Psychological characteristics of athletes play a key role in sport performance and may moderate and mediate the influence of technical, tactical, and physical abilities athletes show. Different authors have emphasized the special attention such psychological characteristics should receive considering the extent they can influence athletes’ behavior either in training or in competition. This paper is aimed at describing the psychological profiles of two cycling sports: triathlon and road cycling. One hundred and twenty-nine male and female professional and amateur cycling athletes (...) (35.74 years old average age ±12.79; 14.94 average number of years practicing cycling ±11.20) were assessed on different psychological characteristics. For that purpose, the Psychological Characteristics related to the Sport Performance (CPRD) Questionnaire and the Psychological Skills Inventory for Sports (PSIS) was used. Results showed significant differences among triathlon and road cyclists (Stress control = t 116 =-3.711, p = 0.000, d = 0.48 ; Influence of Performance Evaluation = t 115 =-3-115, p = 0.002, d = 0.49; Motivation = t 124 =-5.520, p = 0.000, d = 0.82; Mental Skills = t 119 =-4.985, p = 0.000, d = 1.02). There were no significant differences between men and women though there were differences among pros and amateur athletes. Triathlon professional, compared to amateurs, showed higher scores in all the psychological dimensions assessed (Stress control = t 85 = 3.005, p = 0.003, d = 1.07; Influence of Performance Evaluation = t 83 = 2.858, p = 0.005, 0.77; Motivation = t 91 = 2.721, p = 0.008, d = 0.26; Mental Skills = t 87 = 2.556, p = 0.012, d = 0.77). The results of this descriptive study contribute to establishing a model of optimal psychological profiling applied to the different cycling groups that can be used by sport psychologist, trainers, and coaches in order to promote peak performance of these athletes. (shrink)

En este artículo relaciono la reflexión de Balibar en torno a la proposición de la igualibertad con su lectura de la filosofía de Spinoza. Balibar examina esta última desde la necesidad de teorizar una respuesta a la pregunta por el hombre en la nueva coyuntura política de los años ochenta y noventa del siglo XX. Y expone la antropología política spinoziana a través de la presentación y el análisis de tres correlaciones: entre las identidades individuales y la colectiva, entre las (...) potencias individuales y la colectiva y entre las singularidades y la naturaleza infinita. Así puede dar cuenta de las tres modalidades (antigua, moderna y posmoderna) de la igualibertad, pensando el conatus como esfuerzo de liberación siempre ya activo. (shrink)

Llamo marxismo después del marxismo en Balibar a la reconstrucción que este autor realiza de algunos conceptos clave del marxismo: clase obrera/lucha de clases, ideología/lucha ideológica, filosofía/materialismo y comunismo/comunistas. En el artículo, intento delinear las características principales del marxismo después del marxismo de Balibar recorriendo el examen crítico que realiza de tales conceptos. De la lectura de sus textos resultan otras nociones. Así la multitud compleja surge como la clase obrera después de la clase obrera. La rebelión ideológica de masas (...) figura como la lucha ideológica después de la ideología. El realismo de la teoría desarrolla la filosofía materialista después de la filosofía. Y los comunistas de la ciudadanía representan al comunismo después del comunismo. (shrink)

Many now consider “instinct” and “learning” opposite poles of a unidimensional continuum. An alternative model with two independently varying parameters predicts different selective pressures. Behavioral adaptation matches the organism's utilizations of stimuli and responses to their ecological validities: the mean validity over evolutionary time specifies the optimal initial potency of the prepared association; the variance specifies the optimal prepared plasticity.

It is anthropomorphic to speak of Nature designing adaptations for a specific function, as if with conscious intent. Any effect constitutes an adaptive function if it contributes to survival and to reproduction. Natural selection is blind to what might have been the original function. Mutations arise by purest accident and are selected based on whatever fortuitous effects they might produce.

Fincher & Thornhill (F&T) present a compelling argument that parasite stress underlies certain cultural practices promoting assortative sociality. However, we suggest that the theoretical framework proposed is limited in several ways, and that life history theory provides a more explanatory and inclusive framework, making more specific predictions about the trade-offs faced by organisms in the allocation of bioenergetic and material resources.

Dentro del indudable atractivo que provoca hoy día el estudio del siglo XVI, queremos ofrecer la visión de un trabajo local, realizado bajo la óptica de una familia de maestros de obra moriscos: la familia Orejón. Pretendemos dar a conocer la protección de la nobleza a sus criados moriscos que encuentran gran número de obstáculos para realizar su trabajo diario por parte de los cristianos. En el presente trabajo, dejando al margen las cuestiones artísticas, damos una aproximación sobre la formación (...) de una red de parentesco y su actuación en la ciudad determinada: Guadalajara, sede principal de asentamiento de la familia Mendoza. (shrink)

Embora o Teeteto nos coloque num cenário interpretativo completamente à parte da teoria das Formas, não nos é permitido admitir seu total esquecimento. Conceitos como ‘racionalidade’ contraposto à percepção sensível, e a ‘imprescindibilidade do logos’ enquanto discurso que perfaz o conhecimento verdadeiro, são extremamente caros ao Teeteto. Desconsiderar a pertinência e a similaridade do significado destes conceitos desde a maturidade até à velhice, colocar-nos-ia em situação de grande dificuldade explicativa acerca do conhecimento. Assim, é importante destacar que optamos por uma (...) perspectiva intermediária, que por um lado reconhece a ausência de uma argumentação calcada na clássica teoria das Ideias, mas que compreende a obra platônica sob a tutela de uma interpretação sistemática e holística, segundo a qual Platão não abandona os pressupostos metafísicos das Formas inteligíveis. Longe de uma ruptura com o que foi dito anteriormente na maturidade, o Teeteto serve como complementação teórica acerca da ontologia e da epistemologia, embora no Teeteto não haja uma menção direta às noções presentes nos diálogos anteriores e boa parte do tema se apresente por meio de estilo de escrita e vocabulário inusitados. Por fim, mas não menos importante, será feita uma breve análise de alguns trechos dos momentos finais do Sofista com o objetivo de compreender em que medida o aspecto epistemológico, proposto por Platão no Teeteto, pode ser lido à luz de questões relacionadas ao Ser e ao Não-ser, já que a pergunta pelo ‘o que é conhecimento’ nos remete também a uma discussão ontológica. (shrink)

Aristotle is indebted to the more precise distinction and elaboration of the concepts of theory and practice. He made philosophy a theoretical knowledge, coining the notion of theory as speculative knowledge of given realities in the world.However, this theory is no longer a contemplation of Ideas, but of essential and universal realities, arising from an intellectual abstraction of nature. The theoretical knowledge turns to the nature of things to observe their causes and developments.Alongside theory and in opposition to it, he (...) develops the notion of practice (praxis). In general, it can be said that praxis dominates everything that is operable by man, that is, it concerns properly human action insofar as it is immanent and voluntary. Although theory and practice most often present themselves as completely opposite and independent, it is possible to verify that the Aristotelian system presupposes a certain degree of coherence involving some key concepts of his philosophy. In this sense, the main objective of this seminar is to investigate the ways in which it is possible to think about the relationship between theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge in Aristotle’s philosophy, taking into account excerpts from two of hismain works of maturity, namely, Metaphysics and Nicomachean Ethics. (shrink)

Based on proposition 28 of Part I of Spinoza's Ethics, I argue that the idea of interdetermination set out there is formed by excluding indetermination and finalism. Spinoza conceives reality as an infinite network of singular interdeterminations without hierarchies or outside. From interdetermination itself the problem arises of what it means to be a finite mode of God. This problem, however, is more fully resolved through the notion of 'absolute necessity of relation'. Once we have these conceptual tools, we can (...) understand the way in which finitude and absoluteness merge in singular things, making them cognizable with objectivity. But just because all things are knowable, it does not mean that we can know them all. For the power of our understanding is also limited. Affirming the knowability of all things and the limitation of our capacity to know, Spinoza challenged both irrationalistic scepticism and the mistake of human thought for the infinite understanding of God. (shrink)

El enlace entre el pensamiento de Balibar respecto a la ciudadanía y su reflexión sobre las fronteras se produce en la intersección entre las ciudadanías de la frontera y las fronteras de la ciudadanía. Una doble vertiente de la ciudadanía, en tanto que autónoma y heterónoma, sostiene esta estructura cruzada. Y en ella prevalece la contradicción de la ciudadanía nacional, la ciudadanía legalmente reconocida solo dentro de las fronteras del Estado nación. La hipótesis de Balibar es que la contradicción de (...) la ciudadanía nacional no es una contradicción lógica entre lo universal de la ciudadanía y lo particular de la nación, sino una contradicción histórica en la que lo simbólico y lo institucional son indisociables. La respuesta histórica a la contradicción histórica se alumbra a través de la dimensión cosmopolítica de la política. En ella, la ciudadanía no va ligada a la nacionalidad sino a la extranjería. (shrink)

The paper analyses the relationship between power, utility and right in Spinoza’s political philosophy. It explains utility from the relational character of existence. And it maintains that, when empowered by what is useful, multiple relationality is the ontological basis of positive reciprocity, that is, of man as the most useful thing for man. It examines the mutual dependence between the subjects and the complex arrangement of imperium and multitudo as the cause of both concord and discord since it weaves as (...) much the possibility as the impossibility of a common utility. And it highlights the way Spinoza passes from the relationship between a rational person and civitas to the notion of the multitude qua power that defines the political as a differentiated realm, although not unrelated to the ethical; and to a free multitude as the political figure of common utility that establishes the best imperium. (shrink)

Excerpt from Le Teorie Dello Spazio e del Tempo nella Filosofia Greca Fin Ad Aristotele Tuttavia non può dirsi, che, prima di Platone e di Aristotele, non si sia trattato affatto di questo soggetto. Naturalmente il problema non poteva allora presentarsi sotto il medesimo aspetto, col quale si presentava ai due summenzionati filosofi: ma pure i' argomento, intorno a cui si aggiravano le ricerche dei primi pensatori greci, era, senza alcun dubbio, tale, che di per se stesso offriva molteplici occasioni (...) a questo riguardo. È noto, che tal argomento consiste nel modo, come essi dovessero spiegarsi e rappresentarsi il mondo esteriore che ne circonda, o, per parlare con maggior precisione. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

En este trabajo se presenta una intervención psicológica con un jugador de fútbol profesional que muestra un nivel muy bajo de confianza y problemas para poder concentrarse durante las competiciones. Desde un enfoque cognitivo-conductual se implementó un programa de entrenamiento psicológico con una duración de cuatro meses. Se realizó una evaluación inicial y final para valorar la satisfacción y la eficacia del programa. La intervención estuvo formada por técnicas y estrategias como reestructuración cognitiva, establecimiento de objetivos, plan de competición, auto-registros (...) conductuales y técnicas de relajación y visualización. Al finalizar el programa el futbolista muestra un nivel mucho más alto de confianza y tiene recursos eficaces para poder concentrarse tanto en los partidos como en los entrenamientos. Se postula la adecuación del enfoque cognitivo-conductual a la intervención psicológica en el ámbito deportivo, enfatizando la importancia de incorporar estrategias psicológicas en el trabajo del entrenamiento deportivo. (shrink)

We present a psychometric test of life history theory as applied to human individual differences using MIDUS survey data (Brim et al. 2000). Twenty scales measuring cognitive and behavioral dimensions theoretically related to life history strategy were constructed using items from the MIDUS survey. These scales were used to construct a single common factor, the K-factor, which accounted for 70% of the reliable variance. The scales used included measures of personal, familial, and social function. A second common factor, Covitality, was (...) constructed from scales for physical and mental health. Finally, a single general factor, Personality, was constructed from scales for the “Big Five” factors of personality. The K-factor, covitality factor, and general personality factor correlated significantly with each other, supporting the prediction that high K predicts high somatic effort and also manifests in behavioral display. Thus, a single higher-order common factor, the Super-K factor, was constructed that consisted of the K-factor, covitality factor, and personality factor. (shrink)

The title of this volume A Man of Many Interests: Plutarch on Religion, Myth, and Magic. Essays in honour of Aurelio Pérez Jiménez is first and foremost a coalescing homage to Plutarch and to Aurelio, and to the way they have been inspiring (as master and indirect disciple) a multitude of readers in their path to knowledge, here metonymically represented by the scholars who offer their tribute to them. The analysis developed throughout the several contributions favors a philological (...) approach of wide spectrum, i.e., stemming from literary and linguistic aspects, it projects them into their cultural, religious, philosophical, and historical framework. The works were organized into two broad sections, respectively devoted to the Lives and to the Moralia. Contributors are: Frances Titchener, Carlos Alcalde Martín, José Luis Calvo, Delfim Leão, Judith Mossman, Anastasios G. Nikolaidis, Christopher Pelling, Philip Stadter, Paola Volpe, Francesco Becchi, Israel Muñoz Gallarte, Lautaro Roig Lanzillotta, Geert Roskam, Vicente M. Ramón Palerm, Frederick Brenk, John Dillon, Franco Ferrari, Aristoula Georgiadou, Luc van der Stockt, Luisa Lesage Gárriga. (shrink)

BackgroundInformed consent is a key element of ethical clinical research. Addicted population may be at risk for impaired consent capacity. However, very little research has focused on their comprehension of consent forms. The aim of this study is to assess the capacity of addicted individuals to provide consent to research.Methods53 subjects with DSM-5 diagnoses of a Substance Use Disorder and 50 non psychiatric comparison subjects participated in the survey from December 2014 to March 2015. This cross-sectional study was carried out (...) at a community-based Outpatient Treatment Center and at an urban-located Health Centre in Spain. A binary judgment of capacity/incapacity was made guided by the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Clinical Research and a clinical interview. Demographics and clinical characteristics were assessed by cases notes and the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Global Assessment Functional Scale and the Clinical Global Impression Scale.ResultsNPCs performed the best on the MacCAT–CR, and patients with SUD had the worst performance, particularly on the Understanding and Appreciation subscales. 32.7 % SUD people lacked research-related decisional capacity. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of capacity to consent to research.ConclusionsThe findings of our study provide evidence that a large proportion of individuals with SUD had decisional capacity for consent to research. It is therefore inappropriate to draw conclusions about capacity to make research decisions on the basis of a SUD diagnosis. In the absence of advanced cognitive impairment, acute withdrawal or intoxication, we should assume that addicted persons possess decision-making capacity. Thus, the view that people with SUD would ipso facto lose decision-making power for research consent is flawed and stigmatizing. (shrink)

A soberania é um conceito cuja definição remete para o absoluto e o incondicionado, pese embora a sua génese se situar na modernidade, o que significa ter de se prescindir, na sua formulação, de qualquer recurso de natureza transcendente, como os que serviam de lastro à legitimação do poder nas concepções antiga e medieval. É objectivo do presente artigo analisar este paradoxo, sempre presente no Estado contemporâneo, evidenciando, a partir dos escritos de Fernando Gil sobre o tema, o modo como (...) a soberania alberga em simultâneo duas dimensões conceptuais que são antagónicas e, no entanto, inalienáveis. (shrink)

Maquiavel é geralmente considerado um precursor, senão mesmo o criador, da ciência política. Tal interpretação vê na obra do Florentino uma sistematização da racionalidade intrínseca à ação humana. Com tonalidades distintas, podemos vê-la em autores tão diferentes como Hegel, Meinecke ou Leo Strauss, que atribuem a Maquiavel a intuição do estado como princípio subjacente à autonomia do político e ao realismo. Estará, no entanto, esse princípio realmente presente na obra de Maquiavel? O presente texto questiona semelhante hipótese, sustentando, ao invés, (...) que o Florentino pertence a um universo de pensamento onde o moderno conceito de estado se encontra ausente. Pelo contrário, a mistura de razão e desrazão, que é inerente à ação política, mas que o postulado fundador da ciência política dos modernos – o mito do estado, como lhe chama Cassirer – virá ocultar, ainda se encontra a descoberto. (shrink)

The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health data were used to test predictions from life history theory. We hypothesized that (1) in young adulthood an emerging life history strategy would exist as a common factor underlying many life history traits (e.g., health, relationship stability, economic success), (2) both environmental harshness and unpredictability would account for unique variance in expression of adolescent and young adult life history strategies, and (3) adolescent life history traits would predict young adult life history strategy. These (...) predictions were supported. The current findings suggest that the environmental parameters of harshness and unpredictability have concurrent effects on life history development in adolescence, as well as longitudinal effects into young adulthood. In addition, life history traits appear to be stable across developmental time from adolescence into young adulthood. (shrink)

O objetivo do artigo é discutir o pensamento político de Espinosa confrontando-o, por um lado, com o que poderíamos chamar a “ideologia dominante" da época, o pensamento cristão, aqui examinado a partir da correspondência com o dinamarquês N. Stensen, e, por outro lado, com o quadro teórico em que a questão política está então a ser recolocada, o pensamento de Hobbes. Além da conhecida explicitação do que o distingue em relação a Hobbes ( Carta L, a J. Jelles), é na (...) Correspondência que Espinosa expõe a articulação entre a política e os grandes temas de sua metafísica, como são a doutrina da causa imanente e o binômio liberdade/necessidade. Lugar privilegiado de auscultação da opinião dominante e, por isso, exercício em si mesmo exemplarmente político, as cartas são também o espaço textual em que a metafísica se expõe às suas consequências políticas e a teoria se confronta com a prática, oferecendo uma visão de Espinosa que, se está longe do "positivista" hobbesiano, não está menos longe do visionário afastado da realidade que o circunda e o condiciona. (shrink)

El artículo pretende ofrecer una réplica detallada del «Manifiesto nacionalista» de Ulises Moulines . Entre las muchas debilidades de aquella defensa del nacionalismo étnico destaca la incomprensión del sentido de unos cuantos conflictos intranacionales. Pues, lejos de ser síntoma de la existencia de una nación sojuzgada , podrían ser más bien señal de lo contrario: de que en esa población no hay conciencia nacional suficiente para demandar la soberanía política y de que es el nacionalismo el interesado inductor del conflicto. (...) Si la mini-teoría de etnias y naciones de Moulines se limita a reafirmar la radical indefinición de tales conceptos, tampoco su principio del Valor intrínseco de la pluralidad del Ser aporta prueba alguna de un presunto derecho de las naciones a su independencia. Igual que se pasa por alto la más que dudosa compatibilidad entre nacionalismo étnico y democracia, se presupone que un Estado multinacional “las más de las veces” no puede funcionar. En suma, vuelta al viejo principio de las nacionalidades. (shrink)