The role played by witnesses of bullying in nursing settings remains little studied, despite their potential relevance in explaining the onset and development of bullying. The objective of this study was to develop a model to account for witnesses’ intention to help and helping behaviour in response to bullying in a nursing setting. Three hundred and thirty‐seven witnesses completed self‐report measures of variables predicting intention to help and helping behaviour. A full structural model was constructed using structural equation modelling. The (...) intention to help victims was elicited by tension, group identity, support to peers’ initiative to intervene and absence of fear of retaliation. However, engagement in helping behaviour was only predicted by the absence of fear of retaliation. This study shows that witnesses of bullying in nursing settings do not remain impassive, but their experienced discomfort and intention to help victims is not sufficient to predict helping behaviour. Fear of possible retaliation if intervening in favour of victims constitutes a crucial factor explaining witnesses’ hesitation to help victims. Several implications for the implementation of policies directed at eradicating bullying in nursing settings are discussed. (shrink)

As a discourse genre, statements of purpose are characterized by their occluded status in the academy and by their hybrid nature. Statements of purpose are required in applications for a place in a postgraduate course, and they are requested to obtain information about the academic and professional background and skills of each applicant. A study of the genre’s linguistic and textual features is needed in Spanish to discover and understand writers’ and readers’ perception of this genre. A corpus of 50 (...) motivation letters in Spanish is analyzed here. We study the distinguishing macro- and microtextual features of this particular genre and co-occurrences between both kinds of features. At the macrotextual level, statements of purpose display prototypical rhetorical moves, which can be classified as writers’ moves and readers’ moves. On the microtextual level, modalization resources and discourse markers are discussed. This multiple perspectives analysis of the corpus shows evidence of significant co-occurrences among modalization, discourse markers, and rhetorical moves. Writers’ ideal representations of this discourse genre, which spans the academic and professional fields, can also be deduced. (shrink)

Resumen En las siguientes páginas adoptaremos la perspectiva que concibe la reforma de las ciencias de Francis Bacon como un método terapéutico del cultivo de las facultades intelectuales. Ampliaremos la perspectiva de esta línea de investigación del pensamiento baconiano con la distinción de tres terapias renacentistas del alma : la terapia de Eros, sostenida por filósofos platónicos del Renacimiento; la terapia del escepticismo, propuesta por Michel de Montaigne, y la terapia del propio Bacon, tal y como se encuentra en su (...) The Advancement of Learning y en el libro I del Novum organum. Describiremos cada una de estas teorías, expondremos sus principales propuestas filosóficas y exploraremos cómo se oponen entre sí. Por último, con la comparación de estas tres terapias renacentistas del alma buscamos lograr una mejor comprensión del nuevo método de Bacon para el conocimiento humano, dentro de sus propios contextos intelectuales.In the following pages we view Francis Bacon's Reform of sciences as a therapeutic method for the improvement of the intellectual faculties. We broaden the scope of this interpretive line of Bacon's thought by distinguishing three competing therapies of the soul during the Renaissance : the Therapy of Eros, maintained by Renaissance platonic philosophers; the Therapy of skepticism, proposed by Michel de Montaigne, and the Therapy of Bacon himself, as stated in his The Advancement of Learning as well as in the Novum organum, Book I. We describe each of these theories, showing their main philosophical tenets and how they oppose to each other. Finally, by comparing these three Renaissance therapies of the soul we aim to achieve a better comprehension of Bacon's new method for human knowledge in its own intellectual contexts. (shrink)

The use of animals in experiments and research remains highly contentious. Laboratory animal research governance provides guidance and regulatory frameworks to oversee the use and welfare of laboratory animals and relies heavily on the replacement, reduction, and refinement principles to demonstrate responsibility. However, the application of the 3Rs is criticized for being too narrow in focus and closing down societal concerns and political questions about the purpose of animal laboratory research. These critiques challenge the legitimacy of responsibility in laboratory animal (...) research governance and call for new approaches. With the advent of the "Responsible Research and Innovation" agenda, we investigate whether the notion of responsibility in the controversial area of animal research governance could be enhanced by examining the 3Rs through RRI. Our analysis reveals RRI has the potential to helpfully augment the 3Rs in three key ways: recognizing the need to include a broader range of experts and publics in animal research governance; emphasizing the importance for animal research scientists of taking societal, and not just role, responsibilities into account; and acknowledging the political questions animal research raises. (shrink)

Pedro Cerezo nos presenta un nuevo itinerario para transitar por la Fenomenología del espíritu en un libro imprescindible para los lectores de Hegel. Considerándola una obra de madurez, el autor nos la presenta como un camino central de la metafísica europea, cuya articulación categorial se encuentra en la Ciencia de la Lógica, pero su descubrimiento experiencial es lo que constituye la Fenomenología, al hilo de un escepticismo que se va consumando sobre la totalidad de la experiencia del mundo.

Este artículo pretende dilucidar el significado del sentir profundizando en la fenomenología genética y dialogando con la ontología fenomenológica, particularmente con la Métaphysique du sentiment de R. Barbaras. Comienza descubriendo los sentidos del cuerpo y lo que denominamos “re-flexión” corporal, siempre vinculada a la aisthesis (lato y stricto sensu) y a la afectividad. Aborda posteriormente la correlación entre fenomenología y estética como ejemplo de la pasividad en la actividad del sentir. Comprenderemos esta dinámica como movimiento ontológico que aúna la aisthesis (...) con el logos y exige ser expresado. Cézanne estará presente en esta investigación, como lo estuvo en la obra de Merleau-Ponty y de Maldiney, porque su pintura encarna ese movimiento en el que la creación es necesaria para experimentar y expresar el ser, y porque filosofía y arte son indispensables para sentir y pensar. Aceptaremos la crítica que Barbaras dirige Maldiney, mientras que continuaremos desarrollando la ontología fenomenológica de Merleau-Ponty para arrojar luz sobre le sentir. (shrink)

La transition, puisqu’il n’y eut point de coupure, du cinéma muet au parlant nous permet de retracer le parcours d’une parole filmique en quête de voix depuis ses origines. Cette voix, tantôt regrettée dans les films que Chion nomme « sourds » plutôt que « muets », tantôt rejetée sous le « 100 % parlant », erre encore à la surface de l’écran comme dans un entre-deux, à la recherche de la reconnaissance vis-à-vis de son double, l’image. The transition, as (...) there is not clear rupture, from silent films to the “talkies” allows us to track down the trajectory of film dialogue, which was in search of voice from the very beginning. This voice, which is sometimes missed, as in the cinema that Chion calls “deaf” rather than “silent”, sometimes dismissed, as in the “100% all-talking” cinema, still wanders on the screen as if in an interval, in search of recognition with regard to its double, the moving image. (shrink)

This is an study of phrases and topics by which was known the Cuba island during the XIX century. Analysis of the origins of phrases such as "la Albión ofAn-ierica". "La Siempre Fiel Isla de Cuba", "La perla de las Antillas", "La llave del Golfo": of systems as slavery, plantations, miscegenation, the idea of death, and the myth of mulatto. It is concluded that travelers, and well-read, even the own inhabitants, generated upon this extremely complex society, a series of ideas, (...) coined images. and spred expressions from subjective and particular forms of envisaging reality. (shrink)

Este artículo analiza tres conceptos relacionados entre sí: la identidad, la nación y el concepto de frontera. Esto implica reconocer que la identidad, la nación y la frontera son unidades específicas de análisis y objetos de estudio en ciencias sociales. De este modo, se revisan distintas aportaciones teóricas con el objetivo de fundamentar una perspectiva coherente alrededor de estos tres conceptos, así como de las relaciones entre ellos. Se analiza, en primer lugar, el concepto de nación y su influencia bidireccional (...) con el concepto de identidad, y en segundo lugar, las condiciones históricas y actuales de los Estados-nacionales haciendo mención al caso mexicano. Nos parece que las actuales circunstancias sociales, culturales y políticas explican la emergencia de la identidad como objeto de análisis en ciencias sociales. (shrink)

The purpose of this article is to present a business ethics case from the viewpoint of discursive ethics. Dialogue and subsequent agreement constitute two key ideas of European identity and are two basic concepts of discursive ethics thinking. Our choice for this type of approach was determined by several reasons, of which there are three that should be pointed out, as they can be considered an heritage of the European way of thinking:1) the need for a rational dialogue, in which (...) all those affected -- or, failing that, the people acting in their name -- are represented, as a way to find solutions to conflicts;2) the importance of respecting a set of conditions ensuring equal opportunities and total symmetry among the participants; and3) obliged respect for the universalization principle, which establishes that a decision is morally correct when it can or could be accepted by all those whom it affects, present or future.In order to present this case, the following steps are taken. Firstly, a brief summary of the case will be provided, defining the different ways of approaching the problem and the resulting map of interests. Secondly, the different interests and values, which came into play, are analysed. Finally, we go over the different approaches that were made to reach a solution before considering dialogue, which turned out to be the most decisive. (shrink)

La fenomenología de Merleau-Ponty disuelve el problema del otro y se concentra en describir la coexistencia fáctica que deriva de la intersubjetividad. Ésta es primeramente, intercorporeidad en el mundo, institución de sentido y comunicación. La influencia de Ideen II de Husserl es crucial para el desarrollo de estos conceptos. En este artículo, estudiamos la ampliación de los mismos en la ontología merleau-pontiana de la carne y su reversibilidad. El esclarecimiento del verdadero sentido de ésta nos permitirá contestar a algunas de (...) sus críticas. (shrink)

This paper aims at providing some insights into the philosophical tools that may help solve the huge problems of social justice. For that purpose, I focus on the concept of responsibility, since it could be a suitable catalyst for debate. This paper argues that we must necessarily develop an enhanced notion of responsibility and commit to it both at a social and institutional level. First, I will introduce the relation between ethics and politics—necessarily rather than contingently intertwined. I will elaborate (...) on the concept of poliethics coined by the Spanish philosopher Francisco Fernández Buey. Second, I will outline certain changes undergone in recent years to the understanding of the concept of responsibility in the field of ethics and politics. Finally, I will argue that a significant extension of the notion of responsibility is still necessary if it is to play a relevant role in the contemporary world. I will therefore contend that there are sufficient reasons why our societies should do the moral stretch exercises suggested by Günther Anders. For that purpose, I suggest ten tenets that could serve as a basis for this poliethics of enhanced responsibility and for a collective reflection on this issue. (shrink)

Nuestro objetivo en este ensayo es presentar la situación del español y del hispanismo en el complejo mundo que ha sido y sigue siendo Sudáfrica. Con el fin de entender el papel que desempeña el español en el África austral, se traza la historia socio-lingüística sudafricana, la remota y la reciente, como base indispensable para el posterior análisis comparativo del español y las otras lenguas y culturas extranjeras estudiadas en el país. El enfoque entonces pasa a contestar a esta pregunta: (...) ¿Cuál es el presente y futuro del español en Sudáfrica, país multicultural, multirracial, multilingüístico? (shrink)

El presente texto se inscribe dentro de la temática dirigida a la investigación sobre la violencia intrafamiliar. Tiene como objetivo sistematizar aspectos históricos y teóricos inherentes al estudio del maltrato infantil y sus consecuencias en el ámbito social y familiar para su detección y tratamiento en el nivel de atención primaria de los servicios de salud en Cuba. Mediante una revisión bibliográfica se logró concretar un análisis documental de materiales y textos en soporte digital e impreso que condujo a los (...) acercamientos teórico e histórico del fenómeno en el ámbito internacional y nacional, para su conceptualización, la determinación de su tipología y el establecimiento de sus consecuencias; elementos imprescindibles del saber profesional del futuro egresado de las ciencias médicas, en función de su desempeño en los diferentes niveles de atención de salud, en especial, la atención primaria. The text falls within the research on intrafamiliar violence subject matter. Its objective is to systematize historical and theoretical aspects inherent to the study of child abuse and its consequences within the social and domestic scopes for its detection and treatment in the Cuban primary health care services. By means of a bibliographic review, a documentary analysis of electronic and printed form materials and texts was summarized. It led to theoretical and historical approaches to the phenomenon within the national and international scopes for its conceptualization, the establishment of its typology and consequences. They are essential elements of the professional knowledge of future medical sciences graduates towards their performance in different health care levels, especially in primary health care. (shrink)

Los lenguajes del cine y el teatro comparten elementos tanto de contenido narrativo y verbal como visual, debido a la cercanía de sus propósitos como géneros artísticos, ya que ambos producen relatos dramatizados. Tienen, sin embargo, intereses dispares y ponen énfasis en aspectos diferentes del ambiente, de los sucesos o de los personajes. El análisis de la adaptación cinematográfica de obras teatrales permite observar las similitudes y diferencias de ambos medios, y enriquecer ese análisis por medio del contraste. En una (...) primera parte, este artículo hace un repaso a la literatura sobre el tema para observar las principales implicaciones teóricas de la adaptación cinematográfica. Posteriormente se centra en el estudio de dos secuencias de las adaptaciones de Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf (Edward Albee) y Closer (Patrick Marber). Estas dos secuencias ilustran los puntos de intersección entre los dos lenguajes en lo referente al diálogo y a la puesta en escena respectivamente. (shrink)

Neuroscientist Maxwell Bennett and philosopher Peter Hacker defend the need to eradicate the mereological fallacy of cognitive neuroscience. This fallacy attributes to the parts of an animal psychological predicates that make sense only when applied to the whole animal. In contrast, philosopher Daniel Dennett argues that it is possible to explain behavior and cognitive abilities by applying the Intentional Stance to the brain, a stance that attributes increasingly simple psychological capacities to increasingly less intelligent homunculi. So, among other things, taking (...) the intentional stance requires i) attributing psychological predicates to the brain and its parts, and ii) gradually replacing psychological predicates with non-psychological predicates.If the criticism of Bennett and Hacker is accepted, these requirements lead to two dilemmas. According to the first, the intentional stance would be inapplicable or fallacious: because it implies incurring in the mereological fallacy, and to deny is equivalent to rejecting the intentional stance. The horns of the second dilemma are dualism and explanatory vacuity: can be interpreted in a dualistic sense because it presupposes the distinction between psychological and non-psychological predicates; however, failing to respect generates an infinite regress. In this article I intend to show that both dilemmas are resolved by focusing on the details of the relationship between the intentional stance and the design stance. (shrink)

The Oxford Handbook of Freedom crafts the first wide-ranging analysis of freedom in all its dimensions: legal, cultural, religious, economic, political, and psychological. This volume includes 28 new essays by well regarded philosophers, as well some historians and political theorists.

La temprana descripción merleau-pontiana de la coexistencia como interrelación entre conciencias encarnadas es una reactivación del Ineinander husserliano de la que se sigue una nueva visión de la trascendencia del otro desde el horizonte del mundo compartido. El reconocimiento de la insuficiencia de la polaridad yo-otroy el descubrimiento de la Chair como institución originaria y quiasma de identidad ydiferencia, supondrán una revisión todavía más enriquecedora de la intersubjetividady conducirán a una concepción compresiva de lo social. La Carne habrá de entendersecomo (...) lo irrelativo de toda relación o como generalidad en la que se gestandiferenciaciones por écart. Este núcleo de la intra-ontología merleau-pontiana nospermitirá interpretar la Stiftung como “institution”, que no requiere una concienciaconstituyente y nos acerca a un universal concreto. Mostraremos la utilidad de éstepara trascender la multiculturalidad hacia la interculturalidad y para eludir el relativismoextremo. Sostendremos que una filosofía intercultural ha de insertarse en elproyecto de una fenomenología de la razón élargie que no desvincule las estructurasde la experiencia vivida.The early Merleau-Pontian description of the coexistence as an interaction betweenembodied consciousnesses is a reactivation of Husserlian Ineinander. A newvision of the transcendence of the other from the horizon of the shared world followsfrom this. The recognition of the self-other polarity and the development ofthe Chair as original institution and chiasm of identity and difference will mean afurther review of the intersubjectivity and lead to an understanding conception ofthe social world. Flesh must be understood as the basis of any relationschip or asthe generality from which differentiations are gestated by écart. This core of theMerleau-Pontian intra-ontology allows us to interpret the Stiftung as institution thatdoes not require a constituing consciousness and brings us closer to a concrete universal.We show its usefulness in order to move beyond multiculturalism towardsinterculturalism and to avoid extreme relativism. We will claim that an interculturalphilosophy has to be embodied in the project of a phenomenology of the élargiereason that does not dissociate the structures of lived experience. (shrink)