Abstract

Since it ascended in the mid-twentieth century on the basis of technical and scientific advances made during World War II, cybernetics has influenced design theory and research. It was appreciated by its originators primarily as a theoretical framework and as a common language to bridge disciplinary boundaries, but soon found more prominent applications in goal-orientedGoal-orientation controlControl engineering. Since around 1970, it developed a reflective, more philosophical, and less control-focused perspective referred to as second-order cyberneticsSecond-order cybernetics. This perspective recognises circular causalityCircular causality, non-determinism, the subjective observerObserver and other concepts avoided by natural science. In this way, it offers an approach to self-organising systems that negotiate their own goalsGoal in open-ended processes – in other words: design. As an introduction to design cybernetics, this chapter outlines the development of cybernetics from a technical engineering discipline to a design-philosophical perspective.