - Bioessays 34 (8):670-680.
    Emerging evidence suggests that microRNA (miRNA)‐mediated post‐transcriptional gene regulation plays an essential role in modulating embryonic stem (ES) cell pluripotency maintenance, differentiation, and reprogramming of somatic cells to an ES cell‐like state. Investigations from ES cell‐enriched miRNAs, such as mouse miR‐290 cluster and human miR‐302 cluster, and ES cell‐depleted miRNAs such as let‐7 family miRNAs, revealed a common theme that miRNAs target diverse cellular processes including cell cycle regulators, signaling pathway effectors, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifiers and shape their (...)
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  32.  13
    Telomeres, not the end of the story.Monica Gotta & Moira Cockell - 1997 - Bioessays 19 (5):367-370.
    Transcription in organisms as diverse as yeast and mammals is subject to chromosomal position effects that result in heritable and variegated patterns of gene expression. Two recent studies have employed a reversible protein‐DNA crosslinking method to identify the structural components of heterochromatin in budding yeast(1,2). The results show that a complex containing the proteins Rap1, Sir2p, Sir3p and Sir4p is physically associated with nucleosomes at telomere proximal regions, but that the repressive chromatin structure extended by Sir3p overexpression has a different (...)
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  33.  20
    Ethics and emancipation in action: concrete utopias.Dave Elder-Vass - 2022 - Journal of Critical Realism 21 (5):539-551.
    This is an edited transcript of a keynote paper given at IACR's 2021 Annual Conference. The paper outlines a critical realist approach to critique and illustrates its application to the contemporary economy. It argues that responsible, constructive critique depends on ethics, on causal explanation, and on the development of utopian visions. Utopias are tools, and concrete utopias are not visions of whole alternative ready-made societies, but rather partial models that can be built in practice as elements of the larger social (...)
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  34.  38
    Deciphering the genome's regulatory code: The many languages of DNA.Jens Rister & Claude Desplan - 2010 - Bioessays 32 (5):381-384.
    The generation of patterns and the diversity of cell types in a multicellular organism require differential gene regulation. At the heart of this process are enhancers or cis‐regulatory modules (CRMs), genomic regions that are bound by transcription factors (TFs) that control spatio‐temporal gene expression in developmental networks. To date, only a few CRMs have been studied in detail and the underlying cis‐regulatory code is not well understood. Here, we review recent progress on the genome‐wide identification of CRMs with chromatin (...)
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  35.  16
    BRD4 in physiology and pathology: ‘‘BET’’ on its partners.Yin Liang, Jieyi Tian & Tao Wu - 2021 - Bioessays 43 (12):2100180.
    Bromodomain‐containing 4 (BRD4), a member of Bromo and Extra‐Terminal (BET) family, recognizes acetylated histones and is of importance in transcription, replication, and DNA repair. It also binds non‐histone proteins, DNA and RNA, contributing to development, tissue growth, and various physiological processes. Additionally, BRD4 has been implicated in driving diverse diseases, ranging from cancer, viral infection, inflammation to neurological disorders. Inhibiting its functions with BET inhibitors (BETis) suppresses the progression of several types of cancer, creating an impetus for translating these chemicals (...)
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  36.  11
    The cell cycle and differentiation as integrated processes: Cyclins and CDKs reciprocally regulate Sox and Notch to balance stem cell maintenance.Jonas Muhr & Daniel W. Hagey - 2021 - Bioessays 43 (7):2000285.
    Development and maintenance of diverse organ systems require context‐specific regulation of stem cell behaviour. We hypothesize that this is achieved via reciprocal regulation between the cell cycle machinery and differentiation factors. This idea is supported by the parallel evolutionary emergence of differentiation pathways, cell cycle components and complex multicellularity. In addition, the activities of different cell cycle phases have been found to bias cells towards stem cell maintenance or differentiation. Finally, several direct mechanistic links between these two processes have been (...)
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  37.  14
    Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Entretiens avec Georges Charbonnier et autres dialogues, 1946-1959. [REVIEW]Mathias Goy - 2017 - Chiasmi International 19:439-447.
    Ce volume contient la transcription de plusieurs entretiens radiophoniques : La Tribune de Paris (1946-1948), La Tribune des Temps Modernes (1947), Les Entretiens sur la philosophie (1950-52), et les longs Entretiens avec Georges Charbonnier (1959). Alors que les premiers sont malheureusement donnés sans les interventions des tiers (Sartre, Hyppolite, etc.), qui sont résumées, ceux avec Charbonnier sont livrés in extenso, y compris avec les chutes non retenues lors des émissions radio. Enfin, s’ajoutent à cet ensemble des textes de la main (...)
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  38.  25
    (1 other version)Flower symmetry evolution: towards understanding the abominable mystery of angiosperm radiation.Andrea Busch & Sabine Zachgo - 2009 - Bioessays 31 (11):1181-1190.
    Flower symmetry is considered a morphological novelty that contributed significantly to the rapid radiation of the angiosperms, which already puzzled Charles Darwin and prompted him to name this phenomenon an ‘abominable mystery’. In 2009, the bicentenary of Darwin's birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of his seminal work, ‘On the Origin of Species’, this question can now be more satisfactorily readdressed. Understanding the molecular control of monosymmetry formation in the model species Antirrhinum opened the path for comparative studies (...)
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  39.  61
    Crop diversification and trade liberalization: Linking global trade and local management through a regional case study. [REVIEW]Evan D. G. Fraser - 2006 - Agriculture and Human Values 23 (3):271-281.
    Some models anticipate that liberalized agricultural trade will lead to increased crop diversity, while other models make the opposite claim. These positions were explored in southwestern British Columbia, Canada where, between 1992 and 1998, government subsidies and other measures designed to protect horticultural farmers were lifted, exposing these farmers to foreign competition. Public hearings on the future of agriculture provided an opportunity to tap the knowledge and experience of people affected by this transition. Analysis of transcripts from these hearings, (...)
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  40.  93
    Are genes units of inheritance?Thomas Fogle - 1990 - Biology and Philosophy 5 (3):349-371.
    Definitions of the term gene typically superimpose molecular genetics onto Mendelism. What emerges are persistent attempts to regard the gene as a unit of structure and/or function, language that creates multiple meanings for the term and fails to acknowledge the diversity of gene architecture. I argue that coherence at the molecular level requires abandonment of the classical unit concept and recognition that a gene is constructed from an assemblage of domains. Hence, a domain set (1) conforms more closely to (...)
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  41.  29
    hnRNP K: One protein multiple processes.Karol Bomsztyk, Oleg Denisenko & Jerzy Ostrowski - 2004 - Bioessays 26 (6):629-638.
    Since its original identification as a component of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) complex, K protein has been found not only in the nucleus but also in the cytoplasm and mitochondria and is implicated in chromatin remodeling, transcription, splicing and translation processes. K protein contains multiple modules that, on one hand, bind kinases while, on the other hand, recruit chromatin, transcription, splicing and translation factors. Moreover, the K‐ protein‐mediated interactions are regulated by signaling cascades. These observations are consistent with K (...)
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  42.  24
    Care and justice arguments in the ethical reasoning of medical students.Christina Sommer, Margarete Boos, Elisabeth Conradi, Nikola Biller-Adorno & Claudia Wiesemann - 2011 - Ramon Llull Journal of Applied Ethics 2 (2):9.
    <b>Objectives:</b> To gather empirical data on how gender and educational level influence bioethical reasoning among medical students by analyzing their use of care versus justice arguments for reconciling a bioethical dilemma. <b>Setting:</b> University Departments of Medical Ethics, Social and Communication Psychology in Germany. Participants: First and fifth year medical students. Design and method: Multidisciplinary, empirical, 2-segment study of ethics in action: In intrapersonal Segment 1, the students were presented with a bioethical dilemma and then administered a 13-item questionnaire to survey (...)
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  43.  20
    Alternative mRNA splicing of the FMRFamide gene and its role in neuropeptidergic signalling in a defined neural network.Paul R. Benjamin & Julian F. Burke - 1994 - Bioessays 16 (5):335-342.
    Neuronal signalling involves multiple neuropeptides that are diverse in structure and function. Complex patterns of tissue‐specific expression arise from alternate RNA splicing of neuropeptide‐encoding gene transcripts. The pattern of expression and its role in cell signalling is diffecult to study at the level of single neurons in the complex vertebrate brain. However, in the model molluscan system, Lymnaea, it is possible to show that alternate mRNA expression of the FMRFamide gene is specific to single identified neurons. Two different transcripts are (...)
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  44.  24
    On knowing--the natural sciences.Richard P. McKeon - 1994 - Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Edited by David B. Owen & Zahava Karl McKeon.
    Well before the current age of discourse, deconstruction, and multiculturalism, Richard McKeon propounded a philosophy of pluralism showing how "facts" and "values" are dependent on diverse ways of reading texts. This book is a transcription of an entire course, including both lectures and student discussions, taught by McKeon. As such, it provides an exciting introduction to McKeon's conception of pluralism, a central aspect of neo-Pragmatism, while demonstrating how pluralism works in a classroom setting. In his lectures, McKeon outlines the entire (...)
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  45.  20
    Regulation of vertebrate muscle differentiation by thyroid hormone: the role of the myoD gene family.George E. O. Muscat, Michael Downes & Dennis H. Dowhan - 1995 - Bioessays 17 (3):211-218.
    Skeletal myoblasts have their origin early in embryogenesis within specific somites. Determined myoblasts are committed to a myogenic fate; however, they only differentiate and express a muscle‐specific phenotype after they have received the appropriate environmental signals. Once proliferating myoblasts enter the differentiation programme they withdraw from the cell cycle and form post‐mitotic multinucleated myofibres (myogenesis); this transformation is accompanied by muscle‐specific gene expression. Muscle development is associated with complex and diverse protein isoform transitions, generated by differential gene expression and mRNA (...)
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  46.  31
    Insider trading: Extracellular matrix proteins and their non‐canonical intracellular roles.Andrew L. Hellewell & Josephine C. Adams - 2016 - Bioessays 38 (1):77-88.
    In metazoans, the extracellular matrix (ECM) provides a dynamic, heterogeneous microenvironment that has important supportive and instructive roles. Although the primary site of action of ECM proteins is extracellular, evidence is emerging for non‐canonical intracellular roles. Examples include osteopontin, thrombospondins, IGF‐binding protein 3 and biglycan, and relate to roles in transcription, cell‐stress responses, autophagy and cancer. These findings pose conceptual problems on how proteins signalled for secretion can be routed to the cytosol or nucleus, or can function in environments with (...)
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  47.  21
    Idiomatic (gene) expressions.Matthew V. Rockman - 2003 - Bioessays 25 (5):421-424.
    Hidden among the myriad nucleotide variants that constitute each species' gene pool are a few variants that contribute to phenotypic variation. Many of these differences that make a difference are non‐coding cis‐regulatory variants, which, unlike coding variants, can only be identified through laborious experimental analysis. Recently, Cowles et al.1 described a screening method that does an end‐run around this problem by searching for genes whose cis regulation varies without having to find the polymorphic nucleotides that influence transcription. While we will (...)
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  48.  15
    Extraneuronal roles of cyclin‐dependent kinase 5.Jesusa L. Rosales & Ki-Young Lee - 2006 - Bioessays 28 (10):1023-1034.
    Cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is recognized as an essential molecule in the brain, where it regulates several neuronal activities, including cytoskeletal remodeling and synaptic transmission. While activity of Cdk5 has primarily been associated with neurons, there are now substantial data indicating that the kinase's activity and function are more general. An increasing body of evidence has established Cdk5 kinase activity, the presence of the Cdk5 activators, p35 and p39, and Cdk5 functions in non‐neuronal cells, including myocytes, pancreatic β‐cells, monocytic and (...)
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  49.  8
    Postdigital play and global education: reconfiguring research.Kerryn Dixon - 2024 - New York, NY: Routledge. Edited by Karin Murris, Joanne Peers, T. Giorza & Chanique Lawrence.
    Postdigital Play and Global Education: Reconfiguring Research is a re-turn to a large-scale, international project on children's digital play. Adopting postqualitative and posthumanist theories, research practices are reconfigured, all the way down from what counts as 'data', 'tools', 'instruments', 'transcription', research sites', 'researchers', to notions of responsibility and accountability in qualitative research. Through a series of vignettes involving complex human and more-than-human collaborators (e.g., GoPros, octopus, avatars, diaries, sack ball, LEGO bricks), the authors challenge who and what can be playful (...)
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  50.  14
    Lectures on Natural Right and Political Science: The First Philosophy of Right.Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel - 1995 - Oxford: University of California Press. Edited by P. Wannenmann.
    _Philosophy of Right_ remains among the most influential works in Western political theory. It introduces a notion of civil society that has proven of inestimable importance to diverse philosophical and social agendas. In this transcription of the lectures that formed the initial version of Hegel's text, the philosopher presents his thought with a clarity and directness seldom matched in his later writings. Nowhere does Hegel make clearer the difference between his concept of objective spirit and traditional concepts of natural law. (...)
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