The PhilPapers SurveysHighest linear correlations (Back to contents)

Correlations with: Epistemic justification:externalism

N = 931 (target faculty). Cut-off = +/-0.05

n < 10 omitted. Some redundant or trivial correlations are not shown.

Jump to: Main Survey questions | Philosophical orientation | Background questions

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Main Survey questions

Answer Corrrelation coefficient
Mental content:externalism0.31
internalism externalism
externalism
15.9%(67/421)
76%(320/421)
internalism
43.9%(112/255)
41.1%(105/255)
Response pairs: 822   p-value: < 0.001
Moral motivation:externalism0.182
externalism internalism
externalism
46.9%(175/373)
39.1%(146/373)
internalism
31.4%(73/232)
58.6%(136/232)
Response pairs: 737   p-value: < 0.001
Mind:physicalism0.163
physicalism non-physicalism
externalism
62.1%(273/439)
27.3%(120/439)
internalism
48.7%(132/271)
39.8%(108/271)
Response pairs: 863   p-value: < 0.001
External world:non-skeptical realism0.161
non-skeptical realism not non-skeptical realism
externalism
88.6%(384/433)
8%(35/433)
internalism
76.1%(204/268)
20.8%(56/268)
Response pairs: 855   p-value: < 0.001
Personal identity:biological view0.144
biological view not biological view
externalism
24.1%(95/394)
58.6%(231/394)
internalism
13.5%(33/244)
65.1%(159/244)
Response pairs: 770   p-value: < 0.001
Metaphilosophy:naturalism0.143
naturalism non-naturalism
externalism
61.6%(256/415)
25.3%(105/415)
internalism
48.6%(122/251)
37.8%(95/251)
Response pairs: 807   p-value: < 0.001
Knowledge:empiricism0.142
empiricism rationalism
externalism
48.9%(213/435)
30.3%(132/435)
internalism
33.2%(89/268)
44.7%(120/268)
Response pairs: 858   p-value: < 0.001
not Normative ethics:deontology0.134
deontology not deontology
externalism
26.4%(99/375)
60.5%(227/375)
internalism
38%(94/247)
51.4%(127/247)
Response pairs: 753   p-value: < 0.001
Time:B-theory0.132
B-theory A-theory
externalism
54.3%(162/298)
24.1%(72/298)
internalism
42.7%(71/166)
34.3%(57/166)
Response pairs: 562   p-value: 0.001
Proper names:Millian0.118
Millian Fregean
externalism
48%(189/393)
39.6%(156/393)
internalism
34.3%(76/221)
48.4%(107/221)
Response pairs: 747   p-value: 0.001
not External world:idealism0.112
idealism not idealism
externalism
2.3%(10/433)
94.4%(409/433)
internalism
8.2%(22/268)
88.8%(238/268)
Response pairs: 855   p-value: 0.001
Perceptual experience:disjunctivism0.107
disjunctivism not disjunctivism
externalism
18%(63/350)
70%(245/350)
internalism
11.2%(25/222)
74.7%(166/222)
Response pairs: 693   p-value: 0.004
Science:scientific realism0.106
scientific realism scientific anti-realism
externalism
82.6%(361/437)
12.8%(56/437)
internalism
72.5%(190/262)
20.2%(53/262)
Response pairs: 849   p-value: 0.001
Normative ethics:virtue ethics0.097
virtue ethics not virtue ethics
externalism
23.7%(89/375)
63.2%(237/375)
internalism
19.4%(48/247)
70%(173/247)
Response pairs: 753   p-value: 0.007
Normative ethics:consequentialism0.09
consequentialism not consequentialism
externalism
30.1%(113/375)
56.8%(213/375)
internalism
23.8%(59/247)
65.5%(162/247)
Response pairs: 753   p-value: 0.013
Zombies:conceivable but not metaphysically possible0.09
conceivable but not metaphysically possible not conceivable but not metaphysically possible
externalism
44.7%(182/407)
44.2%(180/407)
internalism
35.5%(87/245)
52.2%(128/245)
Response pairs: 786   p-value: 0.011
Free will:compatibilism0.087
compatibilism not compatibilism
externalism
64.7%(277/428)
29.2%(125/428)
internalism
57.2%(150/262)
36.2%(95/262)
Response pairs: 841   p-value: 0.011
A priori knowledge:no0.086
no yes
externalism
22.9%(100/436)
70.4%(307/436)
internalism
16.6%(45/270)
78.5%(212/270)
Response pairs: 858   p-value: 0.011
not Truth:epistemic0.082
epistemic not epistemic
externalism
6.4%(27/419)
89.2%(374/419)
internalism
9.9%(25/251)
84%(211/251)
Response pairs: 812   p-value: 0.019
not External world:skepticism0.081
skepticism not skepticism
externalism
3.2%(14/433)
93.5%(405/433)
internalism
6.7%(18/268)
90.2%(242/268)
Response pairs: 855   p-value: 0.017
Trolley problem:switch0.078
switch don't switch
externalism
77%(319/414)
9.4%(39/414)
internalism
72.6%(181/249)
12.8%(32/249)
Response pairs: 808   p-value: 0.026
Perceptual experience:representationalism0.078
representationalism not representationalism
externalism
46%(161/350)
42%(147/350)
internalism
37.8%(84/222)
48.1%(107/222)
Response pairs: 693   p-value: 0.04
Analytic-synthetic distinction:no0.078
no yes
externalism
33.1%(145/438)
61.6%(270/438)
internalism
23.3%(63/270)
71.4%(193/270)
Response pairs: 860   p-value: 0.022
Truth:correspondence0.069
correspondence not correspondence
externalism
57%(239/419)
38.6%(162/419)
internalism
52.1%(131/251)
41.8%(105/251)
Response pairs: 812   p-value: 0.049
Abstract objects:nominalism0.068
nominalism Platonism
externalism
41.1%(178/433)
48%(208/433)
internalism
38.1%(98/257)
53.6%(138/257)
Response pairs: 839   p-value: 0.048
not Zombies:metaphysically possible0.067
metaphysically possible not metaphysically possible
externalism
24.5%(100/407)
64.3%(262/407)
internalism
32.6%(80/245)
55.1%(135/245)
Response pairs: 786   p-value: 0.06
not Personal identity:further-fact view0.066
further-fact view not further-fact view
externalism
13.7%(54/394)
69%(272/394)
internalism
17.6%(43/244)
61%(149/244)
Response pairs: 770   p-value: 0.067
Moral judgment:non-cognitivism0.061
non-cognitivism cognitivism
externalism
20%(84/419)
72%(302/419)
internalism
15.7%(41/260)
78.4%(204/260)
Response pairs: 822   p-value: 0.08
God:atheism0.058
atheism theism
externalism
75.8%(329/434)
17%(74/434)
internalism
69.4%(189/272)
19.4%(53/272)
Response pairs: 855   p-value: 0.09
not Perceptual experience:qualia theory0.053
qualia theory not qualia theory
externalism
14.8%(52/350)
73.1%(256/350)
internalism
19.3%(43/222)
66.6%(148/222)
Response pairs: 693   p-value: 0.163
Politics:communitarianism0.05
communitarianism not communitarianism
externalism
20.2%(73/361)
64.8%(234/361)
internalism
15.3%(34/221)
69.6%(154/221)
Response pairs: 705   p-value: 0.184

Philosophical orientation

Answer Corrrelation coefficient
metasurvey:accuracy-0.131
accuracy ≥ median accuracy < median
externalism
47.3%(53/112)
52.6%(59/112)
internalism
56.4%(35/62)
43.5%(27/62)
Response pairs: 202   p-value: 0.063
not xian:Kant0.125
Kant not Kant
externalism
8.3%(37/441)
91.6%(404/441)
internalism
16.9%(46/272)
83%(226/272)
Response pairs: 868   p-value: < 0.001
xian:Quine0.099
Quine not Quine
externalism
9%(40/441)
90.9%(401/441)
internalism
4.4%(12/272)
95.5%(260/272)
Response pairs: 868   p-value: 0.003
AOS:Philosophy of Language0.096
Philosophy of Language not Philosophy of Language
externalism
22.2%(98/441)
77.7%(343/441)
internalism
13.9%(38/272)
86%(234/272)
Response pairs: 868   p-value: 0.004
AOS:Philosophy of Cognitive Science0.094
Philosophy of Cognitive Science not Philosophy of Cognitive Science
externalism
8.8%(39/441)
91.1%(402/441)
internalism
3.3%(9/272)
96.6%(263/272)
Response pairs: 868   p-value: 0.005
not AOS:17th/18th Century Philosophy0.09
17th/18th Century Philosophy not 17th/18th Century Philosophy
externalism
9.5%(42/441)
90.4%(399/441)
internalism
13.6%(37/272)
86.3%(235/272)
Response pairs: 868   p-value: 0.007
AOS:Philosophy of Biology0.078
Philosophy of Biology not Philosophy of Biology
externalism
5.2%(23/441)
94.7%(418/441)
internalism
2.2%(6/272)
97.7%(266/272)
Response pairs: 868   p-value: 0.021
not AOS:Epistemology0.07
Epistemology not Epistemology
externalism
15.8%(70/441)
84.1%(371/441)
internalism
23.5%(64/272)
76.4%(208/272)
Response pairs: 868   p-value: 0.039
tradition:analytic0.061
analytic continental
externalism
90.4%(399/441)
2.4%(11/441)
internalism
87.8%(239/272)
5.1%(14/272)
Response pairs: 868   p-value: 0.072
xian:Davidson0.058
Davidson not Davidson
externalism
6.8%(30/441)
93.1%(411/441)
internalism
3.3%(9/272)
96.6%(263/272)
Response pairs: 868   p-value: 0.087
not AOS:19th Century Philosophy0.057
19th Century Philosophy not 19th Century Philosophy
externalism
3.4%(15/441)
96.5%(426/441)
internalism
5.1%(14/272)
94.8%(258/272)
Response pairs: 868   p-value: 0.093
xian:Russell0.056
Russell not Russell
externalism
8.1%(36/441)
91.8%(405/441)
internalism
6.2%(17/272)
93.7%(255/272)
Response pairs: 868   p-value: 0.099
not xian:Husserl0.056
Husserl not Husserl
externalism
~0.2%(~1/441)
~99.7%(~440/441)
internalism
1.4%(4/272)
98.5%(268/272)
Response pairs: 868   p-value: 0.099
not AOS:Meta-Ethics0.055
Meta-Ethics not Meta-Ethics
externalism
8.3%(37/441)
91.6%(404/441)
internalism
13.9%(38/272)
86%(234/272)
Response pairs: 868   p-value: 0.105

Background questions

Answer Corrrelation coefficient
not affil:region:United States0.087
United States not United States
externalism
56.9%(251/441)
43%(190/441)
internalism
66.1%(180/272)
33.8%(92/272)
Response pairs: 868   p-value: 0.01
not nationality_region:United States0.085
United States not United States
externalism
46.4%(205/441)
53.5%(236/441)
internalism
56.6%(154/272)
43.3%(118/272)
Response pairs: 868   p-value: 0.012
not phd_region:United States0.065
United States not United States
externalism
50.5%(223/441)
49.4%(218/441)
internalism
57.3%(156/272)
42.6%(116/272)
Response pairs: 868   p-value: 0.055
affil:region:United Kingdom0.05
United Kingdom not United Kingdom
externalism
22.9%(101/441)
77%(340/441)
internalism
17.6%(48/272)
82.3%(224/272)
Response pairs: 868   p-value: 0.141