(1996). Educational policy in Poland in the period of transition. The European Legacy: Vol. 1, Fourth International Conference of the International Society for the study of European Ideas, pp. 674-679.

There are at least two reasons for the wide spread of CAI: 1. that the student is able to control his own process of learning due to immediate evaluation of his work and progress and 2. that evaluation is homogeneous, i.e. independent of subjective fac- tors, which compensates for possible lack of depth. Also, the psychology of man is such that he is less ashamed to be reprimanded for his errors by a machine than by another human being. It is (...) a specic feature of computer aided instruction of logic, particulary the art of proving, that such a system cannot be made other than open. Fortunately, in the case of logic its language makes such a creation possible. An open system is a system that permits arbitrary proof of theorems as long as the former conform to the requirement of a given formal language. The discussed system, Mizar-MSE, evolved, roughly speaking, the above line of thought. It is a natural deduction system practically applied to student instruction. Here I would like to present some of more specic features. (shrink)

First-order logic is formalized by means of tools taken from the logic of questions. A calculus of questions which is a counterpart of the Pure Calculus of Quantifiers is presented. A direct proof of completeness of the calculus is given.

During the global financial crisis of 2007–2009 and the currentCovid-19 debacle, central banks acted quickly, boldly, and effectively. The paper argues that they did so thanks to the lessons learned from the past financial crises, which provided them with opportunities to reconsider their previous beliefs. A case in point is the banking crisis in the United States during the Great Depression of the 1930s that taught central banks to act rapidly and decisively in order to prevent an initial liquidity crisis (...) from escalating into a solvency crisis leading to bankruptcies of banks with potentially disastrous consequences for the entire economy. The paper revisits the consequences of the currency crises of the 1990s, which transformed exchange rate regimes across the world: the EMS one of 1992–1993 that accelerated the launch of the euro, and the Asian one of 1997–1998 resulted in the proliferation of floating exchange rates in emerging economies. (shrink)

In this paper, I take as a starting point an exchange between Henryk Elzenberg and Roman Ingarden concerning the mode of existence of values. Based on their correspondence, I attempt to trace the missed and lost opportunities for dialogue between the two great Polish axiologists. I demonstrate that while sharing an intense interest in the issue of the existence of values, they addressed them independently and in divergent ways. Following that, I also look at the posthu- mous fate of their (...) unfinished dialogue and argue that their work opens a space for further exploration of the ontology of values. (shrink)

Tekst dotyczy procesu konwersji semantycznej, w wyniku którego sens tradycyjnej koncepcja tolerancji (negatywnej) jest zastępowany przez tak zwaną tolerancje pozytywną. W artykule analizowany jest podmiotowy i przedmiotowy aspekt tolerancji, trudności w pogodzeniu obu koncepcji tolerancji oraz problemy jakie generuje idea tolerancji pozytywnej. Wyróżnione zostały również proste i złożone przedmioty tolerancji.

Political thought of the war and occupation period continued the ideological and program searches started already before 1939. The concept of democracy was mostly associated with the values such as individual freedom, civil rights, safety of citizens, society of the state; cooperation among nations in the fields of politics, economy and protection of peace. The author deals with topics like: democratic international order; democratic political order and economic system. The author concludes the article with a few synthesizing remarks.

The article presents the philosophical thought of Rudolf Zocher, Wolfgang Cramer and Hans Wagner, whose theoretical stance can be dubbed Neoneo-Kantianism. The article investigates their philosophical output and argues that they developed a transcendental reflection of a different kind than that of Baden Neo-Kantianism. The transcendental reflection of Neoneo-Kantianism, especially in the work of Hans Wagner, takes on the topic of phenomenological inquiry and treats consciousness as a source of subject- object distinction, unlike Rickert and Windelband, who were developing transcendental (...) reflection focused on aprioristic forms of cognition, much in the post-Fichtean vein, thus giving primacy to the subjective conditions of possible experience. (shrink)

Quantum mechanics implies many paradoxes (e.g. Schrödinger's cat, double-slit experiment, non-locality) which are in contradiction to our ordinary experience. To comprehend quantum theory we must revise our understanding of such matters as the objective nature of reality, the nature of causality, and the nature of a complex system and its relation to its components. Finally, common sense seems to be an epistemo-logical obstacle in our understanding of the quantum picture of the world.

Celem artykułu jest omówienie koncepcji praktyki i psychiatrii opartej na wartościach Billa Fulforda. Autor przedstawia założenia VBP w świetle koncepcji bioetycznych, kodeksów medycznych oraz medycyny opartej na dowodach. Koncepcja VBP ukazana jest jako rodzaj praktyki mającej przyczynić się do poprawy decyzji terapeutycznych skoncentrowanych na osobie pacjenta. W tekście pojawiają się pytania o teoretyczne założenia VBP oraz jej rzeczywistą efektywność w podejmowaniu decyzji klinicznych. Autor wyjaśnia również dlaczego Fulford nie widzi w swojej koncepcji potrzeby budowania własnej teorii metafizycznej czy antropologicznej, lecz (...) dostrzega konieczność wsłuchiwania się w złożoność i konfliktowość decyzji klinicznych oraz wartość namysłu nad doskonaleniem codziennej praktyki. (shrink)

Artykuł porusza problem rozumienia w filozofii psychiatrii. Autor koncentruje się na klasycznym już podziale w naukach humanistycznych – na rozumienie/wyjaśnianie oraz nomotetyczne/idiograficzne - i próbuje nakreślić jego konsekwencje dla psychiatrii i problematyki zaburzeń psychicznych. Przegląd wybranych zagadnie metodologicznych filozofii psychiatrii ujawnia antropologiczne aspekty nowożytnej psychiatrii oraz ograniczenia modelu biomedycznego. Ostatnia część artykułu omawia wybrany przypadek kliniczny, aby wskazać na praktyczne konsekwencje indywidualnego i idiograficznego podejścia do psychiatrii.

Zapis rozmowy z dr. Andrzejem Klimczukiem, adiunktem w Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznym Szkoły Głównej Handlowej w Warszawie; ekspertem z zakresu gerontologii, ekonomii pracy, zarządzania publicznego i polityki społecznej.