The Netherlands and Belgium are European Union (EU) states with a shared border and cultural similarities. Article 13 of the EU Treaty of Lisbon recognises animals as sentient beings. EU laws protect animal welfare and conservation, and member states can implement more stringent legislation. Political salience refers to the extent to which citizens are concerned about political issues. Issue salience can be measured by assessing references to animal protection in party political manifestos. This research analyses the political salience of animal (...) protection in the Netherlands and Belgium. It analyses over 2600 statements on animal protection in Dutch (2012–2021) and Belgian (2010–2019) party manifestos across three consecutive national elections. Quantitative analysis reveals that in both the Netherlands and Belgium, animal protection became more salient during successive elections, with the total number of positive statements increasing and the total number of negative statements decreasing. Farmed animal welfare and wildlife/biodiversity were the most salient issues, although the focus in countries and regions differed. Dutch parties and those in the Walloon region of Belgium focused on farmed animal health and unnecessary suffering; Flemish parties stressed intensive agriculture and animal welfare. In Belgium, wildlife/biodiversity statements stressed the protection of local species; Dutch statements were strongly linked to agriculture. In both the Netherlands and Belgium, left-wing parties had more progressive policy statements, whilst right-wing parties prioritised economic prosperity over animal protection. This research provides the first academic analysis of animal protection policies in political manifestos in the Netherlands and Belgium. (shrink)

Sports organizations face various ethical challenges. To tackle these, ethical codes are becoming increasingly popular instruments. However, a lot of questions remain concerning their effectiveness. There is a particular lack of knowledge when it comes to their form and content, and on the influence of these features on the effectiveness of these codes of ethics. Therefore, we developed a framework to analyze ethical codes and used this to assess codes of ethics in sports clubs from six disciplines. The form and (...) content characteristics of the codes were tested for their impact on the ethical climate of sports clubs. Our results show that most codes focus on the themes of integrity, and on solidarity among the members of sports clubs. Deontological phrasing is dominant in ethical codes in sports clubs. The occurrence of comprehension aids, such as examples, and procedural content, such as the mentioning of sanctions, is low. When it comes to code effectiveness, i.e., the influence on the ethical climate, we see a positive significant effect of the use of consequentialist oriented statements, and of the combination of regulatory and inspirational phrasing. Also the presence of explicit guidelines for the members of the board had a positive significant affect. This shows that codes should be a source of inspiration and stimulate moral awareness, rather than merely guide behavior by simple rules. Other content elements do not influence code effectiveness, suggesting that ethical codes merely have a function of raising ethical awareness in sports clubs. These results help to shed light on what it takes for a code of ethics to become a useful and effective instrument to tackle unethical behavior in sports clubs. (shrink)

As football (soccer) clubs are facing different ethical challenges, many clubs are turning to ethical codes to counteract unethical behaviour. However, both in- and outside the sport field, uncertainty remains about the effectiveness of these ethical codes. For the first time, a longitudinal study design was adopted to evaluate code effectiveness. Specifically, a sample of non-professional football clubs formed the subject of our inquiry. Ethical code effectiveness was assessed by the measurement of the ethical climate. A repeated-measurements ANOVA revealed a (...) positive evolution of the ethical climate within the studied football clubs. This evolution could not be ascribed to the mere presence of an ethical code. However, several potential code effectiveness determining characteristics were also included in the research design. Some of these accounted partly for the evolution of the ethical climate of the football clubs. Results suggest that football clubs should incorporate their ethical code into a broader ethical programme, with attention for professionalization initiatives, stakeholder management, ethical leadership, and whistle-blowing protection. (shrink)

Partant du constat qu’il existe à la fois une très grande similitude entre les philosophies de la perception d’Aristote et de Merleau-Ponty, et une revendication de ce dernier de s’affranchir du cadre ontologique hérité, cet article cherche à définir où se situe exactement la différence entre les deux conceptions. Il écarte d’abord l’hypothèse d’une assimilation ontologique totale entre sentant et sensible dans l’indistinction de la chair, dans la mesure où ce tissu n’est pas un uniforme mais peut toujours présenter la (...) dualité adhérente de l’envers et de l’endroit. Ensuite se pose la question de savoir si la Visibilité en général, comme puissance indéterminée, était impensable pour Aristote en raison de sa théorie de la substance – et il est montré que celle-ci, bien comprise, admet la pure puissance, tout en favorisant la détermination. Dès lors, la différence entre les deux auteurs se manifeste plutôt dans la conception de l’être, qui pour Merleau-Ponty demeure en retrait, tandis que pour Aristote il est toujours a priori déterminable, quoique selon des modalités irréductiblement multiples.Starting from the observation that there is at once a great similarity between the perception philosophy of Aristotle and Merleau-Ponty, and a claiming from the latter to emancipate oneself from the inherited ontological frame, this article tries to define where exactly stands the difference between the two conceptions. It first dismisses the hypothesis of a complete ontological assimilation between perceptive and perceptible in the indistinction of the « flesh », as far as this « web » is not a uniform but can always produce the adhering duality of inside and outside. Then comes the question whether the general Visibility, as indeterminable potency, was unthinkable by Aristotle because of his substance theory – and it is showed that this theory, if well understood, admits the pure potency even favouring the determination. Finally, the difference between the two thinkers appears rather in the conception of Being, that, according to Merleau-Ponty, stands in the background, while, according to Aristotle, it is always a priori determinable although in irreducibly multiple modes. (shrink)

The current gridlock around climate change and how to address our global sustainability issues can be understood as resulting from clashes in worldviews. This article summarizes some of the research on worldviews in the contemporary West, showing that these worldviews have different, and frequently complementary, potentials, as well as different pitfalls, with respect to addressing climate change. Simultaneously, the overview shows that, because of their innate reflexivity and their capacity to appreciate and synthesize multiple perspectives, individuals inhabiting integrative worldviews may (...) have particular potentials with respect to addressing climate change. In the conclusion I argue that the policy challenge is to develop strategies that inspire the different worldview groups to actualize their potentials while mitigating their pitfalls, as well as to unite and mobilize them around a single vision that speaks to them all. (shrink)

It is one of the peculiar features of the movement of translation of Western scientific treatises from Dutch into Japanese, known as Dutch learning , that if first originated in Nagasaki with a group of Japanese interpreters. This group differed from the scholarly community of the capital, Edo, by both training and social status. This article shows how this difference contributes to explaining some of the particularities of rangaku in its initial phase. A case in point is Shizuki Tadao's introduction (...) of Newtonian physics and astronomy. Yet, Sugita Genpaku, a major representative of the Edo scholarly community, gave an account of the beginning of Dutch learning that attempted to minimise, or even to erase, the contribution of the Nagasaki interpreters, who were dismissed as unscholarly. This attempt, too, is best understood in the light of the difference between the two communities. (shrink)

Dans cet article nous proposons une analyse d’un aspect peu évoqué du parcours de Genette, son séminaire de l’EHESS-Paris. Genette n’a pas explicité sa méthode, mais il avait constaté dans les années 1960 que l’enseignement universitaire était considéré comme une pratique neutre, et même un tabou, qui demandait à être historicisée et comprise dans sa portée idéologique. À partir d’une description des rituels et des modalités de son enseignement, nous analyserons le caractère spécifique de sa méthode de formation à la (...) recherche, en soulignant sa relation avec la tradition de l’EHESS. (shrink)

Sur le modèle du On Death IV (De morte) de Philodème, publié chez le même éditeur en 2009 par W. B. Henry, cet ouvrage propose, après une introduction de trente-quatre pages, une traduction – fondée sur l’édition donnée par Christian Jensen en 1906 pour Teubner – de cet écrit de Philodème tenu par lui comme un livre sur l’économie. Même si dans les « Acknowledgements » (p. vii) V. Tsouna rappelle qu’elle a participé à la traduction de L’Économie pour Les (...) Épicuriens co-édité par Daniel Delattr... (shrink)

Fashion has a varied and explosive history. Our responsibility as educators preparing students and therefore careers for this context places us in a very difficult and complex position. Do we prepa...

The article aims to show that the unity of the various functions Aristotle assigns to phantasia is ensured by the originary signification of the term, corresponding to the verb ‘appear’, and that the diversity of its functions and truth values depends on the circumstances of the appearance. The main division has to be done between the appearance in presence of the object, of which it is question in all the passages where phantasia is closely associated to sensation, and the appearance (...) in absence of the object, where phantasia happens without sensation, whether voluntarily activated or not. The relation of phantasia to truth varies also following the type of truth that is relevant in each situation: antepredicative truth of the simple grasp, propositional truth as adequation to the reality, practical truth, or absence of relevance of any truth in the fiction considered as such. The emphasis is also put on the crucial role of phantasia as condition of thought and action. (shrink)

It is argued that multiscale approaches are necessary for an explanatory modeling of biological systems. A first step, besides common to the multiscale modeling of physical and living systems, is a bottom-up integration based on the notions of effective parameters and minimal models. Top-down effects can be accounted for in terms of effective constraints and inputs. Biological systems are essentially characterized by an entanglement of bottom-up and top-down influences following from their evolutionary history. A self-consistent multiscale scheme is proposed to (...) capture the ensuing circular causality. Its differences with standard mean-field self-consistent equations and slow-fast decompositions are discussed. As such, this scheme offers a way to unravel the multilevel architecture of living systems and their regulation. Two examples, genome functions and biofilms, are detailed. (shrink)

This paper, on the psychopathology and phenomenology of schizophrenia, presents a selective summary of the work of the French psychiatrist, Eugene Minkowski (1985-1972), one of the first psychiatrists of an explicitly phenomenological persuasion. Minkowki believed that the phenomenological essence of schizophrenia (what he called the "trouble générateur") consists in a loss of "vital contact with reality" (VCR) and manifests itself as autism. Loss of vital contact with reality signifies a morbid change in the temporo-spatial structure of experiencing, particularly in the (...) diminishment and modification of temporal-dynamic aspects and a corresponding predominance of spatial-static factors. The patient tries to compensate for this primary morbid process through a variety of affective-cognitive preoccupations (rich autism) or sterile intellectuoid attitudes (autisme pauvre). Autism signifies a morbidly modified existential pattern that affects the domains of experience and expression as well as action. Minkowski's psychopathological analyses are illustrated by brief clinical vignettes of his patients. (shrink)

Le devenir d’un groupe de jeunes qui ont vécu en moyenne huit ans en familles d’accueil et sont sortis du placement depuis plus de cinq ans a été analysé et mis en regard avec l’évolution de l’histoire de l’institution de placement. L’objectif était de mesurer les effets conjugués des carences, maltraitements et ruptures dans la vie des enfants et adolescents et ceux dus à la stabilité d’un milieu environnant sur l’insertion sociale et professionnelle à l’âge adulte. L’article présente aussi quelques-uns (...) des souvenirs de ces adultes âgés de 23 à 39 ans, témoignages de leur histoire d’enfants ayant vécu entre deux familles. (shrink)

What does Nature mean in the famous Aristotelian formula?man is, by nature, a political animal?? Within the context of the discussion with the Socratic assertions in Plato?s Republic, Nature means that polis is not the result of deficiency, but the expression of a positive desire. Thus, for human beings, there is no state of nature before political life. This does not mean that everything that is political is natural. nema.

Résumé — Dans le § VI du De fato, Alexandre d’Aphrodise déclare exposer la conception péripatéticienne du destin. Il pose à cet effet l’identité de la nature et du destin. Le but de cet article est d’expliciter la détermination de la nature mise en œuvre pour établir cette identité et de la confronter à la théorie aristotélicienne. L’examen est mené d’un double point de vue : celui des procédures méthodologiques utilisées et celui du concept de nature qui en résulte.Remarques sur (...) la conception de la nature dans les § 2-6 du De Fato d’Alexandre d’Aphrodise— In De fato VI, Alexander of Aphrodisias states the Peripatetic theory of Fate, arguing that nature and Fate are identical. What notion of nature results from this statement ? Is it still Aristotelian ? The question will be examined under two aspects, methodological and conceptual. (shrink)

This paper connects two notions: Hart and Mas-Colell’s ‘potential’, related to the value of coalitional games, and Coleman’s earlier notion of ‘power of a collectivity to act’, related to the easiness to make decisions by means of a voting rule.

Within a digital corpus of 20 Italian post-unification conduct books, UAM CorpusTool is used to perform a manual annotation of 13 emotive rhetorical figures as indices of “shown” emotion. The analysis consists in two text mining tasks: classification, which identifies emotive figures using the 13 categories, and clustering, which identifies groups, i.e. clusters where emotive figures co-occur. Emotive clusters mainly discuss diligence and parsimony—personal values linked to self-improvement for which reader agreement is not taken for granted. In this corpus they (...) function as “moving” values, that is, values acting recurrently as contexts for “argued” emotion. (shrink)

The article traces the origin and development of the concept of social skills in first and foremost American academic discourse. As soon as the concept of social skills was coined, the concern for people lacking such skills started and has been on the increase ever since. After the analysis of the academic history of the concept follows an examination of the implementation of a range of assessment instruments and training programmes related to social skills in contemporary Danish welfare institutions. The (...) analysis forwarded in the article thus demonstrates how an intellectual idea may develop and travel - and on its journey connect to pre-existing cultural logics and societal concerns. The idea of social skills has through its development been made uncontroversial – everybody wants to be skilful. The concept does, however, convey an individualistic view on social life and imposes a reflexivity over own performance on the participants. Further, its normative character contributes to a problematization of those who are perceived to lack these skills. (shrink)

Dès ses premières réalisations, le mouvement de l’Éducation nouvelle a défendu une mixité coéducative, une « coéducation des sexes » caractéristique de son projet. L’évolution des mentalités, des moeurs et de la société d’entre-deux-guerres y est sans doute pour beaucoup. Cet article se propose d’expliciter pourquoi et comment cette coéducation est devenue un principe fédérateur pour l’Éducation nouvelle.

Dans le prolongement de sa thèse sur les enfants abandonnés en Bretagne, soutenue en 2010 à l’université de Rennes, Isabelle Le Boulanger esquisse dans ce volume, en relisant ses notes d’archives, une étude des agressions sexuelles commises sur des enfants dans la Bretagne du xixe siècle. Son corpus est constitué d’un échantillon aléatoire d’archives judiciaires (dépouillement d’une année de dossiers de procédure par décennie), au demeurant inégalement conservées dans les cinq départements qu...

Recent academic articles point to an increased vagueness and overlap in concepts related to business ethics and corporate responsibility. Further, the perception of these notions can differ in the smallbusiness world from the original academic definitions. This article focuses on the cognition of small-business owner-managers. Given the impact of small-business owner-managers on their ventures, corporate responsibility and ethical issues can take a different route in SMEs. The small-business owner-manager is able to shape the corporate culture and to enact values other (...) than profit. Adopting a cognitive perspective, we have identified how the small-business owner-manager makes sense of notions linked to corporate social responsibility (CSR) and business ethics. The concept of sensemaking has recently been applied to CSR (Basu and Pallazzo, 2008; Cramer et al., 2006). Applying a cognitive perspective to small-business owners may help in explaining specific phenomena found within smallbusiness ownership. For this research, the Repertory Grid Technique (RGT) is used, a method that has not previously been widely applied in the business and society field. Our findings to an extent invalidate the confusion in terminology found in the academic literature. Smallbusiness owner-managers, pragmatically and rather clearly, differentiate among the various concepts related to corporate responsibility and business ethics but, at the same time, they recognise the interrelationships and interdependencies of these concepts. These findings contribute to a better understanding of how small-business owners think and integrate corporate responsibility and ethical issues into their decisionmaking. (shrink)

Si l’on possède peu de témoignages sur la manière dont les femmes du XIXe siècle ont vécu le vieillissement, les discours des médecins sur cette question abondent. La ménopause est décrite par eux comme une période particulièrement dangereuse qui, à l’instar de la puberté, bouleverse toute l’économie de la femme. Au nombre des maladies qui sont susceptibles de l’assaillir lorsque s’interrompt le mécanisme régulateur que représentait la menstruation s’ajoute la blessure narcissique que provoque la perte de sa féminité et l’entrée (...) dans l’âge de décrépitude. Plus encore, la femme perdant avec la faculté d’engendrer sa vocation sociale (la maternité), cette période, souvent qualifiée d’âge critique ou d’âge dangereux, s’annonce comme une véritable mort sociale. Privée de sa capacité de séduction, fragilisée par la révolution physiologique qui s’opère en elle, la femme, encouragée à se retirer d’un monde où elle ne peut plus briller, est plus que jamais assignée à la sphère privée. (shrink)

Avec le développement de la psychiatrie périnatale, les prises en charge précoces des familles se sont diversifiées. Au fil du temps, des équipes se sont efforcées de faciliter l'accès aux soins à des familles peu enclines à y adhérer d'elles-mêmes. Des institutions se sont organisées pour aider des familles à haut risque psychique, dans le but de lutter contre les processus inter-générationnels qui induisent maltraitance et placements. D'autres ont créé des lieux de parole et d'échange initiant des stratégies de rencontre (...) permettant aux familles de rompre peu à peu avec l'exclusion. (shrink)

Qu'est-ce que le regard, comme tel, nous apprend sur les autres et sur nous-mêmes? Que recherchons-nous dans le regard de l'autre et pourquoi? Entre le désir d'être vu à tout prix et celui d'échapper au regard des autres, l'individu moderne est ballotté entre la crainte et la révolte du qu'en dira-t-on, entre une quête de reconnaissance et celle d'un individualisme grandissant. Comment définir le regard au vu de cette ambiguïté? La perspective qu'instaure le « regard de Dieu » nous invite (...) à lutter contre le phénomène de « survisibilité » et de « surexhibition » : donné à saisir comme un invisible qui gouverne le visible, le « regard de Dieu » nous invite à développer un regard empreint de pudeur, un regard qui célèbre l'énigme de la vision. (shrink)

Une étude qui se situe exclusivement sur le terrain linguistique est bien placée pour attirer l’attention de l’interprète de Parménide, avide d’un éclairage nouveau sur un texte tellement commenté qu’il semble ne plus être possible d’y apporter quoi que ce soit. Le point de vue du grammairien pourrait en effet révéler certaines subtilités jusque-là ignorées, en particulier s’il ne cherche pas à mettre la grammaire au service d’une signification philosophique (comme on l’a déjà fait abondam­me...

What is the criterion for distinguishing between the excellence of the excellent constitution κατ’ εὐχήν in Politics VII and the excellence of the other excellent constitutions? Every constitution includes in its composition necessity and good. Yet, unlike what happens in the other excellent constitutions, in the best constitution of Politics VII there is a convergence, not an opposition, between necessity and goodness. This point is confirmed by a change in the meaning of the word ἀναγκαῖον. In the constitution delineated in (...) Book VII, ultimately matter and form are identical. Both the convergence between necessity and good and the fact that every citizen should be a good man or a ‘maker of virtue’ lead to equate the excellent constitution with the completed form of political capacity. Hence, the relationship between πολιτεία and ἀρίστη πολιτεία is similar to the relationship between ἔργον κιθαριστοῦ and ἔργον σπουδαίου κιθαριστοῦ. (shrink)

Les New Age Travellers, groupe social nomade en Grande-Bretagne, caractérisé à lafois par la contre-culture des années 1970 et les formes de précarisation actuelles, parviennent sous certains aspects à surmonter des situations de risques diversifiées. À partir de trois dimensions qui leur sont spécifiques : le rapport au travail, la solidarité communautaire et le nomadisme, ces individus tentent au quotidien, de façon non conventionnelle, fragile et bricolée, de reconstruire des liens sociaux, de forger de nouveaux supports de reconnaissance sociale en (...) faisant preuve d’inventivité. L’objectif de notre article est double : placer les notions de processus social d’individualisation ou encore de subjectivation au sein d’un mode de vie ou d’une situation qui en semblent très éloignés : la précarité. Dans cette mesure, les populations désaffiliées apparaissent également susceptibles d’action et d’initiative, à condition d’en définir les modalités et les limites qui y sont associées. En outre, l’idée consiste à proposer un nouvel éclairage de ce groupe social et à souligner son intérêt pour saisir, à une échelle microsociologique et sous des aspects particuliers, les transformations du lien social aujourd’hui.The New Age Travellers, a nomadic social group living in Great Britain, characterized by modern expressions of poverty and by a counter-culture inspired by the seventies, manage to overcome various situations of risk. In various domains which may be peculiar to this social group – work, communal solidarity and nomadism –, these individuals attempt, in a fragile, non-conventional and inventive way, to reconstruct social memberships and to forge new bases for social recognition. This paper has two complementary goals : using the notion of social process of individualization or of subjectivation , it first wishes to analyse the New Age Travellers’ way of life or various situations of precariousness which seem very far removed from these notions. In this way, desaffiliated individuals also appear capable of action and initiative, provided one has defined their forms and specified the limits of the process. The paper will then cast new light on this social group, and will demonstrate its importance for the understanding, at a small-scale level and from a particular perspective, of broader transformations in today’s social link. (shrink)

L'introduction par Aristote de la matière dans la théorie des contraires est une correction des modèles du devenir proposés par ses prédécesseurs : il est désormais possible de penser ensemble devenir et ordre. La matière récuse le dilemme de être et du non-être qui rendait impossible toute théorie de la génération. Cette introduction de la matière commande, à l'intérieur de la pensée d'Aristote, la distinction entre deux sortes de dynamis, et la distinction corrélative de deux sortes de moteurs : les (...) moteurs mus et immobiles. La matière est ainsi autant cause d'ordre que de contingence. The introduction of matter into the theory of contraries by Aristotle puts right earlier versions of kinèsis suggested by his predecessors : thinking kinèsis and order together is henceforth possible. Matter resolves the dilemma of being or not-being which was making any theory of generation impossible. That introduction of matter commands, in Aristotle's thinking, the distinction between two sorts of dynamis and the correlative distinction between two sorts of movers : the moved movers and the unchanging ones. Matter is thus as much cause of order as of contingency. (shrink)

Les catégories dégagées par Aristote sont-elles un instrument formel, ontologiquement neutre, comme pourrait le laisser penser l'usage propédeutique qu'en firent les néoplatoniciens dans leur cursus scolaire? Si l'on refuse cette hypothèse, est-on contraint de donner aux catégories le statut d'êtres? L'opposition même entre interprétation ontologique et interprétation formelle devrait être remise en question, car une grille formelle, comme l'est le schéma des catégories, lorsqu'elle possède un ordre, comme c'est le cas avec les catégories, ne saurait être ontologiquement neutre. Are the (...) categories developed by Aristotle a formal, ontologically neutral instrument? The way they were used by the neo-Platonists in the foundation course of their school program would lead us to believe so. If we reject this hypothesis, are we then forced to give those categories the status of beings? The very opposition between ontological interpretation and formal interpretation should be questioned, since a formal grid such as the framework of the categories, possessing an order, as the categories do, could not be ontologically neutral. (shrink)

La théorie des deux sexes, proposée par Thomas Laqueur dans La fabrique du Sexe, suscite plusieurs questions d’ordre méthodologique ; notamment, Aristote est un contre-exemple pour sa théorie de l’unisexe.

A collection of eight studies on Theophrastus' Metaphysics, presenting an overview of the first reception of Aristotle.