Xenofonte foi um dos autores clássicos mais desconsiderados do último século. O descrédito que marcou seus escritos socráticos é uma consequência das conclusões a que chegaram, no começo do século XX, alguns historiadores que buscavam uma solução à Questão socrática. Segundo alguns comentadores, desde as origens dessa Questão, o testemunho de Xenofonte foi submetido a críticas impiedosas: 1) Xenofonte não era um filósofo, mas, sim, um militar e político e 2) Xenofonte se empenhava em defender seu mestre da acusação de (...) ser subversivo, representando a ordem estabelecida e os valores tradicionais. Em harmonia com tais comentadores (L.-A. Dorion, L. Brisson e L. Rossetti), pensamos que Xenofonte é um filósofo cuja obra tem qualidades que lhe são intrínsecas. Entretanto, pensamos também que, se, por um lado, hoje a reabilitação dos escritos socráticos de Xenofonte está bastante avançada, por outro lado, não devemos silenciar toda e qualquer problematização do conteúdo de sua filosofia, pois tal tentativa seria tão nociva quanto aquela de silenciar o filósofo. Partindo dessa consideração, o intento deste artigo é mostrar que – embora Xenofonte, no Econômico, estabeleça pela boca de Iscômaco qual é o lugar de atuação (χώρα) e quais são as tarefas ou funções (ἔργα) das mulheres no âmbito da cidade, alegando que elas devem se ater ao interior da casa e exercer as tarefas ou funções que lhe são próprias por natureza (φύσει), o que os costumes (νόμοι) confirmam – o argumento da natureza (φύσις) tem nesta obra o papel retórico de justificar os costumes (νόμοι), protegendo-os de investidas críticas. (shrink)

O artigo trata do tema hegeliano do reconhecimento (Anerkennung), que, graças aos cursos de Alexandre Kojève sobre a Fenomenologia do Espírito, ministrados na École des Hautes Études de 1933 a 1939, exerceu um forte impacto no pensamento francês do século XX. São explicitadas nele duas abordagens, uma otimista, a de Kojève, outra critico-construtiva, a de Jean-Paul Sartre.

A hipótese deste artigo é que o Econômico de Xenofonte, considerado um diálogo socrático, fornece um modelo de economia ao qual Platão, de maneira radical, contrapõe-se na República ao propor a dissolução do οἶκος dos guardiões como uma das condições para a idealização da cidade justa. Na primeira parte dele, discorreremos sobre a administração do οἶκος no Econômico e, por conseguinte, sobre um ideal de economia e de mulher. Na segunda parte, mostraremos o caráter paradoxal –– levando em conta o (...) sentido grego de παράδοξος, a saber, παρά, contra, a δόξα e o ἔθος hegemônicos –– do pensamento de Platão, que, na primeira, na segunda e na terceira ondas (κύματα) da República, põe em questão os valores de sua época, buscando soluções para o problema da falta de unidade da πόλις, que, segundo ele, é, em alguma medida, imprescindível para o bom funcionamento da vida política. Palavras-chave: Econômico; Xenofonte; República; Platão; Οἶκος. Administration and dissolution of οἶκος in the classical period Abstract: The hypothesis of this article is that Xenophon's Economics, considered a Socratic dialogue, provides a model of economy to which Plato, in a radical way, opposes in the Republic by proposing the dissolution of the οἶκος of the guardians as one of the conditions for the idealization of the just city. In the first part of it, we will discuss the administration of the οἶκος in the Economics and, consequently, an ideal of economy and woman. In the second part, we will show the paradoxical character –– taking into account the Greek sense of παράδοξος, namely, παρά, against, the hegemonic δόξα and ἔθος –– of Plato's thought, which, in the first, second and third waves (κύματα) of the Republic, questions values of his time, seeking solutions to the problem of the lack of unity of the πόλις which, according to him, is, to some extent, essential for the proper functioning of political life. Keywords: Economic; Xenophon; Republic; Plato; Οἶκος. Administration et dissolution de l'οἶκος à l'époque classique Résumé: L'hypothèse de cet article est que l'Économique de Xénophon, considéré comme un dialogue socratique, fournit un modèle d’économie auquel Platon, de manière radicale, s'oppose dans la République en proposant la dissolution de l'οἶκος des gardiens comme l'une des conditions de l'idéalisation de la cité juste. Dans la première partie du texte, nous aborderons l'administration de l’οἶκος dans l'Économique et, par conséquent, un idéal d'économie et de femme. Dans la deuxième partie, nous montrerons le caractère paradoxal –– compte tenu du sens grec de παράδοξος, à savoir, παρά, contre, la δόξα et l’ἔθος hégémoniques –– de la pensée de Platon, qui dans la première, la deuxième et la troisième vagues (κύματα) de la République, interroge les valeurs de son temps, cherchant des solutions au problème du manque d'unité de la πόλις qui, selon lui, est, dans une certaine mesure, indispensable au bon fonctionnement de la vie politique. Mots clés : Économique ; Xénophon ; République ; Platon ; Οἶκος. Data de registro: 02/08/2023 Data de aceite: 20/09/2023. (shrink)

Em tom ensaístico, o texto aposta numa problematização do contemporâneo pelo estatuto comunicacional das organizações modernas, aqui tomadas pela égide de três estratos relacionais - Estado, Mercado, Ciência -, instituidores de espaços de experiência pelo epicentro da ideologia do progresso. Ao considerar o contemporâneo como cronótopo atravessado pela crise de tal ideologia, o texto sugere como tais organizações tornam-se ambientes privilegiados à leitura comunicacional do presente, a partir da identificação de três notas experienciais: a) tensões entre diferenças e progresso; b) (...) dificuldades à ampliação de horizontes comuns; e c) pulverização de latências. Como conclusões, o texto reconhece a emergência de formas organizativas que buscam oferecer outras experiências no (do) presente, mesmo diante da hegemonia relacional das organizações modernas. (shrink)

Tem-se como temática central a atuação do poder judiciário no Brasil, em especial, do Supremo Tribunal Federal em relação ao fenômeno da judicialização da política. Por meio do estudo de processo judicial, a Ação Penal 937 no Supremo Tribunal Federal, procura-se constatar o movimento ativista de juízes que ganha forçano Brasil e no mundo, desde o fim da segunda guerra mundial. Tal prática, que se justifica na efetivação de direitos humanos e utiliza a retórica neoconstitucionalista, fere a separação de poderes (...) e ganha contornos evidentemente políticos. (shrink)

O modelo escolar moderno que foi universalizado durante o século XX, mostrou-se incapacitado de responder todas as demandas sociais que lhe foram impostas. Dessa forma, durante a segunda metade deste século a crise do sistema de ensino formal deu abertura a diversos debates sobre questões que permeiam a ação de educar, como os espaços, os atores e porque não sobre próprio conceito: o que é educar? Sendo assim, neste artigo trago reflexões sobre a educação formal, dentre outras formas, analisando o (...) contexto da educação no Brasil e em Cabo Verde, para compreender de que maneira determinados atores sociais, como os rappers, podem contribuir para a construção de uma educação emancipadora. (shrink)

'Globalização educação e movimentos sociais - 40 anos da Pedagogia do Oprimido'. O livro é composto por um conjunto de textos - trabalhos dos conferencistas - produzidos para o 'VI Encontro Internacional do Fórum Paulo Freire', realizado na Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, em setembro de 2008.

We argue that several apparently distinct responses to the hole argument, all invoking formal or mathematical considerations, should be viewed as a unified “mathematical response.” We then consider and rebut two prominent critiques of the mathematical response before reflecting on what is ultimately at issue in this literature.

"Seattle's Grande Dame of Socialism, " Fraser is a groundbreaking theorist and lively popularizer of socialist feminist ideas, and the writing in this volume ...

In Gendered Readings of Change, Clara Fischer develops a unique theory of change by drawing on American philosophy and contemporary feminist thought. Via a select history of ancient Greek and Pragmatist philosophies of change, she argues for a reconstruction of transformation that is inclusive of women's experiences and thought. With wide-ranging analysis, this book addresses ontological, moral, epistemological, and political questions, and includes an insightful exploration of the philosophies of Parmenides, Aristotle, John Dewey, Iris Young, and Jane Addams.

El presente artículo trata de profundizar en la objeción de conciencia partiendo del pensamiento de Joseph Ratzinger, previo y contemporáneo a su etapa como romano pontífice (Benedicto XVI). La hipótesis de partida, que se ve refrendada en las conclusiones, es que la comprensión ratzingeriana de la conciencia, fundamentada en la verdad y en el bien, justifica la existencia de la figura de la objeción de conciencia como protección del contenido de aquella ante la imposición de cualquier norma, justa o injusta. (...) Para realizar esta investigación se ha abordado el estudio de todas las obras y discursos del autor que versan sobre la noción de conciencia, la objeción de conciencia y la verdad, y se ha consultado asimismo doctrina filosófica y jurídica en la materia. (shrink)

Three perspectives on international trade are present in current debates. From the first perspective, trade is regarded as a set of individual transactions among consenting parties and considerations of fairness and justice barely feature, if at all. The second perspective underlines the importance of background structures for trade, maintained by states, which gives rise considerations of fairness and justice. One prominent version of this perspective, for example as defended by Aaron James, views all trading states as having in principle equal (...) claims to the gains from trade. A third perspective puts the focus on exploitation. In this special issue, Mathias Risse and Gabriel Wollner claim that the first perspective should be abandoned and that the type of approach that is instantiated by James fails. This article does not follow them in dismissing the second perspective in its entirety. It suggests that there is a different version of this perspective that is defensible and develops key elements of that version. In a second step, the article seeks to show that, even if there were no plausible account of fairly dividing gains from trade among states, fairness in trade would still generate demanding normative requirements – that can be and should be integrated into a theory of global justice. (shrink)

A feminist analysis of the Basque Mondragon system of industrial cooperatives suggests that women fare somewhat better in cooperatives than in private firms in employment, earnings, and job security. Market phenomena and the family as basic economic unit affect women workers negatively, as does increasing professionalism in the technical core of the system. Similarities in gender stratification and segregation in capitalist, socialist, and cooperative workplaces call into question the ability of all three to deal adequately with gender equality. Full workplace (...) democracy may depend on the distribution of goods and services based on need rather than work or the wage, socialization of homework and child care, degendering of technical and scientific knowledge, its dissemination as widely as possible throughout the workplace and the community, and the inclusion of all members of the community in major decisions. The article ends with modest suggestions for alleviating one pervasive problem in large industrial cooperatives—the concentration of technical and scientific skill among a few, primarily men. (shrink)

Fruit de la collaboration de 95 chercheurs et chercheuses de renommée nationale et internationale, cet ouvrage se compose d’une vingtaine d’articles longs et d’une centaine de notices plus courtes, illustrés par 1 200 images (peintures, dessins, gravures, sculptures, affiches, cartes postales, photographies, presse, objets du quotidien, etc.). Ce format « beau-livre»s’impose au regard par une finition soignée. Volumineux, il est structuré en quatre parties couvrant tous les empires coloniau...

Different areas of child welfare work call for psychometric measurement to replace professionals’ judgements with objective numbers. Using data from a national Swedish evaluation of interventions for abused children, the present article investigates child interviewees’ resistance to constraints in psychometric questions. The article contributes to studies of how psychology operates in institutional settings; it looks into the discursive production of the interviewee’s position in the struggle between the principle of recordability and ‘sensitive’ interviewing. The findings suggest that interviewees resist questions’ (...) structural restrictions in the service of telling the interviewer about their lives. Thus, the function of their misalignment is affiliative; it cooperates both with the institutional goal of eliciting information and with the interviewer’s interest in them. However, the interviewer’s solutions to children’s problem presentations remain focused on generating recordable answers. The article concludes that the narrow focus on recordability neglects important opportunities to talk about children’s experiences. (shrink)

In this article, I trace the politics of shame in the context of the problematization of women’s bodies as markers of sexual immorality in modern Ireland. I argue that the post-Independence project of national identity formation established women as bearers of virtue and purity and that sexual transgression threatening this new identity came to be severely punished. By hiding women, children, and all those deemed to be dangerous to national self-representations of purity, the Irish state, supported by Catholic moral values (...) and teaching, physically removed its embodied instances of national shame through a system of mass institutionalization. Just as shame entails the covering of one’s blemishes, so the shaming of women deemed to be deviant by church and state involved their covering via incarceration in Magdalen laundries, among other institutions. By assessing recent events highlighted by inquiries into Irish institutions—Magdalen laundries, reformatory and industrial schools, and soon mother and baby homes—in terms of the politics of shame, this article aims to shed light on the pervasiveness of institutionalization in Ireland and the complex relationship between said institutions, gender, sexuality, and nation building in the early decades of the Irish state. (shrink)

Recent years have witnessed a focus on feeling as a topic of reinvigorated scholarly concern, described by theorists in a range of disciplines in terms of a “turn to affect.” Surprisingly little has been said about this most recent shift in critical theorizing by philosophers, including feminist philosophers, despite the fact that affect theorists situate their work within feminist and related, sometimes intersectional, political projects. In this article, I redress the seeming elision of the “turn to affect” in feminist philosophy, (...) and develop a critique of some of the claims made by affect theorists that builds upon concerns regarding the “newness” of affect and emotion in feminist theory, and the risks of erasure this may entail. To support these concerns, I present a brief genealogy of feminist philosophical work on affect and emotion. Identifying a reductive tendency within affect theory to equate affect with bodily immanence, and to preclude cognition, culture, and representation, I argue that contemporary feminist theorists would do well to follow the more holistic models espoused by the canon of feminist work on emotion. Furthermore, I propose that prominent affect theorist Brian Massumi is right to return to pragmatism as a means of redressing philosophical dualisms, such as emotion/cognition and mind/body, but suggest that such a project is better served by John Dewey's philosophy of emotion than by William James's. (shrink)

We address a recent proposal concerning ‘surplus structure’ due to Nguyen et al.. We argue that the sense of ‘surplus structure’ captured by their formal criterion is importantly different from—and in a sense, opposite to—another sense of ‘surplus structure’ used by philosophers. We argue that minimizing structure in one sense is generally incompatible with minimizing structure in the other sense. We then show how these distinctions bear on Nguyen et al.’s arguments about Yang-Mills theory and on the hole argument.

While the list of 17 Sustainable Development Goals proposed by the United Nations’ Open Working Group comprises a catalog of highly important post-2015 development priorities, one of the key issue that has not received the attention it deserves is the need to safeguard the Earth's life-support system. Over the course of the past decades, we have concentrated much more on socioeconomic development rather than on environmental sustainability while putting a number of the Earth's systems at risk, and with it poverty (...) eradication and sustainable development. There is thus a need to put the spotlight on global environmental change and to take account of the insights from the latest Earth system science and its implications for the future of global development and global ethics. The ongoing debate on the post-2015 SDGs offers an important occasion for this endeavor. Going beyond the current proposal of the Open Working Group and building on the planetary boundaries or guard rails framework, the SDGs.. (shrink)

La « Guerre des Demoiselles » éclate en Ariège au début du XIX e siècle en réaction à la disparition des droits d’usage ancestraux qui fondaient l’habitabilité du territoire et la survie de ses habitants. Bien qu’elle emprunte de façon générale certains aspects de la guérilla, nous verrons que cette rébellion se signale aussi par le déploiement d’un langage symbolique et poétique qui à la fois « habite » et « hante » son milieu, montrant la consubstantialité et la mise (...) en crise simultanée du prosaïque et du poétique, de l’habitat et du discours. (shrink)

O principal objetivo deste artigo é articular a noção de antropologia, contida na tese complementar de Foucault a História da loucura, Gênese e estrutura da Antropologia de Kant, e em sua obra de 1966, As palavras e as coisas, reconhecendo no uso deste conceito uma cumplicidade teórica entre os dois textos. Em segundo lugar, procuramos entender os motivos que levaram Foucault a abandonar Kant como referência crítica às ciências humanas. Ao desvencilhar-se da filosofia kantiana, o pensador francês é forçado a (...) construir outros pressupostos que tornam possíveis o estudo do homem, tanto inspirado pela tendência estruturalista dos intelectuais franceses, sem, no entanto, estruturar condições atemporais dos discursos, como na crítica de Nietzsche à tradição filosófica. (shrink)

In this article, I give a counterexample to a claim made in that empirically equivalent theories can often be regarded as theoretically equivalent by treating one as having surplus structure, thereby overcoming the problem of underdetermination of theory choice. The case I present is that of Lorentz's ether theory and Einstein's theory of special relativity. I argue that Norton's suggestion that surplus structure is present in Lorentz's theory in the form of the ether state of rest is based on a (...) misunderstanding of the role that the ether plays in Lorentz's theory, and that in general, consideration of the conceptual framework in which a theory is embedded is vital to understanding the relationship between different theories. (shrink)

Este trabalho discute o escândalo político como um recurso narrativo de autoridade no jornalismo. Para tal, argumenta-se que os escândalos políticos têm sido uma ferramenta imprescindível no jornalismo para legitimar o seu lugar institucional de accountability e de reforço da norma democrática, e que reconhecer essa utilidade dos escândalos para o jornalismo pode ser um caminho promissor de análise. Nesse sentido, este artigo apresenta alguns indícios da naturalização da associação entre a publicização de escândalos e o compromisso democrático que o (...) jornalismo autoproclama exercer. Esses indícios de naturalização são apontados, principalmente, a partir de um emblemático escândalo da década de 1950 e de trabalhos acadêmicos voltados para o estudo do jornalismo. A pretensão é ampliar as possibilidades de análise em torno da publicização do escândalo político no jornalismo. (shrink)

This article examines some of the arguments proffered in objection to the introduction of compulsory voting. In particular, it addresses the notion that abstention from voting is tied to political affect, and that inequality in votes is justified. Rather than presenting the debate on the enforcement of voting as a matter of pro or contra, however, it argues that insights from both sides of the discussion can be adopted to allow for an approach that manages to integrate politically alienated citizens, (...) taking Iris Marion Young's model of inclusive democracy as a guide. (shrink)

The first excitement consequent upon the discovery of an ancient manuscript generally leads to an exaggeration of its importance. This was especially the case with the Veronese Palimpsest, first, because it is the only MS. of the first decade of Livy earlier than the ninth century, and secondly, because it is the only extant MS. for that part of Livy, which is not derived from the Nicomachian recension. Mommsen was naturally prejudiced in favour of the Veronese Palimpsest, which he collated (...) and published, and, when the two families of MSS. differ from one another, he usually decides for the Palimpsest. He used only MPL for his comparison, which is consequently very inadequate. It is possible now, however, with our wider and moreaccurate knowledge of the Nicomachian MSS.,thanks to the patient research of Professor Flamstead Walters and Dr. Conway, more justly to estimate the importance of the Veronese Palimpsest in Livy's first decade. (shrink)

En este artículo se presenta una interpretación de la crítica de la economía política de Marx como teoría filosófica: una teoría de la apariencia que tiene sus raíces en la intervención kantiana en la historia de la metafísica. En primer lugar, se presenta el proyecto de la crítica de la economía política como una crítica de la “apariencia real” “objetiva” [ realer, gegenständlicher Schein ]. A continuación, se apunta a fetichismo y mistificación como las categorías centrales de esta teoría de (...) la apariencia marxiana. Después se precisa su origen y posibilidad en el espacio filosófico abierto por Kant y Hegel, que sientan las bases de una teoría de la apariencia propiamente moderna. Finalmente, se profundiza en esta relación entre Marx y Kant mostrando que es posible clarificar tanto las diferencias como los contenidos del fetichismo y la mistificación al hilo de las dos clases de apariencia pensadas por Kant -según la distinción de Lebrun-, “apariencia lógica” y “apariencia trascendental”. (shrink)

On this note we review the attempts by Fernández Liria and Alegre to diagnose modernity and its outcome in populism as a phenomenon which condenses some of its aporias. basing on Robespierre, Hegel or Schmitt we discuss the authors’ theses and propose an answer to the questions of Law, nation or State we point out an approach to the problems of universality, identity and multipolarity.