近世を代表する思想家・伊藤仁斎。諸稿本に残る書き入れや訂正を基に、「庶民の道徳」を追究した仁斎の思想構造を浮き彫りにする。.

A VERSION OF CARTESIAN METHOD RODERICK H. CHISHQLM Introduction In one of his many profound discussions of the method of philosophy, Korner makes the ...

The essence of Nietzscheanism as a philosophical doctrine has never been characterized by a definite consistency or certainty. Instead "indirect followers" and interpreters of Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophy (since this thinker did not have direct followers or a particular school) resorted to a variety of interpretations of his concepts. Considering that, the hermeneutic aspect of the study not only of Nietzsche's texts, but also of his interpreters allows us to look at the hidden potential of the concepts of the German philosopher (...) from a new point of view. In this research, we seek to focus on looking for Nietzschean roots in Ernst Jünger's creative legacy, tracing the transformation of his ideas along the author's intellectual path and showing how those ideas correlate with those of Friedrich Nietzsche himself and how they differ. As a reference point for any study of interpretations of Nietzsche's philosophy, the author singles out many German philosopher concepts at the edge of various interpretations. Such central concepts in the article include the idea of "Apollonian" and "Dionysian" principles (the first), the anthropological idea of " Overhuman" and the interrelated metaphysical triad of "will to power," "reevaluation of all values," and "eternal return." In addition, one of the leading motives of the 20th century, which can be traced to an attempt to read Nietzschean ideas, postulates their location at the junction of philosophical and political-ideological concepts. Analyzing the peculiar hermeneutic conflict of Nietzschean philosophy based on this phenomenon, the author turns to early attempts to understand and implement the ideas of the German thinker, which were carried out directly in Germany. This context is connected in the article with the formation of the foundations of the conservative revolution and the figure of Ernst Jünger since the interpretation of this thinker, to some extent, can be considered one of the first and, undoubtedly, the most resonant. In the course of the research, the author turns to Nietzsche's original texts, forming a kind of hermeneutic circle of the author and interpreters, interpreters and the interpreted, ultimately obtaining in this system the opportunity for a thorough and as independent as possible analysis of the original ideas, counting on the probability of reducing the error of one's interpretation due to paying attention to the entire interpretive field texts The considered ideas of Ernst Jünger demonstrate this thesis, expanding the contextual field of the Nietzschean Overman and the metaphysics of the Will to Power and giving these concepts in an interpreted form a particular social dimension along with the philosophical one, which provides a new context for the interpretation of the ideas of Friedrich Nietzsche. (shrink)

The book of Revelation contains rich imagery that has always aroused deep interest among Christian commentators. One of the most mysterious parts is Rev. 13, where the author wrote about the forces of evil fighting with God. John introduced the two main satanic forces – the beast from the sea and the beast from the earth. There is a unique interpretation in the Adventist Church that the beast from the earth (Rev. 13:11‑18) symbolizes the Protestant country of the USA. However, (...) the emergence and development of this interpretation in the Seventh-day Adventist Church has not received sufficient attention. This article traces the development and characterizes the interpretation of the beast from the earth (Rev. 13:11‑18) among Adventist pioneers. The first impetus for identifying the beast from the earth was the eschatological understanding of the Sabbath as a central issue in end-time events. Hermeneutic methods of Early Adventists were based on the principle of historicism, and they began to view Sunday as the mark of the beast from the sea (papacy) to be forcibly imposed by the beast from the land – the Protestant USA. G. W. Holt first stated that America would become an ally of the Antichrist and is a symbol of the beast from the earth. Other Adventists accepted this interpretation, which was confirmed in the visions of Ellen White. John Nevins Andrews made significant contributions to the biblical basis for the Adventist understanding of the beast from the earth. Building on his comments, John Loughborough, Uriah Smith, and Ellen White deepened and developed the arguments regarding the interpretation of the beast from the earth. Anticipation of the law on mandatory Sunday observance in the USA has become part of Adventist eschatology. Based on the apocalyptic prophecies of the book of Revelation, Adventists saw a future unification of Christendom in which US Protestantism would play a key role. (shrink)

Jean Mitry _The Aesthetics and Psychology of the Cinema_ Translated by Christopher King London: Athlone Press, 1998 ISBN: 0-485-30084-2 403 pp.

A comparison of the maps of Europe from 1935 and 1867 is the best testimony to the importance of his life’s societal creations: Piłsudski and the political side he had formed established a state that was missing on the maps of the 19th century. And yet, when describing Piłsudski’s activities, is it right to apply the category of creating, understood so broadly as to encompass military concepts alongside the economic reconstruction of the country? This question must be answered with another (...) question: whatever other category is adequate? Piłsudski himself said: Human soul is meant to create: conceptions is sudden creativity, a kind of inspiration. Allow us to inquire about Poland, an organized creative effort that would eventually result in notonly a state but also an organized nation. What we are dealing with here, then, is a creator and his associates. Any creation is self-creation. (shrink)

The paper summarizes the author’s experience of conducting economic scientific research. Economic scientific research is understood as both an analysis of economic phenomena and research purchased on the market of research services. The former are not subject to ethical dilemmas. It is a professional approach backed by sound economic theory that is important. The latter, regardless of who purchases research services, pose a risk of ethical dilemmas and conflicts of interest. The area of potential risk is connected to expectations of (...) organizations purchasing research services. In most cases organizations are interested to receive objective assessments or recommendation necessary to take decisions. Ethical conflict appears when the destination of research is lobbing or a company’s image creation. The results of research may be used as an instrument of competition. It is thus vital that a research organization should judge the ethical dimension of undertaken research tasks. Research projects being socially beneficial should be definitely undertaken. In controversial cases, the conviction of the rightfulness in the ethical dimension ought to be decisive. In all cases the principal rule should be aiming at achieving scientifically objective assessments and opinions. (shrink)

The essay deals with moral problems in Proust’s A la recherche du temps perdu. The novel has been viewed by many as a survey of the ruling customs, as an outstanding psychological novel, as a study of human characters, and as a story of the decline of aristocracy. The description of facts has been noted in this way, but not the underlying idea. This essay shows Proust not only as an etologist, but also as a moralist. The essay consists of (...) three parts. The first one deals with Proust’s views connected with the theory of knowledge to be found in the novel. Special emphasis is put on the influence both of the atmosphere of his home and that of his time on the formation of Proust’s views, as his point of departure was the positivistic method as well as scientific and naturalistic approach to all events. Further, it should be stressed – and this has escaped many readers for a long time – that having applied his method Proust arrived at general conclusions which have proved to be in a sheer contradiction with this method. No writer of fiction before him has pointed out the importance of subjective factors in cognition better than he did. In defiance of positivism, Proust denies neither the existence of the essence of things nor of qualitative differences. Considerations relating to Proust’s analysis of the phenomenon of remembering and of different kinds of memory show how important they were for fixing his views on the insufficiency and inadequacy of intellectual cognition as well as on discovering its falsifications, simplifications and utilitarian character. Both the world of common experience and common sense and that of science are worlds of delusion. These conceptions show a striking coincidence with those of Bergson. (shrink)

We describe a corpus of speech taking place between 30 Korean mother–child pairs, divided in three groups of Prelexical (M= 0;08), Early-Lexical (M= 1;02), and Advanced-Lexical (M= 2;03). In addition to the child-directed speech (CDS), this corpus includes two different formalities of adult-directed speech (ADS), i.e., family-directed ADS (ADS_Fam) and experimenter-directed ADS (ADS_Exp). Our analysis of the MLU in CDS, family-, and experimenter-directed ADS found significant differences between CDS and ADS_Fam, and between ADS_Fam and ADS_Exp, but not between CDS and (...) ADS_Exp. Our finding suggests that researchers should pay more attention to controlling the level of formality in CDS and ADS when comparing the two registers for their speech characteristics. The corpus was transcribed in the CHAT format of the CHILDES system, so users can easily extract data related to verbal behavior in the mother–child interaction using the CLAN program of CHILDES. (shrink)

Author: Dziemidok Bohdan Title: AXIOLOGY OF WŁADYSŁAW TATARKIEWICZ (Aksjologia Władysława Tatarkiewicza) Source: Filo-Sofija year: 2011, vol:.13/14, number: 2011/2-3, pages: 459-472 Keywords: AXIOLOGY, AESTHETIC THEORY, WŁADYSŁAW TATARKIEWICZ, OLD AGE Discipline: PHILOSOPHY Language: POLISH Document type: ARTICLE Publication order reference (Primary author’s office address): E-mail: www:Władysław Tatarkiewicz was not only a co-creator of Polish aesthetics (aside Roman Ingarden, Stanisław Ossowski and Mieczysław Wallis) but also, aside Henryk Elzenberg, a co-creator of Polish axiology. Main issues of Tatarkiewicz’s axiological development were: value and (...) validation theory and happiness and perfection theory. His undebatable achievement in axiological discourse is justification of the need to acknowledge relationism as a middle ground position between objectivism and subjectivism and axiological pluralism as a position different from absolutism and axiological relativism. The article presents not only axiology explicite, contained in his theoretical works, but also tries to reconstruct Tatarkiewicz’s personal axiology, which guided him throughout his long life. The personal axiology of his, I tried to reconstruct based on his memoirs, interviews he gave, letters and my personal contacts with him. (shrink)

Книга Об’явлення містить незвичайні та символічні образи. В центральній частині книги розміщені уривки про антихриста. Число 666 є однією із його характеристик і завжди привертало увагу коментаторів. Протягом церковної історії було застосовано багато різноманітних герменевтичних методів для визначення значення числа 666. Церква Адвентистів сьомого дня виникла в XIX столітті на основі досліджень пророчих текстів апокаліптичних книг Даниїла та Обʼявлення. Відсутність герменевтичного аналізу тлумачення числа 666 серед ранніх адвентистів зумовлює необхідність цього дослідження. Стаття присвячена визначенню та аналізу особливостей герменевтики ранніх адвентистів (...) при тлумаченні числа 666. В першій частині дослідження проаналізовано тлумачення числа 666 в міллеритському русі з 1833 по 1844 роки, а в другій частині – в адвентистському русі з 1844 по 1888 роки. Герменевтика коментаторів міллеритського та адвентистського рухів була основана на історицизмі. Вони тлумачили біблійні пророцтва в контексті конкретних історичних подій. Були сформовані три основні тлумачення числа 666: 1) 666 років; 2) 666 церковних організацій; 3) Титул Vicarius Filii Dei. Завдяки впливу Вільяма Міллера серед міллеритів стала поширеною думка про те, що число 666 означає проміжок часу 666 років. 666 років було включено в хронологічні обчислення інших пророчих періодів з біблійних апокаліптичних книг: 2300, 1260, 1290 і 1335. Ранні адвентисти проігнорували тлумачення Вільяма Міллера і популяризували другу інтерпретацію, згідно якої число 666 символізує 666 церковних організацій, які є частиною духовного Вавилону. Третю інтерпретацію запровадив Урія Сміт, який використав герменевтичний метод гематрії. Урія Сміт популяризував інтерпретацію, згідно якої латинський титул папи Vicarius Filii Dei має числове значення 666. (shrink)

The article focuses on the socially transforming aspect of American pragmatism. In particular, the article highlights the relevance and significance of Ralph Emerson’s transcendentalism and self-reliance for the information society. The key problem of the information society is defined as the general distrust about the truth. The culture of criticism displaces trust in others as seekers of the truth and, ultimately, eliminates self-trust.Based on Ralph Emerson’s essays and William James’ “Pragmatism”, the article distinguishes between two conceptions of truth: optimistic and (...) pessimistic. The first one is grounded on the pragmatist understanding of truth as the “theory that works”. The truth in the pragmatist understanding is not an ultimate and finished truth but the truth in making. Therefore, the truth is subject to amendments. However, this does not mean that uncompleted truth is not true, since it can already work and help us with our self-understanding and orientation in the world. Contrary to this, informational society is the society of spectatorship and criticism, left without the power of individuals to distinguish personally between true and false and take responsibility for such decisions. Informational society, in general, perceives truth as something absolute, unreachable and at the same time impossible to exist.The article considers Emerson’s idea of Man Thinking and the concept of Oversoul, addressing the problem of an autonomous individual in its relation to society and truth. Personality, being central for Emerson, cannot be understood separately at the same time, since an individual is a part of Nature and Society. In addition, in Emerson’s transcendental terminology, personality is the embodiment of the Oversoul of humanity while Oversoul in the world can act only through the actions of persons. Therefore, true self-reliance cannot be separated from the aspirations of an individual to reach Man Thinking through truth, and personally implement it in life. In such a way, self-reliance is also the basis for inter-subjective trust.Manuscript received 25.04.2020. (shrink)

The turn of the 20th and the 21st century is a very interesting period. On the one hand, there is a growth of internationalist tendencies, which make us look for common values and universal culture, and on the other hand, the centrifugal tendencies lead to the revival of new forms of nationalism and national and religious conflicts. Integrative tendencies are an unquestioned fact of every aspect of societal life: economic, political, and in culture, which succumbs to a tendency to create (...) global and universal mass culture. It turns out, however, that neither international commerce, nor the blossoming systems of communication and transport, provide us with the common feeling of identity or belonging. At the same time the need for those does not cease to exist. As a result, “people rediscover or create new historical identity”, since they feel uprooted and “need new sources of identity and new forms of stable community, new systems of moral imperatives, which could give them a sense of meaningful and purpose life”. One of the most important forms of collective and cultural identity still turns out to be the national one. The prophecies of the end of the era of nations have not come true. “The strength of national sentiments – writes Jerzy Szacki – even if changeable in time and diverse in space, does not show any symptoms of clear decline, the era of nations keeps lasting and nothing predicts it will end soon.”. (shrink)