El artículo presenta la respuesta que san Agustín da al problema del mal. En primer lugar, en "De ordine", contra las ideas plotinianas de la necesidad y eternidad del mal, examina sus textos y argumentos principales. Posteriormente aborda este mismo asunto desde la polémica antimaniquea y con relaión a la doctrina expuesta por san Agustín a los cristianos, para dar una respuesta desde la perspectiva bíblica, según la cual Dios permite el mal con previsión de la victoria del bien.

Ever since Plato's condemnation of the poets who did not deserve a place in his ideal city poetry has, in areas of the Western world, drawn suspicion as for its ability to convey the "truth." Philosophy, then, was thought to be a better candidate assuming that the truth in question could only be "discursive" as opposed to "poetic." In the West, the tension between poetry and philosophy reached a quasi-chiasmatic peak with modernism, a period during which the poem asserted in (...) the most radical way its own mode of thinking. Alain Badiou in his Que pense le poème? qualifies the singularity of poetic thought in terms of "musical silence." Yet, in spite of the depth and beauty of the image, the poem falls short of being considered as philosophical thought proper. By moving away from a conception of philosophy centred on logos as method, the poem may conceivably reveal a profoundly philosophical nature. Such is the case with the poetic prose of French contemporary writer Christian Bobin. Starting from Badiou's conception of "musical silence" in poetry this essay reflects on the extent to which emptitude at work in Bobin amounts to a uniquely philosophical mode of thinking. (shrink)

In De immortalitate animae Augustine is not satisfied with completing his proof of the immortality of the soul – which had been left open in the second book of the Soliloquies –; he also answers some possible objections, demonstrating that the rational soul cannot cease to exist, it cannot die, nor can it change into an irrational body or soul. Furthermore, remaining faithful to the programmatic declaration of never wanting to stray from the authority of Christ (Acad. 3, 20, 43), (...) he specifies the ontological status of the soul by affirming that it is, in itself, mutable and therefore not of a divine nature, as Varro had argued. Nor is it a substance foreign to the body, as the Platonists claimed, because the soul has an appetitus ad corpus and, if it questions itself, it easily discovers that it desires nothing else «except to do something, to know with intelligence or with the senses, or only to live, as far as this is in its power» (nisi agendi aliquid, aut sciendi, aut sentiendi, aut tantummodo vivendi in quantum sua illi potestas est). (shrink)

This paper continues the program connecting reverse mathematics and computable analysis via the framework of Weihrauch reducibility. In particular, we consider problems related to perfect subsets of Polish spaces, studying the perfect set theorem, the Cantor–Bendixson theorem, and various problems arising from them. In the framework of reverse mathematics, these theorems are equivalent, respectively, to $\mathsf {ATR}_0$ and $\boldsymbol {\Pi }^1_1{-}\mathsf{CA}_0$, the two strongest subsystems of second order arithmetic among the so-called big five. As far as we know, this is (...) the first systematic study of problems at the level of $\boldsymbol {\Pi }^1_1{-}\mathsf{CA}_0$ in the Weihrauch lattice. We show that the strength of some of the problems we study depends on the topological properties of the Polish space under consideration, while others have the same strength once the space is rich enough. (shrink)

Este artículo desvela algunos de los secretos de la seducción. Con un tono literario pero muy directo, el texto explica que las miradas, las palabras y los gestos son los tres elementos fundamentales en ese ámbito de amor y juego. La autora describe con precisión las características del seductor y las del seducido, dejando claro que ambos necesitan del otro para existir y adquirir sentido.This article reveals some of the secrets of the seduction. With a literary tone but very direct, (...) the text clarifies that the looks, the words and the gestures are three fundamental elements in this one area of love and game. The authoress describes finely the characteristics of the seducer and of the seduced, clarifying that both need from other one to exist and to acquire sense. (shrink)

Nossa intenção neste artigo é mostrar como Claude Lefort concebe a democracia como, mais do que um regime político, uma forma histórica privilegiada por ser aquela em que a sociedade se exprime politicamente sem anular um elemento fundamental para a preservação de sua liberdade: o conflito. Para tanto, partimos dos estudos lefortianos sobre Maquiavel para investigar como o autor extrai do republicanismo o sentido dessa conflitualidade fundamental e como ele vê nessa forma política a gestação de uma mutação histórica decisiva: (...) o esvaziamento do lugar do poder. (shrink)

New technologies could facilitate new ways of cheating. This emerging scenario places academic integrity policy in higher education institutions as critical. Academic integrity scholars have designed conceptual frameworks to analyze academic integrity policy. The body of the literature on academic integrity policy analysis includes studies developed in North America, Europe, and Australia. However, insight into several regions of the world is lacking. This pioneering study in the Chilean context analyzes documents addressing academic integrity at forty-three accredited universities. Using a qualitative (...) research design, we framed this policy analysis in the five core elements of exemplary academic integrity policy: access, approach, responsibility, detail, and support. The findings revealed challenges with accessing documents online, a strong presence of legal language that might not be understandable to all students, and a scarcity of information about review cycles. The punitive approach was prevalent, with a significant focus on students’ conduct. Signs of collaboration and mechanisms for promoting academic integrity cultures were nearly absent. The documents primarily targeted students and the roles of other stakeholders concentrated on the enforcement of sanctions and misconduct investigations. The analysis also showed the use of general definitions to describe academic integrity breaches, inconsistency across the system in defining plagiarism and a lack of guidance to address contract cheating and unauthorized use of generative artificial intelligence. The findings also highlighted the unavailability of institutional support to teach, learn, and research with integrity or references to research-based practices. We propose twelve practical recommendations for policymakers and academic integrity advocates. (shrink)

Tradução das três primeiras cartas de Leibniz a des Bosses.

En este artículo me propongo mostrar que lo que Sócrates hace con Fedro a lo largo de toda la obra no es otra cosa que utilizar la auténtica retórica que es descrita en la segunda parte del diálogo. Las tensiones, rivalidades y celos de la situación inicial entre ellos expone un perfil representativo de relaciones entre interlocutores con perspectivas intelectuales opuestas. Es preciso disolver la resistencia emocional por medio de una serie de pasos graduales, estratégicos, y ‘engañosos’. Hay que partir (...) de acuerdos, siquiera parciales, para continuar dialogando. Sin embargo, Sócrates también introduce nociones nuevas acerca del amor, pero éstas pasan desapercibidas a un Fedro obsesionado con la imitación de su enamorado Lisias. Hasta que Sócrates decide cortar el juego y cruzar el río. Este corte provoca un giro en ambos personajes: Fedro se dispone a escuchar lo que Sócrates quiere contarle y Sócrates se revela ante sí mismo como un personaje capaz de ‘encantar’ a Fedro con la belleza rapsódica del relato y superar su propio temor de convertirse en una bestia devoradora. Al final Sócrates muestra su juego a Fedro y le enseña cómo ha sido posible llegar a un auténtico diálogo filosófico, donde pueda tener lugar la enseñanza y el aprendizaje recíprocos. (shrink)

El artículo versa sobre las fuentes inspiradoras del modelo antropológico presentado por Agustín en el libro I de las "Confesiones", que no son las de los filósofos neoplatónicos, sino las de la Antigua Academia, según la versión particular dada por Antíoco de Ascalón, entremezclado con muchos elementos peripatéticos y estoicos, y transmitido a la cultura latina por Cicerón y Varrón. Y para demostrarlo, se hace el estudio de diversos pasajes del libro I de las "Confesiones".

En el artículo se ofrece un comentario breve y sustancioso del desarrollo de la reflexión teológica en los primeros siglos de la Iglesia, buscando resaltar los momentos más sobresalientes y los personajes ligados a las mayores novedades doctrinales. Se toma como línea de referencia el concilio de Nicea (325), y se distinguen una fase precedente y, otra, subsiguiente a dicho concilio.

El artículo se propone demostrar que la concepción agustiniana del matrimonio está inspirada fuertemente por Aristóteles, a quien llegó a conocer mediante las obras de autores latinos, como Varrón y Cicerón. No se hace una exposición completa y detallada del pensamiento agustiniano sobre el matrimonio, sino que el artículo se limita a llamar la atención sobre algunos puntos en que se deja sentir con mayor claridad el eco de la enseñanza aristotélica, como es el tema del carácter social y amistoso (...) del matrimonio, entre otros. (shrink)

En este artículo se plantean y responden algunas preguntas en torno al pecado original en el pensamiento agustiniano, desde los primeros tiempos de su elaboración hasta el Ad Simplicianum libri duo, del año 396, como es la relativa al cuándo y por qué, junto a la noción de un pecado de origen, Agustín comenzó a pensar en una implicación de todos los descendientes en la culpa, además de en los castigos de los progenitores. Se responde también a la pregunta sobre (...) cómo comenzó san Agustín a explicar o expresar tal implicación. (shrink)

Contra la hipótesis de que san Agustín había atribuido a los filósofos paganos el conocimiento de la Divina Trinidad, admitiendo así la posibilidad de conocer la Trinidad sin la encarnación, este estudio muestra primeramente que el obispo de Hipona había distinguido la idea de Dios Padre, tanto en los filósofos como en el Antiguo Testamento, de la idea de Dios, el Padre de Jesucristo. En segundo lugar, muestra que los pasajes en los que el evangelista habla de la revelación del (...) Padre realizada por Cristo el autor de los "Tractatus" los expone subrayando la naturaleza propia del conocimiento cristiano de Dios. (shrink)

This essay explores the nihilistic nature of the idea of postmodern aesthetics in the Western world by highlighting its historical and cultural specificity in contrast with non-Western postmodernities, in particular in East Asia, and this in spite of their formal similarities. We then have to question the nature, possibility and implication of Western postmodern aesthetics overcoming itself within the context of globalisation.

The contributions of the Anthropology could be significant for the Penal Law as long as some epistemological criteria could be settled down. Today we lack of these criteria or are simple outlined. This article tries to outline some of these epistemological axes that would allow a better use of th..

ARISTOTLE'S Ethics are not focused on a group of moral principles; they are developed from the affirmation of an end which subordinates all human activities. This end is sought for itself and is called "the good and the best".

We present the dossier “Studies of Childhood: movements, limits and frontiers”, a theme discussed in the III Brazilian Congress Childhood Studies (CEI). The Congress was organized by members of the Department of Childhood Studies (DEDI) and the Graduate Program in Education (ProPEd) of the State University of Rio de Janeiro. The articles that compose the dossier review the debates that took place during the event in the fields of education, international relations, and ethno-racial issues. In this presentation, inspired by Mario (...) Benedetti's poem “The Bridge”, we explore the power of three words to think about childhood and the relationship we establish with children: borders, strangeness and movements. How many borders do childhood and children cross into the political, cultural, social, and biological order of life? Which movements or changes do they produce, reproduce, and spread? How to destrange childhood, in the sense of challenging the actions and discursive productions that promote exclusions of various forms? Which movements – in the field of research and in society in general – are instituted to encourage the agency of childhood? Starting from the idea that both our culture and our subjectivity are constituted in the relationship between an interior and an exterior that are placed in tension, we draw on philosophy, literature, psychoanalysis, and cultural studies to explore these questions. In this dossier, the texts compose a set that dialogues with the philosophy of childhood and goes beyond conceptual and methodological limits, in the sense of making moves to understand children and childhood through their perspectives, actions, languages and positions, in an objective and subjective form. (shrink)

Zadie Smith’s latest novel, NW, presents a multiverse in which multiplicity is driven into homogeneization by the forces of those dominant discourses that attempt to suppress the category of the “Other.” This paper focuses on the development of the two female protagonists. Their opposing attitudes towards motherhood, together with their confrontation with their origins, bring to the fore the performativity found in the discourses of gender, sexuality, class, and race. Thus, this paper will explore authenticity and performativity in a contemporary (...) context, where patriarchal and neocolonial discourses still apply. (shrink)

An accessible analysis of the global expansion of financial markets in poor communities, incorporating the latest thinking and evidence.

El artículo estudia la fuente varroniana de la exposición que de las artes liberales hace san Agustín en la segunda parte del "De ordine". Primero demuestra que la interpretación que de esa sección da I. Hadot es excesivamente neoplatónica. Después presenta argumentos nuevos a favor de la inspiración varroniana del discurso agustiniano sobre las artes liberales.

El artículo versa sobre las fuentes inspiradoras del "De immortalitate animae", partiendo de las teorías clásicas que existen al respecto. Señala que, en la época que precedió al bautismo, la cultura de Agustín no se ajustaba al neoplatonismo tanto como se le ha presentado y que, a sus ojos, además de la novedad de la fé cristiana, todavía contaban mucho las sugerencias provenientes de la lectura de los clásicos latinos, no sólo Cicerón, sino también Varrón. Para demostrarlo se someten a (...) examen algunos pasajes del escrito, indicando las fuentes en las que se ha inspirado. (shrink)

Following some methodological remarks, the article first demonstrates the possibility of determining indirectly Augustine’s patristic sources in De Trinitate, while it also takes into account the author’s indications of his sources in other of his writings. The presence of Marius Victorinus in Books 5-7 is also underscored. The second half of the article, while acknowledging a certain Neoplatonic philosophical influence behind similitudo mentis, nevertheless attributes Augustine’s first awareness of this concept to Victorinus. In addition, the psychological analyses found in Books (...) 9-10 are traceable principally to the theory of oikeiosis present in Latin authors, in primis, Cicero. (shrink)

El artículo intenta demostrar la inspiración tertuliana del De libero arbitrio, para ayudar a una mejor comprensión de la obra en cuestión y de todo el pensamiento del primer Agustín.

Trata-se da tradução do artigo "The Sense of Justice", de John Rawls, publicado originalmente emThe Philosophical Review, Jul., 1963, Vol. 72, No. 3, pp. 281-305.

This article presents the main theoretical approaches to the religious phenomenon: functionalism, constructivism, civil religion, invisible religion, diffused religion, rational choice, vicarious religion, and so on. It is difficult to accumulate empirical data that in general are considered too weak. The state of the art of sociology of religion seems promising because of the presence of new generations of sociologists who are deeply involved in their work. For the future a specific theory on migration mobility is necessary. Another necessity is (...) a wider development of qualitative analysis for a better knowledge of religious dynamics. (shrink)

Este trabajo es una investigación sobre filosofía de la cultura. Trata de comprender las expresio-nes simbólicas de algunos grupos humanos: los mesoamericanos del periodo clásico. Como saber filosófico, la filosofía de la cultura toma su punto de partida de las descripciones llevadas a cabo desde el plano de la exterioridad objetiva por arqueólogos, lingüistas e historiadores. Teniéndolas en cuenta intento comprender estas culturas en un doble plano: el fenomenológico y el ontológico. Como ejes de la organización de estas culturas tomo (...) las expresiones artísticas y religiosas más significativas referidas al espacio y al tiempo: sus lugares sagrados y sus calenda-rios sagrados, e intento realizar una comprensión de lo vivido o acontecido en la interioridad de los sujetos de estas culturas ante los lugares sagrados y sus calendarios, y alcanzar, desde el punto de vista de la ontología de la cultura la esencia del espacio como lugar de manifestación del Origen y del calendario como organización de la vida desde un constructo ideal. (shrink)