Many predator species feed on prey that fluctuates in abundance from year to year. Birds of prey can face large fluctuations in food abundance i.e. small mammals, especially voles. These annual changes in prey abundance strongly affect the reproductive success and mortality of the individual predators and thus can be expected to influence their population dynamics and persistence. The barn owl, for example, shows large fluctuations in breeding success that correlate with the dynamics in voles, their main prey species. Analysis (...) of the impact of fluctuations in vole abundance with a simple predator prey model parameterized with literature data indicates population persistence is especially affected by years with low vole abundance. In these years the population can decline to low owl numbers such that the ensuing peak vole years cannot be exploited. This result is independent of the length and regularity of vole fluctuations. The relevance of this result for conservation of the barn owl and other birds of prey that show a numerical response to fluctuating prey species is discussed. (shrink)

Many predator species feed on prey that fluctuates in abundance from year to year. Birds of prey can face large fluctuations in food abundance i.e. small mammals, especially voles. These annual changes in prey abundance strongly affect the reproductive success and mortality of the individual predators and thus can be expected to influence their population dynamics and persistence. The barn owl, for example, shows large fluctuations in breeding success that correlate with the dynamics in voles, their main prey species. Analysis (...) of the impact of fluctuations in vole abundance (their amplitude, peaks and lows, cycle length and regularity) with a simple predator prey model parameterized with literature data indicates population persistence is especially affected by years with low vole abundance. In these years the population can decline to low owl numbers such that the ensuing peak vole years cannot be exploited. This result is independent of the length and regularity of vole fluctuations. The relevance of this result for conservation of the barn owl and other birds of prey that show a numerical response to fluctuating prey species is discussed. (shrink)

Experiences of absence are common in everyday life, but have received little philosophical attention until recently, when two positions regarding the nature of such experiences surfaced in the literature. According to the Perceptual View, experiences of absence are perceptual in nature. This is denied by the Surprise-Based View, according to which experiences of absence belong together with cases of surprise. In this paper, I show that there is a kind of experience of absence—which I call frustrating absences—that has been overlooked (...) by the Perceptual View and by the Surprise Based-View and that cannot be adequately explained by them. I offer an alternative account to deal with frustrating absences, one according to which experiencing frustrating absences is a matter of subjects having desires for something to be present frustrated by the world. Finally, I argue that there may well be different kinds of experiences of absence. (shrink)

The survival of some masterpieces of literature across the ages is still an unexplained mystery. Deeply rooted in their time, they reflect the preoccupations of a given historical period and have an impact, by means of their testimony, on future generations. They bring into play images, drives and phantoms which have remained unchanged from prehistoric time to our day. The perfection of their form has remained unequaled; their examples incite us to meditation and creativity.

This book presents a comprehensive and detailed exploration of the relationship between the thought of G.W.F. Hegel and that of John McDowell, the latter of whom is widely considered to be one of the most influential living analytic philosophers. It serves as a point of entry in McDowell’s and Hegel’s philosophy, and a substantial contribution to ongoing debates on perceptual experience and perceptual justification, naturalism, human freedom and action. The chapters gathered in this volume, as well as McDowell’s responses, make (...) it clear that McDowell’s work paves the way for an original reading of Hegel’s texts. His conceptual framework allows for new interpretive possibilities in Hegel’s philosophy which, until now, have remained largely unexplored. Moreover, these interpretations shed light on various aspects of continuity and discontinuity between the philosophies of these two authors, thus defining more clearly their positions on specific issues. In addition, they allow us to see Hegel’s thought as containing a number of conceptual tools that might be useful for advancing McDowell’s own philosophy and contemporary philosophy in general. (shrink)

Burge famously argued that one can have thoughts involving a concept C even if one’s understanding of C is incomplete. Even though this view has been extremely influential, it has also been taken by critics as less than clear. The aim of this paper is to show that the cases imagined by Burge as being ones in which incomplete understanding of concepts is involved can be made clearer given an account of direct concept ascriptions—such as “Peter has the concept of (...) arthritis”—according to which these ascriptions are to be analysed in terms of ascriptions of the knowledge of what something is. The upshot is that the cases imagined by Burge can be explained is terms of the idea of subjects knowing in part what something is. (shrink)

Burns proposes an intriguing hypothesis by suggesting that the “schizophrenia genes” might not be regulatory genes themselves, but rather closely associated with regulatory genes directly involved in the proper growth of the social brain. We point out that this account would benefit from incorporating the effects of localized lesions and aberrant hemispheric asymmetry on cortical connectivity underlying the social brain. In addition, we argue that the evolutionary framework is superfluous.

We argue that the pivotal role assigned by Northoff to the principle of top-down modulation in catatonia might successfully be applied to other symptoms of schizophrenia, for example, hallucinations. Second, we propose that Northoff's account would benefit from a more comprehensive analysis of the cognitive level of explanation. Finally, contrary to Northoff, we hypothesize that “top-down modulation” might play as important a role as “horizontal modulation” in affective-behavioral alterations.

Esta pesquisa se propõe a ser uma forma de análise da práxis cristã, tendo como ponto de partida a experiência místico-religiosa. A resposta de Friedrich Schleiermacher ao Iluminismo tem muito a nos beneficiar, principalmente se levarmos em consideração as críticas de Rudolf Otto. A compreensão do “sentimento de dependência” em Schleiermacher, que se torna em Otto “sentimento de criatura”, e a realidade da experiência de Deus que se conecta à práxis, nos fornecem um excelente ponto de partida para compreensão daquilo (...) que move as pessoas a uma vida de renúncia, servidão e comprometimento com valores e princípios do Evangelho de Jesus Cristo. Com base em uma pesquisa de campo, foi possível perceber que existe uma conexão entre a práxis cristã e a experiência religiosa. Quando há experiência religiosa, há ações cristãs executadas com naturalidade, com maior incidência do que quando não existe tal experiência. Podemos ter muito a perder se acaso deixarmos de considerar o aspecto experiencial da fé cristã com o sagrado. Em primeiro lugar, em nossas formulações teológicas, as quais podem, em maior ou menor grau, enfatizar em demasia aspectos antropocêntricos, deixando de lado o aspecto numinoso. Em segundo lugar, perderemos a oportunidade de influenciar a igreja a vivenciar uma prática espiritual real, que considere, com toda a relevância devida, a experiência de fé e não somente aspectos catequéticos. Por fim, perderemos a possibilidade de analisar a vida de fé, tendo como ponto de partida a experiência de Deus, que pode ter sido agente influenciador número um para uma vida de exemplo de práxis cristã genuína. (shrink)

A proposta do presente artigo é contextualizar, no pensamento de Schopenhauer, traços fundamentais de sua reflexão estética sobre a alegoria. Para tanto, o artigo foi desenvolvido segundo três linhas de argumentação: interpretação da alegoria no âmbito de uma reflexão simbólica da teoria da representação; a relação entre poesia e alegoria no pensamento de Schopenhauer, com destaque para uma confrontação de sua posição tanto com o primeiro romantismo quanto com o idealismo alemão; compreensão da alegoria como elemento estético de uma retórica (...) poética do engano. (shrink)

O objetivo do presente artigo, pensado preliminarmente como parte integrante de um estudo mais amplo e sistemático sobre o processo de formação do pensamento do jovem Nietzsche, é discutir o estatuto da linguagem em suas considerações sobre estética, notadamente naquela apresentada nos fragmentos, apontamentos e escritos póstumos preparatórios d’ O Nascimento da Tragédia . Como se poderá notar, o viés de investigação proposto, respaldado em importantes estudos de literatura secundária, primou por uma esmerada, porém não exaustiva, reconstituição do trinômio: linguagem (...) sonora ( Tonsprache ), linguagem-de-gesto ( Geberdensprache ) e linguagem-de-palavra ( Wortsprache ), que margeia a investigação nietzscheana sobre a origem, desenvolvimento e perecimento da tragédia grega. (shrink)

A relative tensor calculus is formulated for expressing equations of mathematical physics. A tensor time derivative operator ▽ b a is defined which operates on tensors λia...ib. Equations are written in a rigid, flat, inertial or other coordinate system a, altered to relative tensor notation, and are thereby expressed in general flowing coordinate systems or materials b, c, d, .... Mirror tensor expressions for ▽ b a λic...id and ▽ b a λic...id exist in a relative geometry G if and (...) only if a rigid coordinate system a exists in G, where ▽ b a λic = λ ,0c ic + λkev ckc aic + λ kc ic v b ckc , ▽jcλic = λ ,jc ic + λkcΓ jc kc ie , and v b aic is the velocity of b relative to a with components in c. These operators are convenient in theoretical analyses and can be incorporated into machine programs for the numerical solution of physical problems. (shrink)

Si l’on souligne d’ordinaire la dette de Condillac envers Locke, notamment en ce qui concerne l’association des idées, on doit également rappeler l’importance de Malebranche dans l’élaboration de la pensée de l’abbé. Cependant la reprise condillacienne de Malebranche, une fois émancipée d’hypothèses psychophysiques sur l’union de l’âme et du corps, doit trouver de nouveaux outils pour expliquer le phénomène de la variété des esprits, que Descartes et Malebranche expliquaient facilement dans le cadre de l’union, notamment par la référence à la (...) variété des corps et des événements corporels. C’est donc la tension entre la généralité et l’unité des lois d’association des idées, d’une part, et les modalités de leur particularisation dans des esprits différents, d’autre part, qui est étudiée dans cet article. (shrink)

Cet ouvrage est une réédition numérique d’un livre paru au XXe siècle, désormais indisponible dans son format d’origine.

Epistemic justification has been widely accepted as both a gradational and relational notion. Given those properties, a natural thought is to take degrees of epistemic justification to be probabilities. In this paper, we present a simple Bayesian framework for justification. In the first part, after putting the model in an evidentialist form, we distinguish different senses of “being evidence for” and “confirming”. Next, we argue that this conception should accommodate the two relevant kinds of qualitative confirmation or evidential support. In (...) the second part of the paper, we discuss the claim that this view is unable to satisfy the modified version of the conjunction closure for beliefs in probabilistically independent propositions. We defend that the underlying assumption on which this objection depends leads to an improper reading of the concept of epistemic probability. After providing a better interpretation of it, we put forward a rationale, which is based on the notion of conditional uncertainty, in support of a more plausible and restricted version of the closure of justification under conjunction. (shrink)

Die Ausgabe der Oeuvres Complètes von A. A. Cournot erlaubt es, den Umfang und den genauen Stellenwert, die der Lektüre von Leibniz und dem Nachdenken über seine Gedanken in der Entwicklung des Autors zukommen, zu bestimmen. Eine vollständige Untersuchung würde ein Buch füllen. 1. Zunächst möchten wir hervorheben, daß Cournot Leibniz in beachtlichem Maße verpflichtet ist. Die Leibniz-Bezüge durchziehen die Werke von Cournot nicht nur, sondern sie verleihen ihnen ein fundamentales Gerüst. Er beruft sich auf die Ausgaben der Primärliteratur, die (...) um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts zur Verfügung standen: Des Maizeaux, Raspe, Dutens, den Briefwechsel mit Arnauld und mit Clarke, das Specimen dynamicum, das Système nouveau, die Nouveaux Essais, die Théodicée usw. Zwei Kapitel sind Leibniz gewidmet: eins bei der Untersuchung der Systeme in §§ 381-392 des Essai, ein anderes handelt über Newton, Leibniz und Locke. Diese Präsenz ist nicht nur historischer, sondern philosophischer, wissenschaftlicher und kritischer Natur. Leibniz' Lehren befruchten Cournots Denken. 2. Umgekehrt können wir sagen, daß Leibniz Cournot wenigstens im gleichen Maße verpflichtet ist. Indem Cournot Leibniz' Gedanken unter vielfältigen Aspekten angeht, trägt er zur Präzisierung ihrer Interpretation bei. Aber es sind nicht nur gelehrte Kommentare, was die Aufmerksamkeit auf sich zieht, Leibniz' Thesen sind vielmehr weitergeführt und zu neuem Leben erweckt, sie sind konfrontiert mit dem Wissen und der Kultur des 19. Jahrhunderts, sie treten ein in das intellektuelle Kapital der Zeit Cournots. Cournot hat ebensoviel für Leibniz getan wie Leibniz für Cournot; denn er hat die wissenschaftlichen Thesen von Leibniz über die Algebra, die Geometrie und die Wahrscheinlichkeit weitergeführt, er hat die Lehren über die Substanz, die Kraft und den zureichenden Grund erneuert und -was noch wichtiger ist — er hat von einigen Gedanken Leibnizens aus die Grundlagen der ökometrie erarbeitet. 3. Jetzt, im November 1980, verfügen wir über die Gesamtheit der Bände der Oeuvres Complètes, die der Philosophie und der Ökonomie gewidmet sind. Wir begrenzen daher diesen ersten Aufsatz auf Fragen, die dort herausgearbeitet sind. Für einen zweiten Aufsatz, welcher sich auf die in Arbeit befindlichen Bände der Mathematik stützen wird, lassen wir die im engeren Sinne wissenschaftlichen Gesichtspunkte des Werkes von Cournot in ihren Beziehungen zu denen von Leibniz zurück 1. (shrink)