This article seeks to interpret the striking divergence between the two judgments passed by the European Court of Human Rights in the Lautsi v Italy case in terms of value pluralism. The latter is a hotly debated position in ethics, brought to life in the second half of the twentieth century by Isaiah Berlin. Pluralism elucidates these in interesting ways. First, value pluralism sheds light on three major aspects of the trial before the European Court of Human Rights: the nature (...) of the collision of values, the discrepancy between the two decisions, and the rationale of the final judgment. Secondly, this is my thesis that while the first judgment fits ethical monism, which underlies Dworkin’s ‘one right answer’ theory, the second ruling chimes with pluralism. The pluralist spirit of the Grand Chamber’s final decision turned Europe away from the path of Americanization. (shrink)

Cerkveni očetje so bili v srednjeveških pridigah med najbolj pogosto navajanimi avtoritetami, takoj za Svetim pismom. Citati so se uporabljali na različne načine: kot eksegeza prebranega, kot komentar moralnega nauka ali kot močan argument za določeno izjavo. Hieronim je sodil v srednjem veku med najpomembnejše avtoritete, njegove odlomke in citate je najti v številnih zbirkah pridig. Prispevek predstavi recepcijo svetega Hieronima v zbirki pridig iz 15. stoletja, znani kot Sermones Discipuli de tempore et de sanctis cum Promptuario exemplorum et de (...) miraculis Beatae Mariae Virginis, ki jo je napisal nemški dominikanec Johannes Herolt (†1468). V tej zbirki so citati iz različnih Hieronimovih del, večinoma iz njegovih pisem. Kljub poudarku Hieronimovih besedilih analiza vključuje tudi odlomke iz t. i. psevdo-Hieronima. (shrink)

『창세기 문자적 해설(De Genesi ad litteram)』 제VII권에서 아우구스티누스는 성경의 확고한 권위에 바탕을 두고, 최초의 인간 영혼에 관한 다양한 가설들을 제시하고 그것들을 비판적으로 검토한 후에, 마침내 자기가 가장 선호하는 ‘합리적인’ 하나의 가설에 도달한다. 그것은 인간 영혼이, 천사적 자연과 마찬가지로, 기원으로부터 완성된 존재자로서 창조되었다는 것이다(“sicut primitus conditusest dies.” VII.24.35). 하지만 그는 제I권과 제IV권에서 “영적인 빛(lux spiritalis)”이 존재로 나오라는 창조주의 부르심(“Fiat lux” 창세 1,3)에 응답하는 “돌아섬(conversio)”을 통해 창조되었다고 설명하던 것과는 달리(I.1.2-3; 3.7; 5.10;IV.22.39), 인간 영혼의 창조 방식에 관해서는 아무런 구체적인 설명도 제시하지 않는다. 하지만 (...) 우리는 제III권에서 아우구스티누스가 제시하는 인간 영혼의 창조본문(창세 1,26-27)이 지닌 특징에 관한 설명(III.20.31)으로부터, 그것의 창조 방식에 관한 결정적 힌트를 얻을 수 있다. 인간 영혼은 천사적 자연과 동일한 지성적 본성을 지니고 “하느님의 모상을 향해(ad imaginem Dei)” 창조된 존재자인 한에서, 그것의 창조는 하느님께 대한 지식으로 이뤄지며, 그것의 창조 방식은 타락 이후에 그것의 존재론적 쇄신과 변형, 곧 하느님 모상의 완성을 위한 원리와 일치한다(III.20.32). 한편, 인간 영혼의 인식이 언제나 대상을 향한 ‘지향적 돌아섬(conversiout intentio)’을 통해 이뤄지며, 그것이 사랑의 동력으로부터 비롯된 ‘사랑의 인식’인한, 언제나 인식 대상(의 형상)에 따라서 자기-존재를 재규정(쇄신과 변형)하는 방식으로 진행된다면, 우리는 인간 영혼도, 천사적 자연과 마찬가지로, 존재를 향한 하느님의 부르심에 응답하는 사랑의 돌아섬을 통해 창조되었다고 해석할 수 있다. 이러한 전망으로부터 우리는 인간 영혼의 존재가 지닌 기원적인 지향적 구조, 곧 삼위일체적 존재 구조를 확증하게 되며, 바로 그 존재 구조에 따라, 성령을 통해 부어진 상승하는 사랑의 초월-지향(extensio)으로 성자-말씀을 향해 돌아섬으로써, 인간 영혼은 단지 자기 존재뿐만 아니라 모든 존재자의 존재를 그것의 기원이자 목적인 삼위일체 하느님께 되돌리는(referre) 관계(relatio) 안에서, 그분으로부터 유래하는 존재 의미를 모든 피조물에 증여하게 된다. 더 나아가, 지성적 피조물의 이러한 삼위일체적 돌아섬의 기원이 성부를 향한 성자의 돌아섬이라는 ‘내재적 삼위일체’의 차원을 지닌다면(beata v. 4.34), 우리는 삼위일 체적사랑의 관계를 구성하는 ‘돌아섬-지향’ 개념을 통해 ‘아우구스티누스의 삼위일체적 존재론’을 정초할 수 있다. (shrink)

This paper concerns modal logics appearing from the temporal ordering of domains in two-dimensional Minkowski spacetime. As R. Goldblatt has proved recently, the logic of the whole plane isS4.2. We consider closed or open convex polygons and closed or open domains bounded by simple differentiable curves; this leads to the logics:S4,S4.1,S4.2 orS4.1.2.

If a formal theory T is able to reason about its own syntax, then the diagonalizable algebra of T is defined as its Lindenbaum sentence algebra endowed with a unary operator □ which sends a sentence φ to the sentence □φ asserting the provability of φ in T. We prove that the first order theories of diagonalizable algebras of a wide class of theories are undecidable and establish some related results.

Summary Ideomotor apraxia is a cognitive disorder in which the patient loses the ability to accurately perform learned, skilled actions. This is despite normal limb power and coordination. It has long been known that left supramarginal gyrus lesions cause bilateral upper limb apraxia and it was proposed that this area stored a visualkinaesthetic image of the skilled action, which was translated elsewhere in the brain into the pre-requisite movement formula. We hypothesise that, rather than these two functions occurring separately, both (...) are complementary functions of chains of ‘‘mirror neurons’’ within the left inferior parietal lobe. We go on to propose that this neural mechanism in the supramarginal gyrus and its projection zones, which originally evolved to allow the creation of a direct map between vision and movement, was subsequently exapted to allow other sorts of cross-domain mapping and in particular those sorts of abstract re-conceptualisation, such as metaphor, that make mankind unique. (shrink)

1. Bd. Dialoge. De proidentia. De constantia sapiensis. De ira. (Liber 1/3) Ad Marciam de consolatione. Über d. Standhaftigkeit d. Weisen. Über d. Zorn. (Buch 1/3) Trostschrift an Marcia. Lat. Text v. A Bougery u. R. Waltz. --2. Bd. De vita beata. De otio. De tranquillitate animi. De brevitate vitae. Ad Polybium de consolatione. Über das glückliche Leben. Über die Musse. Über die Seelenruhe. Über die Kürze des Lebens. Trostschrift an Polybius. Trotschrift an die Mutter Helvia. Lat. Text v. (...) A. Bourgery und R. Waltz. --3. Bd. Ad Lucilium epistulae morales I-LXIX. An Lucilius Briefe über Ethik 1-69. Lat. Text von F. Préchac. -- 4. Bd. Ad Lucilium epistulae morales LXX-CXXIV, [CXXV]. An Lucilius Briefe über Ethik 70-124, [125]. Lat. Text von F. Préchac.--5. Bd. Über die Milde. Über die Wohltaten. Lat. Text von F. Préchac. (shrink)

. The paper presents a method for transforming a given sound and complete n-sequent proof system into an equivalent sound and complete system of ordinary sequents. The method is applicable to a large, central class of (generalized) finite-valued logics with the language satisfying a certain minimal expressiveness condition. The expressiveness condition decrees that the truth-value of any formula φ must be identifiable by determining whether certain formulas uniformly constructed from φ have designated values or not. The transformation preserves the general (...) structure of proofs in the original calculus in a way ensuring preservation of the weak cut elimination theorem under the transformation. The described transformation metod is illustrated on several concrete examples of many-valued logics, including a new application to information sources logics. (shrink)

The idea of the common good has been a signature feature of Catholic social teaching and so of modern Catholic engagement in public affairs. It has recently been suggested that the notion is now obsolete due to changes in the culture and politics of the West. In keeping with this suggestion, some argue that Catholics should abandon it in favor of an appeal based on lower intermediate goods in a manner more related to Augustine’s engagement with the largely pagan culture (...) of his time than to Aquinas’s categories tailored to an integrally Christian society. I argue that such a solution misreads aspects of the tradition and of the present political and cultural situation and I suggest some alternative grounds on which Catholic engagement with contemporary public life should proceed and that thinking again about the common good is a necessary part of such engagement. (shrink)

Under this name, on November 20-21, the All-Ukrainian Scientific and Practical Conference took place in Poltava, which became one of the many events devoted to the 2000th anniversary of the Nativity of Christ. Its organizers were Poltava Regional State Administration, Department of Religious Studies at the Institute of Philosophy named after G. Skovoroda, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Poltava State Pedagogical Institute. VG Korolenko. The conference was attended by scholars: religious scholars, historians, philosophers, ethnographers, cultural experts, teachers from Kyiv, (...) and many regions of Ukraine. (shrink)

The answer to the question "unde malum?" has never been idle in monotheistic theology. In an effort to understand this issue, the Kabbalistic tradition has built complex systems. In the scope of this work, we do not claim to be considered in detail. We will conduct a brief review of these issues, first of all, to find out the essential basis on which the interpretation of the origin of evil and its manifestations within the framework of the mentioned religious and (...) philosophical discourse is built. (shrink)

The article deals with the problem of norm and normative approach to the diachronic language study. It identifies specificity of the normative approach to linguistic means within various linguistic traditions and determines the main features of the linguistic norm. The author points out that specific norms appear at each stage of language development as the result of correlation of the existing language means.

It is argued that it is a misinterpretation of frege to construe his talk of the bedeutungen of sentences and of predicates in an ontologically innocent way.

It is urged (1) that geach is correct in his claim ("assertion", "philosophical review", 74, (1965), Page 449) that what he calls 'the frege point' is logically independent of frege's doctrine that sentences are names of objects, And (2) that frege's 'propositions of begriffsschrift' are neither truths nor falsehoods.

В сборнике представлены очерки, герои которых - художники, философы, священнослужители, ученые, император Индии, французская крестьянка, Учитель Гималайского Братства и другие - сыграли немаловажную роль в земном творчестве Космической эволюции. Для широкого круга читателей.

Illustrations: 13 B/w & 1 Colour Illustrations Description: The frontiers of Traditional Knowledge and Science have long attracted the minds of scientists, theologians, intellectuals and students, who have been arguing both their similarities and dissimilarities, apparent contradictions, and the possibility of an ultimate harmony between the two. In ancient and medieval India - as in much of the Non-Western world - there was only one word for tradition and science, namely, vidya. Vidya encompassed what in the modern historically-sensitive inquiries is (...) called 'knowledge-systems.' However, in the modern West, placing Science and Tradition side-by-side has become something of an anathema, for many in the post-Enlightenment era regard Tradition to be a leftover from the Dark Ages. Science, in contrast, with its systematic approach to studying and understanding of all there is, has been considered to be unassailable. But even this impenetrable divide may be showing signs of rupture in the twenty-first century : there is now growing evidence of a line of continuity and creative engagement in a 'third space' between Science and Traditional Knowledge. Individuals and learned organizations are making enormous contributions in this interactive exploration. The Sir John Templeton Foundation, based in Philadelphia, USA, is one such international organization. Professor B.V. Subbarayappa is one such eminent scholar who has relentlessly pursued, and in his quiet way stimulated, the fusion of disparate minds in this area. He is hailed as a pioneer in the History and Philosophy of Science movement in India. His contributions in this field are without match and have earned him a name among scientists, science historians, philosophers and intellectuals all over the world. His monumental work and his sheer humanity have inspired the Editors of this volume to find a way to honour him. Scholars of various persuasions from around the world have contributed exploratory, specialist and dialogic essays toward this conversation of Science and Tradition. A biographical sketch with a comprehensive Bibliography (first-ever) of Prof Subbarayappa is also featured in the Introductory essay. Professor--D.P. Chattopadhyaya and J.N. Mohanty have offered prefatory comments of their own. Given the extensive range of topics discussed, both specialists and lay readers will doubtless gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between Science and Tradition in a cross-cultural context, and hopefully be inspired to develop respect for knowledge across these two frontiers. (shrink)

The policy adopted by the Twenty-fifth Congress of the CPSU on raising the quality of work and the effectiveness of social production means that work must be more highly organized and disciplined and that initiative and creative searching must be fostered. "The country sets as its goal enlargement of the real opportunities for citizens to apply their creative powers, abilities, and gifts and for comprehensive development of the individual.".

Introduction -- Aristotle and Locke in the American founding -- Equality, liberty, wisdom, morality, and consent in the idea of political freedom -- Humanizing certitudes and impoverishing doubts : a critique of The closing of the American mind by Allan Bloom -- "The Reichstag is still burning : the failure of higher education and the decline of the West" : a valedictory lecture -- The end of history means the end of freedom -- The American founding as the best regime (...) : the bonding of civil and religious liberty -- The decline and fall of the American idea : reflections on the failure of American conservatism -- Thomas Aquinas meets Thomas Jefferson -- Dred Scott revisited -- Legend of Sleepy Hollow. (shrink)