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Memory
Edited by John Sutton (Macquarie University)
Assistant editor: Sadegh Balal Niaki (University of Western Ontario)
About this topic
| Summary | Remembering takes many distinctive forms. Philosophers have primarily discussed the form of memory in which I remember episodes and experiences in my own past. Such ‘personal’ (or ‘experiential’ or ‘episodic’) memories seem to represent the past events to which they refer, and to depend on certain kinds of causal connections between past and present. In ‘factual’ or ‘semantic’ memory, in contrast, I need not have personally experienced what I now remember. ‘Declarative’ memory of both these forms aims at truth, but can go wrong in minor or dramatic ways. We also remember both to do certain things (‘prospective’ memory), and how to do certain things (‘procedural’ memory). Philosophers discuss the nature, functions, and mechanisms of memory; its relations to perception, imagination, dreams, emotions, and knowledge; and its connections with personal identity, responsibility, and our moral and social lives. Memory is an active topic of interdisciplinary research between philosophy, cognitive science, and the social sciences. |
| Key works | Theories of memory in the premodern history of philosophy are discussed by Draaisma 2000, Krell 1990, and Sutton 1998. Rich and wide-ranging theoretical treatments include Campbell 2003, Hacking 1995, and Middleton & Brown 2005. The causal theory of memory is developed in Martin & Deutscher 1966, while important work on personal or autobiographical memory includes Campbell 1997, Hoerl 1999, and Goldie 2012. CASEY 1987 offers a phenomenological treatment of memory, while Stern 1991 develops a Wittgensteinian approach. Sheets-Johnstone 2003 discusses kinesthetic or bodily memory. Ideas about social aspects of memory are developed by Wegner et al 1985. |
| Introductions | Warnock 1987 is a fine, wide-ranging first read on the philosophy of memory, while Engel 1999 and Schacter 1996 offer provocative introductions to the psychology of memory. Sutton 2006 surveys a range of ideas about situated and social memory, while Boyer & Wertsch 2009 is a good collection of interdisciplinary essays. |
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Related
Subcategories
Theories of Memory (614)
Epistemology of Memory (280)
Memory and Cognitive Science (2,665)
Autobiographical Memory (428)
Time and Memory (156)
Embodied Memory (146)
Conscious and Unconscious Memory* (2,128)
Amnesia* (78)
Memory, Misc (155)
See also
- Temporal Experience (784 | 275)
- Externalism and Self-Knowledge (455 | 88)
- Psychological Theories of Personal Identity (317)
- Time and Consciousness in Psychology (164)
History/traditions: Memory
- Plato: Theory of Recollection (84)
- Hume: Memory (13)
- Spinoza: Memory (12)
Contents
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- Memory, Luck, and the Laudative Theory of Knowledge.Boyd Millar - forthcoming - Oxford Studies in Epistemology.According to the laudative theory of knowledge, “knowledge” is a mere laudative term—a term, such as “athletic,” “artistic,” or “masterpiece,” that expresses merely that some entity is good relative to some domain. (I.e., the laudative theory claims that for you to know some proposition just is for you to believe some true proposition in a good way.) I defend the laudative theory by contrasting inferential knowledge and memory. A central component of what it is for an inferential belief to constitute (...)
- Recall the Memory Argument for Inner Awareness.Amit Chaturvedi - forthcoming - Journal of the American Philosophical Association.An intuition about consciousness known as the 'Awareness Principle' states: For any mental state M of a subject S, M is conscious only if S has an 'inner awareness' of M. Some have recently defended this principle by revising the 'memory argument' first offered by the sixth-century Buddhist philosopher Dignāga: from the fact that an experience can be episodically remembered, it should follow that a subject must have been aware of that experience. In response, I argue that defenders of the (...)
- Remembering and imagining as attitudes: an interpretivist account.Matheus Diesel Werberich - 2025 - Synthese 205 (162).The (dis)continuism problem asks if episodic memory is continuous with imagination. Given its close proximity with the cognitive sciences, philosophers have traditionally taken this issue as part of a larger naturalistic framework in the philosophy of memory. Some philosophers have argued that such naturalistic methodology entails the need for philosophers to also take the mental attitudes of remembering and imagining into account. However, the naturalistic methodology is concerned with making ontological claims on the basis of the relevant explanatory terms inside (...)
- Going through the Motions: Memory and Remembrance in Cavendish.Tobias Sandoval - 2025 - British Journal for the History of Philosophy:1-23.Margaret Cavendish’s conception of memory has received little scholarly attention. Here, I taxonomize various notions of memory within her system, focusing primarily on a crucial distinction between what she calls ‘memory’ and what she calls ‘remembrance.’ I argue that Cavendish considers remembrance a more general and pervasive action in nature than memory. Memory, an action uniquely associated with animal creatures, refers to the animal’s reason storing past sense perceptions and conceptions such as thoughts, ideas, imaginations, etc. Remembrances, or voluntary repetitions (...)
- Watsuji Tetsurō’s Memory of Natsume Sōseki: A Translation of “Until I met Sōseki” and “Sōseki’s Character”.Kyle Michael James Shuttleworth - 2025 - Journal of East Asian Philosophy 4 (2):171-188.The following translation is an extract from the third chapter of Watsuji Tetsurō’s Hidden Japan [埋もれた日本] 1951. The translation is composed of two sections: “Until I met Sōseki” [漱石に逢うまで], and “Sōseki’s Character” [漱石の人物]. The former section discusses Watsuji’s indirect encounters with Natsume, namely, reading Natsume’s work as it was serialized in literary magazines during the Meiji era (1868–1912) and the impression Watsuji formed of Natsume as a teacher at Tokyo First Higher School (Ichikō). The latter section discusses Natsume as Watsuji’s (...)
- (1 other version)Remnants of perception: Comments on Block and the function of visual working memory.Jake Quilty-Dunn - 2024 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 110 (1):284-293.This commentary critically examines the view of the relationship between perception and memory in Ned Block's *The Border Between Seeing and Thinking*. It argues that visual working memory often stores the outputs of perception without altering their formats, allowing online visual perception to access these memory representations in computations that unfold over longer timescales and across eye movements. Since Block concedes that visual working memory representations are not iconic, we should not think of perceptual representations as exclusively iconic either.
- Ethics and Memory.Marina Trakas - 2023 - In Lucas Bietti & Pogacar Martin, The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Memory Studies. Palgrave Macmillan.(draft) In this chapter, I examine the most significant ethical questions surrounding memory, both at the collective and individual levels, as discussed in the literature. I begin by exploring the values associated with memory, including truth, accuracy, integrity, and broader social and political dimensions. I then address the concept of a duty to remember, particularly in the context of genocide and other human atrocities, and the complex questions this concept raises. Following this, I analyze the ethical challenges posed by forgetting, (...)
- Augustine on memory, the mind, and human flourishing.T. Parker Haratine - 2024 - British Journal for the History of Philosophy 32 (6):1220-1240.Augustine maintains that the mind at least consists of memory, intellect, and will (De Trinitate 10.9.13 & 10.11.17). While it is easy to understand the intellect and will as essential to the mind’s activities, memory proves more difficult to understand. It is not immediately clear, for example, whether a human mind could operate without memory, whether people without memory have minds, and what distinguishes memory from the intellect. To understand the role of memory and its respective activities, this article addresses (...)
- Speak, Memory: Dignāga, Consciousness, and Awareness.Nicholas Silins - forthcoming - Australasian Journal of Philosophy.When someone is in a conscious state, must they be aware of it? The Buddhist philosopher Dignāga offers a brilliant route to answering this question by leveraging the role awareness might play as a constraint on memory. I begin by clarifying his strategy and what conclusions it might be used to establish, and then turn to explain why it fails. The first main problem is that, contrary to his contemporary defenders, there is no good way to use it to reach (...)
- Perception in Dreams: A Guide for Dream Engineers, a Reflection on the Role of Memory in Sensory States, and a New Counterexample to Hume’s Account of the Imagination.Fiona Macpherson - 2024 - In Daniel Gregory & Kourken Michaelian, Dreaming and Memory: Philosophical Issues. Springer. pp. 353–381.I argue that dreams can contain perceptual elements in multifarious, heretofore unthought-of ways. I also explain the difference between dreams that contain perceptual elements, perceptual experiences that contain dream elements, and having a dream and a perceptual experience simultaneously. I then discuss two applications of the resulting view. First, I explain how my taxonomy of perception in dreams will allow “dream engineers”—who try to alter the content of people’s dreams—to accurately classify different dreams and explore creating new forms of perception (...)
- Memoria y emoción.Marina Trakas (ed.) - 2021 - La Plata, Argentina: Revista de Psicología UNLP.Verónica Adriana Ramírez, Eliana Ruetti: Memoria emocional en niñas y niños preescolares de diferentes condiciones socio-ambientales; Anne-Lise Saive: Reír para recordar: mejora de la memoria en relación con el humor; Veronika Diaz Abrahan, Maria Benitez, Leticia Sarli, Maximiliano Bossio, Nadia Justel: Memoria emocional. Una revisión sistemática sobre la capacidad modulatoria de la música, la actividad física y el bilingüismo; Matías Bonilla, Camila Isabel Jorge, Malen Daiana Moyano, Cecilia Forcato: Modificación de memorias maladaptativas durante el sueño y la vigilia: una visión (...)
- Explaining Phenomenal Explanationism: A Précis of Appearance & Explanation.McCain Kevin & Luca Moretti - 2024 - Asian Journal of Philosophy 3:article number 85.
- Violence in mass-mediated images and memory. Phenomenological account of prosthetic memories.Remus Breazu - forthcoming - Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences.In this paper, I analyse Alison Landsberg’s concept of prosthetic memories from a phenomenological perspective. Prosthetic memory, while sharing similarities with both personal and collective memory, is neither exclusively personal nor strictly collective, emerging as a product of new media in mass communication. According to Landsberg, prosthetic memories have four main characteristics: the recaller experiences them as firsthand accounts despite not personally living through the events, these memories often revolve around traumatic events, have a commodified form, and are ethically useful. (...)
- Remembering is an Imaginative Project.Seth Goldwasser - 2024 - Philosophical Studies:1-37.This essay defends the claim that episodic remembering is a mental action by arguing that episodic remembering and sensory- or experience-like imagining are of a kind in a way relevant for agency. Episodic remembering is a type of imaginative project that involves the agential construction of imagistic-content and that aims at (veridically) representing particular events of the personal past. Neurally intact adults under normal conditions can token experiential memories of particular events from the personal past (merely) by intending or trying (...)
- A Powers Framework for Mental Action.Seth Goldwasser - 2024 - Dissertation, University of PittsburghMental actions are things we do with our minds. Consider inferring, deliberating, imagining, remembering, calculating, and so on. I introduce a non-reductive alternative to standard causalist accounts of mental action that understands such action in terms of dispositions for performing mental actions. I call this alternative the powers framework. On the powers framework, habitual and skillful mental actions are themselves infused with practical intelligence by being expressions of the agent’s rational tendencies and capacities, respectively. The intelligence exemplified in the performance (...)
- Philosophie du souvenir: le temps et son double.Avishag Zafrani - 2023 - Paris: PUF.Le souvenir ajoute au temps une mémoire et une gestation. Il dispose à un retour sur le réel et double l'existence d'images inactuelles - suscitées parfois par le présent - comme chez Proust. Deux intuitions président à ce livre : le souvenir recèle un sens qui excédait les choses vécues sous la modalité du présent, et il organise une vision du monde qui s'oppose à l'idée d'une temporalité décadente. L'excédent porté par le souvenir suppose une dimension inassouvie du temps, dès (...)
- Costruzione e distruzione di memorie: riflessioni storiche e filosofiche.Irene Kajon & Francesco Giuseppe Trotta (eds.) - 2023 - Roma: Lithos.
- Elements of Episodic Memory: Insights from Artificial Agents.Alexandria Boyle & Andrea Blomkvist - forthcoming - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B.Many recent AI systems take inspiration from biological episodic memory. Here, we ask how these ‘episodic-inspired’ AI systems might inform our understanding of biological episodic memory. We discuss work showing that these systems implement some key features of episodic memory whilst differing in important respects, and appear to enjoy behavioural advantages in the domains of strategic decision-making, fast learning, navigation, exploration and acting over temporal distance. We propose that these systems could be used to evaluate competing theories of episodic memory’s (...)
- The Profile of Imagining.Robert Hopkins - 2024 - Oxford: Oxford University Press.What is sensory imagining and what role does it play in our lives? How does visualizing a castle, running through a tune in one's head, or imagining the taste of fish ice cream relate to perceiving such things, or to remembering them? What are the connections between imagining and agency, and how does it relate to emotion and other affect? The Profile of Imagining offers a theory that answers these and many other questions. It argues that sensory imagining involves the (...)
- Reimagining narrative of voices: violence, partition, and memory in Bapsi Sidhwa’s Ice Candy Man.Ghulam Rabani & Binod Mishra - 2024 - Journal for Cultural Research 28 (2):179-193.This article studies the narratives of voices identifying the harrowing aftermath of the 1947 partition of India and Pakistan, and the representations of the contemporary effects of partition in Bapsi Sidhwa’s novel Ice Candy Man. The narrative unfolds past experiences through the eyes of different characters and surroundings from different social, political and religious backgrounds. The novel vividly portrays the horror of violence during the partition, as communities that once coexisted peacefully become engulfed in a whirlwind of hatred and bloodshed. (...)
- Norm-induced forgetting: When social norms induce us to forget.Marta Caravà - 2024 - Philosophical Psychology:1-23.Sometimes subjects have sufficient internal and external resources to retrieve information stored in memory, in particular information that carries socially charged content. Yet, they fail to do so: they forget it. These cases pose an explanatory challenge to common explanations of forgetting in cognitive science. In this paper, I take this challenge and develop a new explanation of these cases. According to this explanation, these cases are best explained as cases of norm-induced forgetting: cases in which forgetting is caused by (...)
- Working Memory.A. Baddeley - 1986 - Oxford University Press.
- Collective memory and the material shaping of Debussy’s legacy.Marianne Wheeldon - 2018 - Oxford University Press.
- Memory traces, phenomenology and the simulationist vs causal theory dispute.Luiz do Valle Miranda - 2024 - Analiza I Egzystencja 65:21-34.Filozofia pamięci jest gorącym tematem w kognitywistyce i filozofii umysłu. Niniejsza praca analizuje spór między symulacjami a przyczynową teorią pamięci poprzez badanie poczucia swojskości i jego związku ze śladami pamięciowymi, a dokładniej w jaki sposób zwiększają one płynność rekonstrukcji przeszłych epizodów. Zrozumienie relacji między śladami swojskości i pamięci, a ponadto relacji między pełnoprawną fenomenologią pamięci a poczuciem subiektywnej pewności epizodu, jaki miał miejsce w przeszłości, prowadzi do odmiennej interpretacji rywalizacji między tym, co przyczynowe, a tym, co symulacyjne.
- Naturalism and simulationism in the philosophy of memory.Nikola Andonovski & Kourken Michaelian - 2024 - In Ali Hossein Khani, Gary Kemp, Hassan Amiriara & Hossein Sheykh Rezaee, Naturalism and its challenges. New York, NY: Routledge.In this chapter, we examine the naturalist approach in the philosophy of memory through the lens of the simulation theory of memory. On the theory, episodic memory is a kind of constructive simulation performed by a functionally specialized neurocognitive system. Taking naturalism to be a kind of methodological stance characterized by a cluster of epistemic guidelines, we illustrate the roles these guidelines have played in the development of the theory. We show how scientific evidence has guided both the selection of (...)
- Traitors, Collaborators and Deserters in Contemporary European Politics of Memory.Eleonora Narvelsius & Gelinada Grinchenko (eds.) - 2018 - Palgrave-Macmillan.Remove from this listExport citation
Bookmark - The Craft of Oblivion. Forgetting and Memory in Ancient China.Mercedes Valmisa (ed.) - 2023Remove from this listExport citation Bookmark
- Meyer, Harald (2008). Literary memories of the Pacific war - fiction or nonfiction? Some criteria for further research on Japanese war literature. In: Saaler, S; Schwentker, W. The Power of Memory in Modern Japan. Folkestone, UK: Global Oriental, 243-256.Harald Meyer, S. Saaler & W. Schwentker (eds.) - 2008Remove from this listExport citation Bookmark
- Current Controversies in the Philosophy of Memory.John Sutton & Gerard O'Brien (eds.) - 2023 - Routledge.
- História e memória da organização do conhecimento no Brasil: percursos e releituras.Tatiana de Almeida & Gustavo Saldanha (eds.) - 2021 - Rio de Janeiro, Brasile:
- Lev Shestov's Angel of Death: Memory, Trauma and Rebirth [by Marina G.Ogden].Ramona Fotiade (ed.) - 2021Remove from this listExport citation Bookmark
- Languages of Trauma. History, Memory, and Media;.Ulrich Koch (ed.) - 2021 - Toronto, ON, Canada: University of Toronto Press.Remove from this listExport citation Bookmark
- Glock, Hans Johann (2007). Perspectives on Wittgenstein: an intermittently opinionated survey. In: Kahane, G; Kanterian, E; Kuusela, O. Wittgenstein's Interpreters. Essays in Memory of Gordon Baker. Oxford: Blackwell, 37-65.Hans Johann Glock, G. Kahane, E. Kanterian & O. Kuusela (eds.) - 2007Remove from this listExport citation Bookmark
- Face Memory and Face Matching: Internal Consistency and Test-Retest Reliability for the CFMT+ and the GFMT-S.Lara Aylin Petersen & Anja Leue - unknownThe Cambridge Face Memory Test Long (CFMT+) and the Glasgow Face Matching Test Short (GFMT-S) are frequently used tests in face recognition research. No test-retest results in conjunction with internal consistency, mean inter-item correlations (MICs), and pre-post mean differences have been reported. The internal consistency and the MICs provide insights into the homogeneity of items. In an online study (N = 72), we investigated the test-retest reliability, Cronbach’s α, split-half reliability, MICs, and retest mean differences for the CFMT+ and the (...)
- Singular thought without temporal representation?Christoph Hoerl - 2024 - Synthese 203 (5):1-17.What is required for an individual to entertain a singular thought about an object they have encountered before but that is currently no longer within their perceptual range? More specifically, does the individual have to think about the object as having been encountered in the past? I consider this question against the background of the assumption that non-human animals are cognitively ‘stuck in the present’. Does this mean that, for them, ‘out of sight is out of mind’, as, e.g., Schopenhauer (...)
- Cinematic Time as Spiritual Memory: Tarkovsky and Kierkegaard.Rafael García Pavón - 2024 - In Catalina Elena Dobre, Rafael García Pavón & Francisco Díaz Estrada, Human Flourishing, Spiritual Awakening and Cultural Renewal: Personal and Communal Challenges. Springer Nature Switzerland. pp. 35-46.Cinematographic art can regenerate the experience of time as a spiritual memory because cinema can simultaneously present the modes of time, separating them from chronology and immediacy, seeing and thinking about the reality of the future of the world and, therefore, the crossroads where the spirit is called to create itself in relation to the way things become, which implies choosing to believe that is possible. The aim of this work is to show how the film concept and style of (...)$51.74 used (collection) View on Amazon.comRemove from this list Direct downloadExport citation Bookmark
- Toward A Formal-Pragmatic Theory of Communicative Memory: Rethinking Habermas's Isolated Speech Situation.Connor Moran - 2024 - Res Philosophica 101 (2):271-297.This article argues that Habermas’s formal-pragmatics are better understood as a set of weak-universal dispositions susceptible to erosion over the course of a lifetime, if exposed to continual “disappointing” communicative experiences. Habermas’s rational-reconstructive project to explicate the intuitive rule-consciousness held by competent speakers retains immense theoretical value for analyzing both partisan and mass political discourse, if his emphasis on isolated speech situations is supplemented with a logic of communicative memory better accounting for how disagreement antecedes discourse on the formal-pragmatic register. (...)
- Memory and Self-Reference.Jordi Fernández - 2024 - International Journal of Philosophical Studies 32 (1):59-77.Our memories elicit, in us, both beliefs about what the external world was like in the past, and beliefs about what our own past experience of it was like in the past. What explains the power of memories to do that? I tackle this question by offering an account of the content of our memories. According to this account, our memories are ‘token-reflexives’, in that they represent their own causal origin. My main contention will be that our memories are able (...)
- Home Movies as Reliquaries of Memory: A Phenomenological Perspective.Lourdes Esqueda Verano - 2024 - Film-Philosophy 28 (2):350-374.If film immortalises the ephemeral and presentifies the past, this is especially true of home movies, whose content is not the result of a narrative composition or an invention of fiction, but the product of fragments of reality. These three categories – fiction, documentary, and the home movie – have been analysed by Jean-Pierre Meunier and Vivian Sobchack, with an emphasis on the effect that each film mode can have on the spectator, eliciting a particular emotional and cognitive response. But (...)
- Situated Affects and Place Memory.John Sutton - 2024 - Topoi 43 (3):1-14.Traces of many past events are often layered or superposed, in brain, body, and world alike. This often poses challenges for individuals and groups, both in accessing specific past events and in regulating or managing coexisting emotions or attitudes. We sometimes struggle, for example, to find appropriate modes of engagement with places with complex and difficult pasts. More generally, there can appear to be a tension between what we know about the highly constructive nature of remembering, whether it is drawing (...)
- Waste-Site Stories: The Recycling of Memory.Brian Neville & Johanne Villeneuve (eds.) - 2012 - SUNY Press.Explorations in the aesthetics of waste and the material infrastructure of memory.
- Optimal metacognitive control of memory recall.Frederick Callaway, Thomas L. Griffiths, Kenneth A. Norman & Qiong Zhang - 2024 - Psychological Review 131 (3):781-811.
- Memory-based modes of presentation.François Recanati - 2024 - Synthese 203 (4):1-21.To deal with memory-based modes of presentation I propose a couple of revisions to the standard criterion of difference for modes of presentation attributed to Frege. First, we need to broaden the scope of the criterion so that not merely the thoughts of a given subject at a given time may or may not involve the same way of thinking of some object, but also the thoughts of a subject at different times. Second, we need to ‘relativize’ the criterion of (...)
- Memory, non-stationarity, and trend : analysis of environmental time series.Sucharita Ghosh - 2007 - In Felix Kienast, Otto Wildi & S. Ghosh, A changing world: challenges for landscape research. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.Remove from this listExport citation Bookmark
- (1 other version)From Kant to the problem of phenomenological metaphysics. In memory of László Tengelyi.Inga Roemer - unknownThe article outlines the central lines of László Tengelyi’s intellectual path and hints at some perspectives that could be continued on the basis of his last writings. The first part shows the development of his thought from the first Hungarian works on Kant up to his last book, so as to pose the question of a possible unity in his work. Such a unity can be seen in the diacritical tension, systematically enlarged in each period, between freedom, the story of (...)
- In Situ Reprogramming of Neurons and Glia – A Risk in Altering Memory and Personality?Bor Luen Tang - 2024 - American Journal of Bioethics Neuroscience 15 (2):90-95.The recent emergence of reprogramming technologies to convert brain cell types or epigenetically alter neurons and neural progenitors in vivo and in situ hold significant promises in brain repair and neuronal aging reversal. However, given the significant epigenetic and transcriptomic changes to components of the existing neuronal cells and network, we question if these reprogramming technology might inadvertently alter or erase memory engrams, conceivably resulting in changes in narrative identity or personality. We suggest that the nature of these alterations might (...)
- The Influence of the Renaissance’s Art of Memory on Descartes’ Philosophy.Vardenis Pavardenis - 1998 - Problemos 52.The Renaissance’s sources of Descartes’ method are discussed in this article. Main attention is paid to the cabbalistic principles of Ramon Lull’s "Short Art" and Brunian and Ramist art of memory. Descartes knew Lull’s art to which he reffered to in very derogatory terms. The same logical, Pythagorean, and cabbalistic principles of Lullism, however, became the basis for the art of memory of the Renaissance and for the natural magic of the Renaissance, which Descartes knew. The occult art of memory (...)
- Memory and Learning as Key Competences of Living Organisms.G. Witzany - 2018 - In Baluska Frantisek, Gagliano Monica & Guenther Witzany, Memory and Learning in Plants. Cham: Springer. pp. 1-16.Organisms that share the capability of storing information about experiences in the past have an actively generated background resource on which they can compare and evaluate more recent experiences in order to quickly or even better react than in previous situations. This is an essential competence for all reaction and adaptation purposes of living organisms. Such memory/learning skills can be found from akaryotes up to unicellular eukaryotes, fungi, animals and plants, although until recently, it had been mentioned only as a (...)
- Memory and Learning in Plants.Baluska Frantisek, Gagliano Monica & Guenther Witzany (eds.) - 2018 - Cham: Springer.This book assembles recent research on memory and learning in plants. Organisms that share a capability to store information about experiences in the past have an actively generated background resource on which they can compare and evaluate coming experiences in order to react faster or even better. This is an essential tool for all adaptation purposes. Such memory/learning skills can be found from bacteria up to fungi, animals and plants, although until recently it had been mentioned only as capabilities of (...)
- Part III. Memory, Mourning and Commemoration. Béranger's Napoleonic songs : mourning, memory, and the future / Sophie-Anne Leterrier ; Paul Hindemith's Minimax and the Trauma of War / Lesley Hughes ; A transatlantic repertoire of resistance and mourning in the post-war years : The songs from the ghettos and camps collected by Shmerke Kaczerginski (Vilnius, New York, Buenos Aires) / Jean-Sébastien Noël ; Singing the Unspeakable in Rwanda in the Summer of 1994 : Music in the Context of the Genocidal Abyss through a Portrait of the Artist.Assumpta Mugiraneza & Benjamin Chemouni - 2023 - In Anaïs Fléchet, Martin Guerpin, Philippe Gumplowicz & Barbara L. Kelly, Music and postwar transitions in the 19th and 20th centuries. [New York]: Berghahn Books.
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