English summary: Was Paul of Tarsus a philosopher? Does he even rank amongst those philosophers who influenced occidental live and thought? The Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben says, that the Epistle to the Romans is the fundamental messianic text of the western culture. The Jewish scholars Jacob Taubes and Daniel Boyarin insist on the philosophical and political Force of Pauline thinking. Long before that, Friedrich Nietzsche and Martin Heidegger dealt intently with the Epistle. Was Paul a Philosopher? In any case he (...) received a lot of attention from the modern philosophers. The collection of contributions by theologians and philosophers gives profound insights into his thinking. German description: War Paulus aus Tarsus ein Philosoph? Zahlt er gar zu jenen bedeutenden Philosophen, die das abendlandische Leben und Denken massgeblich mit pragten? Der italienische Philosoph Giorgio Agamben bezeichnet jedenfalls den Romerbrief des Apostels als "grundlegenden messianischen Text der westlichen Kultur". Nachdrucklich weisen auch judische Gelehrte wie Jacob Taubes und Daniel Boyarin auf die philosophisch-politische Sprengkraft paulinischen Denkens hin. Lange zuvor setzten sich bereits Friedrich Nietzsche und Martin Heidegger intensiv mit den Briefen des Apostels auseinander. War Paulus ein Philosoph? In jedem Fall geniesst er unter den Philosophen der Moderne und Spatmoderne eine bemerkenswert grosse Aufmerksamkeit. Die hier versammelten Beitrage von Philosophen und Theologen geben einen profunden Einblick in sein denkerisches Potential. (shrink)

Artificial intelligence is rapidly and radically changing our lives and world. This book is a multidisciplinary engagement with the present and future impacts of AI from the standpoint of Christian faith. It provides technological, philosophical, and theological foundations for thinking about AI, as well as a series of reflections on the impact of AI on relationships, behavior, education, work, and moral action. The book serves as an accessible introduction to AI as well as a guide to wise consideration, design, and (...) use of AI by examining foundational understandings and beliefs from a Christian perspective. (shrink)

Holistic service for youth and youth is the basic thing today because youth and youth are the present generation for the future of the church. By using descriptive qualitative methods, it can be concluded that the holistic ministry for youth and youth carried out by church leaders is able to build today's generation that continues to have an impact on the world and is also expected to bring Christian education that has one clear and definite goal/direction, namely knowing, loving, believe (...) in, obey and serve God according to His will and plan and for His glory. (shrink)

Appolonius von Tyana und Christus.--Das Christliche des Platonismus.--Seneca und Paulus.

Paul, the peacemaker. On the reception of the Letter to Philemon in the 4th and 5th centuries AD. By means of his letter to Philemon Paul attempted to make peace between Philemon and his slave, Onesimus. The theological aspects of this endeavour have been discussed often in academic circles, but thus far little attention has been given to what the practical implications of this would have been for Philemon’s household. In this article, this issue is addressed from a particular perspective, (...) namely how this aspect was interpreted by Christians in the 4th and 5th centuries CE. The interpretations of the Letter to Philemon by Ambrosiaster, Jerome, John Chrysostom, Pelagius, Theodore of Mopsuestia and Theodoret of Cyrus are then investigated systematically in order to determine what their views were in this regard. It is shown that they all agreed that Philemon would (or would have no choice but to) forgive Onesimus, and that Onesimus would have turned into a better slave. All of these interpreters agreed that there would not be any drastic social changes in Philemon’s household although it does seem as if one of them, Ambrosiaster, realised that what Paul expected of Philemon could have had serious consequences for the relationship between Philemon and Onesimus. (shrink)

This big book is a welcome collection of some of the most important theological studies on St. Paul written by German scholars of this century. Some of the authors are among the greatest names of modern exegetical science and the present selection enables the reader to have access to a wide range of first-rate, often classical, accounts of Paulinian research, without being forced to go through the back-issues of German theological journals. Besides the classical studies, written for encyclopedical purposes, by (...) A. Schaatter and W. Wrede, we can compare A. Schweitzer's and R. Bultmann's accounts on the state of Paulinian researches. Another article of R. Bultmann is about the ethics of St. Paul while von Soden studies sacrament and ethics in the work of the apostle of the Gentiles. Other major articles are: K. Holl: Paul's concept of the Church in its relationship to the primitive Christian community; R. Reitzenstein: Paul as a pneumatician; [[sic]] M. Dibelius: Paul and the Mystic; M. Pohlenz: Paul and the Stoa; L. Baeck: The faith of Paul; G. Bornkamm: Faith and reason in Paul.--M. J. V. (shrink)

English summary: Arnold presents the first systematic study of the early biblical and exegetical writings from Schelling's schooldays and years of study in Tubingen (1787-1795) and puts them in the context of the complex history of problems in the late Enlightenment. Apart from the general challenge of theology due to Kant's reception, debates on basic principles regarding authenticity and and the Bible's claim to divine authority had begun. Arnold shows that Schelling studied these controversies very closely and developed them into (...) his own hermeneutic methodology. Schelling's theory of interpreting the Scriptures, of the Christian religion and of the concept of faith, developed as a result of these studies, is also significant for understanding his later works on the history of philosophy and moral philosophy. German description: Mit diesem Band liegt die erste systematische Untersuchung der fruhen biblisch-exegetischen Schriften aus Schellings Schul- und Tubinger Studienzeit (1787-1795) vor. Diese Schriften stellt Arnold in den Horizont der komplexen Problemgeschichte der Spataufklarung: Neben der generellen Herausforderung der Theologie durch die Rezeption Kants waren im Vorfeld Grundsatzdebatten zur Authentizitat und zum gottlichen Autoritatsanspruch der Bibel aufgebrochen. Dabei zeigt Arnold, dass Schelling diese Kontroversen intensiv rezipiert und zu einer eigenen hermeneutischen Methodik ausgearbeitet hat. Schellings aus dieser Auseinandersetzung entwickelte Theorie der Schriftinterpretation, der christlichen Religion und des Glaubensbegriffs ist gerade auch fur das Verstandnis seines spateren geschichts- und moralphilosophischen OEuvres bedeutsam. (shrink)

This article analyzes the encounter story of Paul and Lydia (Acts 16:13-15) as a concrete example of the practice of reciprocal gift exchange. The exchange of “gifts” between the two took place when Paul preached the Christian faith and baptized Lydia, and she reciprocated by giving Paul a ride. This study employs a social science approach by taking a repertoire of gift exchanges from the ancient Greco-Roman world to be applied to this story, and biblical studies for interpretation. From the (...) repertoire of exchanges available, we chose χάρις to apply to this story. The concept of χάρις reflects a reciprocal exchange that involves two actions at once, namely the giving of a “gift” and the receiving of it with gratitude in return. The reciprocal gift exchange between Paul and Lydia shows that a gift demands a response (reciprocity). However, the reciprocal exchange between the two was not exploitative, as it took place within the framework of Christ’s χάρις. Through the gift of Christ’s χάρις, they concretely share χάρις with one another. In this context, Paul and Lydia not only demonstrated their identity as followers of Christ but also strengthened their bonds as brothers and sisters. Abstrak Artikel ini menganalisa kisah pertemuan Paulus dan Lidia (Kis. 16:13-15) sebagai sebuah contoh konkret dari praktik pertukaran hadiah atau pemberian timbal balik. Pertukaran “hadiah” antara keduanya terjadi ketika Paulus mengajarkan iman Kristen dan membaptis Lidia, dan Lidia membalasnya dengan memberikan tumpangan kepada Paulus. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan ilmu sosial dengan memakai repertoar pertukaran hadiah atau pemberian timbal balik dari tradisi dunia Yunani-Romawi kuno untuk diterapkan dalam penafsiran biblis. Dari repertoar pertukaran yang tersedia, studi ini memilih χάρις untuk diterapkan dalam kisah tersebut. Konsep χάρις mencerminkan pertukaran timbal balik yang melibatkan dua tindakan sekaligus, yakni pemberian “hadiah” dan penerimaan dengan rasa syukur sebagai balasannya. Pertukaran hadiah timbal balik antara Paulus dan Lidia menunjukkan bahwa sejatinya sebuah pemberian menuntut tanggapan (resiprositas). Namun pertukaran timbal balik antara keduanya tidak bersifat eksploitatif, karena terjadi dalam bingkai χάρις Kristus. Melalui pemberian χάρις Kristus, mereka secara konkret berbagi χάρις terhadap satu sama lain. Dalam konteks ini, Paulus dan Lidia tidak hanya menunjukkan identitas mereka sebagai pengikut Kristus, tetapi juga memperkuat ikatan mereka sebagai saudara seiman. Kata-kata kunci: Paul, Lidya, χάρις, pertukaran timbal-balik, Kis 16: 13-15, budaya Yunani-Romawi. (shrink)

In this Germantranslation of an essay published 1988 in Afrikaans, the South African author criticizes the views ofthe influential Dutch Reformed New Testament scholar, E. P. Groenewald. In 1947 Groenewald published an essay on the nature ofthe Early Church and Pauline theology, in an effort to justify apartheid ideologically. The views expressed in that essay are still alive among concervatives in the DRC. From the perspective of Pauline soteriology, so Breytenbach argues, Apartheid is principally incompatible with Christian baptism.

1. Einleitung. 1.1. Auf der Suche nach Befriffen und Bezeichnungen ; 1.2. Die Wechselbeziehung von "Drinnen"- und "Draussen"- Bezeichnungen -- 2. Forschungsstand -- 3. Der ápistos-Begriff in der Umwelt des frühen Christentums -- 4. Die ápistoi und die pisteúontes in den Paulusbriefen -- 5. Ápistoi und ádikoi -- 1 Kor 6,1-11. 5.1. Analyse ; 5.2. Drinnen und draussen in 1 Kor 5 ; 5.3. Ein Bruder sucht sein Recht mit einem Bruder ; 5.4. ...vor ápistoi und ádikoi ; 5.5. Und (...) dies waren einige von euch : Drinnen-Draussen und Einst-Jetzt -- 6. Nicht gläubig und doch gehiligt -- 1 Kor 7,12-16. 6.1. Analyse ; 6.2. Ehe mit einem "Draussen" ; 6.3. Eine Frage der heiligkeit ; 6.4. Keine Gewissheit auf Rettung -- 7. Eingeladen bei einem ápistos -- 1 Kor 10,27. 7.1. Analyse ; 7.2. Essen und Zugehörigkeit ; 7.3. Essen oder nicht essen bei einem ápistos? -- Ápistoi in der Versammlung -- 1 Kor 14,20-25. 8.1. Analyse ; 8.2. Erbauung und Verständlichkeit der Verkündigung ; 8.3. Glossolalie als Zeichen für die Nichtgläubigen ; 8.4. Das Hineinkommen der "Draussen" als Argument -- 9. Wer nich glaubt, ist verloren -- 2 Kor 4,1-6. 9.1. Analyse ; 9.2. Das Evangelium ist entscheidend! ; 9.3. Am Evangelium entscheidet sich Verloren- und Gerettet-Sein ; 9.4. Ápistoi und ápollúmenoi ; 9.5. Das "Verblendet-Sein" des Verstandes durch den Gott dieses Äons ; 9.6. "Verblendet-Sein" als Merkmal der "Draussen" -- 10. Unvereinbarer Umgang mit ápistoi -- 2 Kor 6,14-7,1. 10.1. Analyse ; 10.2. Keine Gemeinschaft mit ápistoi ; 10.3. Abgrenzende Sprache ; 10.4. Die ápistoi und die abgrenzende Sprache innerhalb der paulinischen Ekklesiologie -- 11. Die anderen "Draussen"-Bezeichnungen. 11.1. "Draussen"-Bezeichnungen in den Paulusbriefen ; 11.2. Die anderen "Draussen" und die ápistoi -- 12. Zusammenfassung. (shrink)

In the December 2013 issue of the periodical ‚Merkur‘, philosopher Andreas Dorschel presents a literary experiment. In the spirit of 18th century Enlightenment, he feigns an apocryphal letter including philological apparatus; it is – mind the boldness – a response letter by the Corinthians to St Paul’s first epistle. The ancient port city, multicultural, of syncretist religiousness and libertine in erotics, rejects the disciplining by the apostle. (Summary by Gustav Seibt, ‚Die Häresie der Abgrenzungen. Andreas Dorschel entwirft ein korinthisches Christentum‘, (...) in Süddeutsche Zeitung 293, 19 December 2013, p. 14). (shrink)

The fact that Ludwik Fleck drew his inspiration from medicine has been largely overlooked, with the exception of a few scholars. Although Fleck considered his ideas applicable to all sciences, he always insisted on the specificity of medicine. To illustrate the usefulness of Fleck’s concepts for the history of medicine, three main ideas developed by Fleck are applied to the historical study of diabetes mellitus : first, that different and often divergent pictures of disease coexist within a given culture; second, (...) that scientific ideas circulate between ‘esoteric’ and ‘exoteric’ circles; and third, that scientific concepts are often incommensurable. The author also suggests that Fleck’s epistemology, like other scholars’, is loaded with ethical and political consequences. However, the link between an ‘open’ epistemology and political or ethical questions is more explicit in Georges Canguilhem’s pioneering work on the normal and the pathological . Indeed, Canguilhem and Fleck’s conceptions of disease have much in common, so that we can use Canguilhem’s work to bring out the hidden ethical and political issues in Fleck’s work. (shrink)

Drawing on the spiral of silence theory and heuristic information processing, we contend that individuals use likes as sources for assessing public opinion. We further argue that individuals may even adapt their personal opinions to the tenor reflected in those cues. The assumptions were tested using data from an experiment involving 501 participants, who encountered media items on two issues with or without likes. The findings show that respondents inferred public opinion from the media bias if it was supported by (...) likes, however, only in cases of high levels of fear of social isolation. Respondents further adapted their personal opinion to the media bias if it was supported by likes. (shrink)

Singularites: le mot ne se dit pas tant des individus que des relations qui les lient contingentement au monde. Car l'harmonie universelle n'est pas si performante que le laisse entendre son auteur, sur des questions fondamentales pour la coherence du Systeme - en particulier celle du mal, reprise au siecle d'apres dans un leibnitianisme reste incompris. On concluerait a l'echec, si la loi d'harmonie n'etait capable d'engendrer des relations qui, en ecart a son fonctionnement ordinaire, la modulent diversement, l'inflechissent, l'enrichissent, (...) pour produire localement des effets de cohesion inesperes aux lieux memes ou elle restait inoperante. Mais, pour reperer ces endroits singuliers, il faut plonger dans le labyrinthe sous-jacent au reseau: prendre en compte le multiple dans ses varietes, les personnages qui tissent le monde choisi et racontent son histoire, les choses humaines en ce qu'elles ont d'irreductibilite au rationalisme - et qui pourtant sont, par la suffisance des raisons, le comble de la rationalite. Intervient alors, pour la connaissance, un autre modele que la demonstration more geometrico, embleme ordinaire de l'Age classique: l'Ars rationis des juristes, arpenteurs de la contingence et mathematiciens du plausible, maitres d'une technique d'argumentation ou la philosophie apprend que les sciences humaines peuvent aussi atteindre a la plus grande certitude. (shrink)

We cannot talk about the role of philosophy of education in teachers' training programs without examining the relationship between philosophy and educational theories. Even when theoreticians like Kieran Egan, for example, claim that education is a normative discourse that cannot be inferred from "local" empirical psychological research, the role of philosophy seems of utmost importance because philosophy has essentially to do with norms and values. Another way of looking at the "sciences" of education that renews our comprehension of their relationship (...) is by analysing a new cognitive psychological approach named "metacognition" which rests on one's ability to understand one's own cognitive strategies and mechanisms of regulation. The well-known psychologist Adrien Pinard in Quebec has been working on those concepts lately, inspired by Flavell's model of cognitive regulation. This approach is remarkably similar both to Wilson's definition of procedural criteria which he claims educational theory is all about and to the very specific method of philosophy, that of analytical and reflective thought. Philosophy or reflective thought cannot be separated from practice in teacher training since education is not only a matter of pedagogical means but also of attitudes to and relationship with another person. Thus, besides theory and practice, a third parameter should be taken into account in the elaboration of a teacher training program: the meta-practice and theory parameter, or the reflection on one's own practice, which is essentially philosophical. (shrink)

Cross-sectional studies indicate that normal aging is accompanied by decreases in brain structure. Longitudinal studies, however, are relatively rare and inconsistent regarding their outcomes. Particularly the heterogeneity of methods, sample characteristics and the high inter-individual variability in older adults prevent the deduction of general trends. Therefore, the current study aimed to compare longitudinal age-related changes in brain structure in two large independent samples of healthy older adults ; the Longitudinal Healthy Aging Brain database project at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, (...) and 1000BRAINS at the Research Center Juelich, Germany. Annual percentage changes in the two samples revealed stable to slight decreases in cortical thickness over time. After correction for major covariates, i.e., baseline age, sex, education, and image quality, sample differences were only marginally present. Results suggest that general trends across time might be generalizable over independent samples, assuming the same methodology is used, and similar sample characteristics are present. (shrink)

Esse trabalho pretende apresentar a problemática da ação moral e da normatividade em Ser e tempo a partir da posição de Steven Crowell expressa no texto _Conscience and Reason: Heidegger and the Grouds of Intentionality_ [2007], em face da interpretação de Ernst Tugendhat, exposta no texto “_Wir sind nicht fest verdrahtet”: Heideggers “Man” und die Tiefendimensionen der Gründ_e [1999].

Argumento que o conceito Umwelterlebnis (vivência do mundo circundante), como Heidegger o apresenta na preleção de 1919 A ideia da filosofia e o problema da concepção de mundo, diz respeito à estrutura intencional de uma filosofia sem sujeito transcendental. Defendo, porém, que o modelo dessa estrutura intencional envolve o autor no problema da constituição de sentido próprio ao projeto da fenomenologia enquanto ciência originária.

Que veut dire hériter en philosophie? Quel rapport Wittgenstein a-t-il entretenu avec la tradition occidentale? En quoi sa méthode peut-elle prétendre hériter de la philosophie traditionnelle? Et de fait, quel héritage a-t-il légué? Quelle est actuellement la bonne façon pour nous d'hériter de son oeuvre? Cet article aborde l'ambivalence de l'oeuvre de Wittgenstein, – en rupture avec la tradition de la philosophie occidentale et à l'origine d'une tradition que le philosophe viennois aurait certainement désavouée, – à travers l'examen de ses (...) rapports aux membres du Cercle de Vienne et le constat ce que qu'ont été sa réception et sa reprise au sein la philosophie analytique, qui en est la lointaine héritière. (shrink)

O objetivo é, a partir de uma interpretação do § 7 de Ser e tempo, mostrar como o conceito prévio (der Vorbegriff) de fenomenologia, para Heidegger, indica a busca metodológica das condições de possibilidade da manifestação dos entes em seu ser, e de que maneira há a exigência metodológica de interrogar o Dasein acerca de seu ser como ponto de partida da investigação. A exposição, inspirada em leituras transcendentais da ontologia fundamental, acompanha os momentos constitutivos do § 7 a fim (...) de realizar uma interpretação sistemática entre o parágrafo indicado e o projeto proposto por Heidegger em Ser e tempo. (shrink)

As the first large online event of the American Society for Cybernetics, the ASC2020 Global Conversation offered an opportunity to develop new online types of cybernetic conversations on cybernetics, in cybernetic formats. This article discusses the design decisions that led to a particular organizational structure of the event, and observations on how the event unfolded from this organizational structure. Based on observations made throughout the event as well as its preparation stage, the article maps seven different types of conversations taking (...) place before and during the event and discusses opportunities and constraints encountered in relation to each identified type. As online conferences have proliferated exponentially due to the impact of COVID-19, this article aims to contribute a cybernetic perspective to the broader discourse on scholarly international exchange in online media, and offers a new perspective on how such conversations might be designed in a cybernetic manner. (shrink)

Rev. version of the author's Habilitationsschrift, Martin-Luther-Universitèat.

Zusammenfassung Die enge Widerspruchslösung in Österreich erlaubt eine postmortale Organspende bei fehlendem Widerspruch zu Lebzeiten, da von einer mutmaßlichen Zustimmung ausgegangen wird. Liegt kein Eintrag im Widerspruchsregister vor, wird die Familie zum mutmaßlichen Willen der verstorbenen Person befragt. Um die praktische Umsetzung der Widerspruchslösung in Österreich zu beschreiben, sollen relevante Aspekte der Angehörigengespräche und die Rolle der Familie im Entscheidungsprozess zur postmortalen Organspende identifiziert werden. Es wurden insgesamt zehn leitfadengestützte Expert:inneninterviews mit Ärzt:innen und Pflegepersonen an einer österreichischen Krankenanstalt durchgeführt, die (...) mithilfe der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring unter Anwendung von MAXQDA ausgewertet wurden. Herausforderungen beim Ermitteln des mutmaßlichen Patient:innenwillens im Angehörigengespräch können aufgrund von unterschiedlichen Kulturen/Religionen, Uneinigkeit und Entscheidungsunfähigkeit in der Familie aufgrund von Trauer und der Schwierigkeit der Angehörigen, das Hirntodkonzept zu begreifen, entstehen. Daher ist eine gute Vorbereitung, ausreichend Zeit, interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit, das Schaffen von Vertrauen und professionelle Gesprächsführung sowie das Eingehen auf Fragen und Bedürfnisse von Angehörigen durch Ärzt:innen und Pflegepersonen in einem geeigneten Setting notwendig. Die Kommunikation mit Angehörigen bezüglich einer postmortalen Organspende ist sowohl für das Gesundheitspersonal als auch die Familie belastend. Anhand der Ergebnisse wird die Anwendung des Kommunikationsleitfadens der Gesundheit Österreich mit Erweiterung um die Information zur Gesetzeslage sowie regelmäßige Kommunikationsschulungen des Gesundheitspersonals empfohlen. Zudem wird eine flächendeckende Information der Bevölkerung zur Förderung der intrafamiliären Diskussion gefordert. (shrink)

The connections between Wittgenstein’s philosophy and the pragmatist tradition are often alluded to, but seldom thoroughly explored. It is commonly assumed that Wittgenstein was scarcely acquainted with such authors as Charles Sanders Peirce or John Dewey (a false idea, as we shall see), even though he had a rather extended knowledge of the philosophy of William James. Nevertheless, the converging features between Wittgenstein and pragmatism are quite striking: we shall hardly need to mention...

A proposta desse trabalho é relacionar momentos do percurso investigativo de Heidegger, durante os anos 1920, a fim de descrever o que parece ser uma relação decisiva a partir da qual toda a arquitetura de Ser e tempo pode ser compreendida enquanto projeto filosófico, a saber: o nexo entre aquilo que o autor indica como o verdadeiro a priori da fenomenologia, a pergunta pelo sentido de ser e, finalmente, a necessidade de uma ontologia fundamental.