The use of forward models is well established in cognitive and computational neuroscience. We compare and contrast two recent, but interestingly divergent, accounts of the place of forward models in the human cognitive architecture. On the Auxiliary Forward Model account, forward models are special-purpose prediction mechanisms implemented by additional circuitry distinct from core mechanisms of perception and action. On the Integral Forward Model account, forward models lie at the heart of all forms of perception and action. We compare these neighbouring (...) but importantly different visions and consider their implications for the cognitive sciences. We end by asking what kinds of empirical research might offer evidence favouring one or the other of these approaches. (shrink)

Cet essai analyse le sens que donne Leo Strauss à l’argument de l’élection des juifs, et tente à partir de là de comprendre sa position à l’égard des différentes options qui s’offrent aux juifs modernes (le retour à la tradition, l’assimilation, le sionisme politique). Le sens politique que Strauss confère à l’élection dans son diagnostic de la modernité et de la place que les juifs y occupent n’exclut pas, mais au contraire éclaire d’une manière nouvelle l’acception théologique du terme. Ce (...) sens s’éclaire par la reprise de la formule talmudique « Si je ne me bats pas pour moi, que suis-je? ». La question finale est alors de savoir quelle signification peut revêtir cette formule dès lors que le juif moderne se voue à la philosophie. (shrink)

This paper evaluates the regulation of medical practice from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries in two Habsburg cities, Vienna and Osijek, in the light of the spread of medical knowledge and practice from the centre to the periphery of the Habsburg Monarchy. Although both cities were part of the Habsburg Monarchy for much of the early modern period, there were more differences than similarities between them. This may be explained by appealing to a variety of factors, including geographical position, (...) population structure, religion, government type, and professional organisations, all of which contributed to making medical practice very different in the two cities. The divergence occurred in spite of a central agenda for ensuring uniformity of medical practice throughout the Habsburg Monarchy. Although the legislation governing medical practice was the same in both cities, it was more strictly implemented in Vienna than in Osijek. In consequence, Osijek was the setting for some unique patterns of medical practice not to be found in the Habsburg capital. (shrink)

The world has not always been there. At least not in philosophy. This two-part article examines the complex interplay of concepts among which the idea of the world appeared, and analyses the characteristics that allow it to play a central role in the space of philosophy. These are found to be fundamentally two. First, its capacity to identify with the idea of a closed, ordered totality, at the same time as it erodes the consistency of the latter and opens the (...) philosophical space onto a positive use of the idea of indetermination. And second, the way in which it operates inside several well-ordered philosophical systems as a point of confusion: as a blurred point that lacks the type of clarity and distinction normally required of philosophical concepts, and that nonetheless appears to be important enough not to be expelled from philosophy. The first part of the article, published in this issue, reconstructs some of the coordinates within which the problematic notion of the world comes to appear. The planned second part will investigate how the idea of the world comes to play a central role within contemporary philosophy by allowing for a new articulation between the idea of the universal and the idea of totality – which produces a cascade of effects, the most notable of which are a new articulation of the idea of subject, and of the relation between philosophy and praxis. (shrink)

Modern editions read vulgate (nominative). This yields a different syntax: a rapid double change of subject or, equivalently, a parenthesis interrupting the flow of the sentence. This possibility, raised and dismissed by Eustathius, goes unmentioned by modern scholars, who are often in general (unlike their second-century counterpart Nicanor) ill-disposed to Homeric parentheses. A survey of Homeric parentheses shows the phenomenon in general and the specific instance postulated at Od. 24.398 to be unobjectionable. The validity of the terms and for Homeric (...) discourse is also defended. (shrink)

Quelle est la pertinence de l'expression «fracture numérique» qui sert à désigner des inégalités entre populations, en prenant en compte le niveau technologique, le taux de connectés, le nombre de machines, les budgets consacrés aux TIC, etc.? S'agit-il d'un concept qui pourrait servir à définir des politiques ou des investissements? En fait, il apparaît que la fracture numérique, tant entre les pays du Sud et les pays du Nord qu'au sein d'un même pays , n'est qu'une transposition d'autres inégalités ou (...) phénomènes d'exclusion, comme le chômage, la précarité, la prolétarisation, etc. Porter sur les équipements et les pratiques liés à l'informatique et aux réseaux un regard exclusif, en les isolant du contexte global économique et social, revient à admettre que le développement des TIC serait indépendant de ces facteurs généraux, qu'il existerait un progrès technologique applicable en tous lieux de la même manière et qu'à travers les TIC, et leur seule implantation, on pourrait remédier aux inégalités et au sous-développement.What is the relevance of the term "digital divide" is used to denote inequalities between populations, taking into account the level of technology, the rate of users, number of machines, ICT budgets, etc..? Is it a concept that could be used to define policies or investments? In fact, it appears that the digital divide, both between the South and the North and within the same country , is a transposition of other inequalities or exclusion phenomena such as unemployment, precariousness, proletarianization, etc.. Wear on equipment and practices related to computer networks and an exclusive look, isolating the overall economic and social context, is to recognize that ICT development is independent of these general factors, that there is an improvement technology applicable everywhere in the same way and that through ICT, and their only implementation could address inequalities and underdevelopment. (shrink)

Nesse artigo temos como objetivo analisar a representação do conceito de liberdade na primeira temporada da série “Merli”, veiculada no canal de streaming Netflix. Nela, pretendemos verificar como o professor de Filosofia Merli Bergeron trabalha conceitos libertários e suscita reflexões críticas em seus alunos sobre os padrões de convívio socialmente impostos pelas instituições primárias e secundárias. Ao mesmo tempo, pretendemos abordar a personalidade do professor, discutindo sobre o convívio que ele mantém com os colegas de trabalho e seus alunos, assim (...) como em sua vida particular, para visualizarmos se, de fato, ele pratica aquilo que discursa aos estudantes durante suas aulas. Haverá um foco maior na relação dele com o aluno Ivan Basco, que sofre com agorafobia e recebe aulas particulares de Merli para superar sua situação de isolamento. Em um primeiro momento, com caráter introdutório, iremos discutir sobre a importância da discussão de liberdade na contemporaneidade. A seguir, exporemos conceitos formulados por diversos pensadores acerca do que é a liberdade e sua importância para a emancipação humana. A partir disso, serão abordadas informações básicas sobre a produção da série, como os diretores, veiculadores e atores envolvidos para, por fim, executarmos a análise dos capítulos do seriado e apresentarmos nossas considerações finais. Diversos teóricos pertinentes a esse trabalho serão utilizados na revisão bibliográfica. Como metodologias de análise fílmica usaremos, para verificação estrutural do filme, a metodologia de análise fílmica de Manuela Penafria e, para visualização das formas simbólicas, a Hermenêutica de Profundidade, proposta por John Thompson em “Ideologia e Cultura Moderna”. (shrink)

Do passeio pela filosofia Deleuze-Guattariana ao encontro com o possível conceito de programas de vida Resumo: De todas as maneiras de incursionar uma filosofia, o passeio pareceu ser a abordagem possível diante do emaranhado pensamento de Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari. Ainda que alguns se dediquem a localizar onde começa e onde termina a contribuição de cada um nas obras que os dois filósofos escreveram juntos, é nesse entre, no encontro de dois pensadores, que enfrentavam questões específicas em cada campo (...) de ação, mas que foram capazes, por meio da troca, ou melhor do roubo recíproco, como gostava de dizer Deleuze, que se produziu um pensamento que não se acomoda ou se ajusta à tradição. Desse passeio, destaca-se o encontro com um possível conceito presente em diferentes obras desses filósofos que é o programa de vida. Não se trata de um conceito efetivo, pois ele não é alçado a esse status pelos seus autores, ou pelo menos de forma objetiva. Cabe a este artigo, enfim, apresentar um plano sobre o qual esse protoconceito possa ser desenvolvido. Palavras-chave: Programa de vida; Deleuze; Guattari; Intersecção. The stroll of Deleuze-Guattarian philosophy and meeting with the possible concept of life programs: Of all the ways of studying philosophy, the stroll seemed to be the possible approach to the tangled intersected thinking of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. Although some are dedicated to locating where each one's contribution begins and ends in the works that the two philosophers wrote together, it is in this between, at the meeting of two contemporary thinkers, that they generally faced questions specific to each field of action. That finally, they were able, through an exchange, or rather reciprocal theft, as Deleuze liked to say, that philosophy has been produced which does not fit but is not excluding from what tradition has conventionally called philosophy - reason. This tour highlights the encounter with a possible concept present in different works of these philosophers, which is the program of life. This is not an effective concept, as it is, they not raised to this status by its authors, or at least objectively. It is up to this article, finally, to present a plan on which this developing of concept. Key Works: Life program; Deleuze; Guattari; Intersection. Le promenade par la philosophie Deleuze-Guattarien à la rencontre avec la possible notion de programme de vie De toutes les manières de connaitre une philosophie, le promenade semblait être l’approche possible devant l’enchevêtrement de pensée intersecté de Gilles Deleuze et Félix Guattari. Encore que certain se consacrent a localiser où commence et termine la contribution de chacun dans les oeuvres que les deux philosophes ont écrit ensemble, c’est dans ce entre, la rencontre de deux penseurs contemporains, qui ont généralement confronté les questions spécifiques a chaque champs d’actions, mais qui à la fin, ont été capable, grâce a l’échange, ou mieux du vol réciproque, comme aimait dire Deleuze, que s’est produite une philosophie que ne s’ajustait pas, mais aussi qui ne s’est exclue pas de ce que la tradition convenu a appelé philosophie- la raison. De ce chemin, ce démarque la rencontre avec une possible notion présente dans différentes oeuvres de ces philosophes qui est le programme de la vie. Il ne s’agit pas d’une notion efficace car il n’est élevé pas à ce statut par ses auteurs, ou au moins de forme objectif. Incombe a cet article, enfin, de présenter un plan sur lequel ce ‘proto-notion’ peut être développé.Mots clés : Programme de vie; Deleuze; Guattari; Intersection. Data de registro: 06/12/2019 Data de aceite: 13/10/2020. (shrink)

This volume brings together previously unpublished papers by leading scholars that deal with the theme of practical reasoning and normativity. The volume includes contributions by Michael Bratman, Donald Bruckner, David Enoch, Elijah Millgram, Andrew Reisner, François and Laura Schroeter, Mark Schroeder, and William White.

Dans le cadre de notre thèse, nous avons confronté les Lais de Marie de France datant du xiie siècle qui présentent la particularité alors inédite d’avoir pour auteur une femme et le Genji Monogatari de Murasaki Shikibu (une femme également), écrit au xie siècle au Japon, qui fait aussi figure d’exception dans un paysage scriptural majoritairement masculin, a fortiori pour une œuvre d’une telle ampleur. Le rapprochement entre les deux œuvres était avant tout motivé par une thématique de fond, l’imaginaire (...) féminin, déployé dans deux cultures géographiquement et sociologiquement éloignées, cependant immergées dans un milieu élitiste, celui de la Cour. Ce choix s’inscrivait surtout dans la perspective d’une approche mythocritique plutôt que strictement littéraire, dont l’intérêt se situait en deçà du cadre du texte, puisqu’il puisait dans la mythologie fondatrice des deux cultures, source de l’émergence d’un imaginaire féminin à des époques chiches de féminité. Or, cette analyse, que nous avons qualifiée de contrastive, a permis l’ouverture de la réflexion sur d’autres perspectives que seul autorisait un tel rapprochement ; elle a également cherché à distinguer, parmi les motifs communs aux deux textes, ceux qui relevaient d’une universalité (contextuelle) de ceux qui relevaient d’une commune origine eurasiatique. La réflexion était axée sur la notion d’altérité selon une acception très large mais concentrée sur la représentation par l’imaginaire féminin de l’Autre sexe et d’un Ailleurs avant tout textuel et narratif. (shrink)