Jean-Luc MARION, De surcroît. Études sur les phénomènes saturés ; Magda KING, A Guide to Heidegger’s Being and Time ; Andreas MICHEL, Die französische Heidegger-Rezeption und ihre sprachlichen Konsequenzen ; Alfred DENKER, Historical Dictionary of Heidegger’s Philosophy ; John B. BROUGH & Lester EMBREE, The Many Faces of Time ; Daniel O. DAHLSTROM, Heidegger’s Concept of Truth ; Cristina LAFONT, Heidegger, Language, And World-Disclosure ; Eliane ESCOUBAS & Bernhard WALDENFELS, Phénoménologie française et phénoménologie allemande ; Eckard WOLZ-GOTTWALD, Transformation der (...) Phänomenologie. Zur Mystik bei Husserl und Heidegger ; Martin HEIDEGGER, Ontology – The Hermeneutics of Facticity ; Arkadiusz CHRUDZIMSKI, Die Erkenntnistheorie von Roman Ingarden ; Jocelyn BENOIST, L’apriori conceptuel. Bolzano, Husserl, Schlick ; Dennis King KEENAN, Death and Responsibility. The “Work” of Levinas ; Dan ZAHAVI, Self-awareness, Temporality, and Alterity. Central Topics in Phenomenology ; Sonya SIKKA, Forms of Transcendence. Heidegger and Medieval Mystical Theology ; Alfred DENKER, Omdat filosoferen leven is. Een archeologie van Martin Heideggers Sein und Zeit; Seán HAND, The Levinas Reader ; ; Ion MINCÃ, Informatica şi teoria cunoaşterii. O paradigmã fenomenologicã a domeniului hardware ; John van BUREN, The Young Heidegger. Rumor of the Hidden King. (shrink)

Der Argumentationszusammenhang der im Titel genannten Schrift von König, welche Erziehungswissenschaft als praktische Disziplin von Grund auf revidieren und neu aufbauen soll, wird dargestellt, das Gesamtwerk dann aber einer eingehenden Kritik unterzogen. Dabei wird nachgewiesen, daß die Begründung oberster Normen bei König zirkelhaft ist. Außerdem wird auf eine Reihe von Unklarheiten und Verwechslungen begrifflicher Art, sowie auf Unkorrektheiten formaler Art hingewiesen. Vor allem aber wird deutlich gemacht, daß König sich viele Schwierigkeiten und Unklarheiten durch die kritiklose Übernahme der Lehren der (...) Erlanger Schule eingehandelt hat. (shrink)

In early 1927, Pascual Jordan published his version of what came to be known as the Dirac-Jordan statistical transformation theory. Later that year and partly in response to Jordan, John von Neumann published the modern Hilbert space formalism of quantum mechanics. Central to both formalisms are expressions for conditional probabilities of finding some value for one quantity given the value of another. Beyond that Jordan and von Neumann had very different views about the appropriate formulation of problems in the new (...) theory. For Jordan, unable to let go of the analogy to classical mechanics, the solution of such problems required the identification of sets of canonically conjugate variables, i.e., p’s and q’s. Jordan ran into serious difficulties when he tried to extend his approach from quantities with fully continuous spectra to those with wholly or partly discrete spectra. For von Neumann, not constrained by the analogy to classical physics and aware of the daunting mathematical difficulties facing the approach of Jordan ), the solution of a problem in the new quantum mechanics required only the identification of a maximal set of commuting operators with simultaneous eigenstates. He had no need for p’s and q’s. Related to their disagreement about the appropriate general formalism for the new theory, Jordan and von Neumann stated the characteristic new rules for probabilities in quantum mechanics somewhat differently. Jordan was the first to state those rules in full generality, von Neumann rephrased them and then sought to derive them from more basic considerations. In this paper we reconstruct the central arguments of these 1927 papers by Jordan and von Neumann and of a paper on Jordan’s approach by Hilbert, von Neumann, and Nordheim. We highlight those elements in these papers that bring out the gradual loosening of the ties between the new quantum formalism and classical mechanics. (shrink)

This paper has two parts, a historical and a systematic. In the historical part it is argued that the two major axiomatic approaches to relativistic quantum field theory, the Wightman and Haag-Kastler axiomatizations, are realizations of the program of axiomatization of physical theories announced by Hilbert in his 6th of the 23 problems discussed in his famous 1900 Paris lecture on open problems in mathematics, if axiomatizing physical theories is interpreted in a soft and opportunistic sense suggested in 1927 by (...) Hilbert, Nordheim, and von Neumann. To show this, Section 2 recalls first some of Hilbert's views about the axiomatic approach to physical theories as these were formulated in his 6th problem. It will be .. (shrink)

In "*Must* ...stay ...strong!" (von Fintel & Gillies 2010) we set out to slay a dragon, or rather what we called The Mantra: that epistemic *must* has a modal force weaker than expected from standard modal logic, that it doesn't entail its prejacent, and that the best explanation for the evidential feel of *must* is a pragmatic explanation. We argued that all three sub-mantras are wrong and offered an explanation according to which *must* is strong, entailing, and the felt indirectness (...) is the product of an evidential presupposition carried by epistemic modals. Mantras being what they are, it is no surprise that each of the sub-mantras have been given new defenses. Here we offer them new problems and update our picture, concluding that *must* is (still) strong. (shrink)

The principle that a sentence should be proportionate to the seriousness of the offence remains at the centre of penal practice and scholarly debate. This volume explores highly topical aspects of proportionality theory that require examination and further analysis. von Hirsch and Ashworth explore the relevance of the principle of proportionality to the sentencing of young offenders, the possible reasons for departing from the principle when sentencing dangerous offenders, and the application of the principle to socially deprived offenders. They examine (...) the claim that the principle tends to be associated with greater severity in sentencing, and explore the relevance of penance and of restorative justice to proportionality theory. Their examination of arguments and counter-arguments culminates in a re-statement of the main criteria for proportionate sentencing.The authors are well known for their previous writings on proportionality theory, and this volume broadens the theory to deal with important contemporary issues in crime and punishment. (shrink)

This article surveys the state of the art in the field of semantic universals. We examine potential semantic universals in three areas: (i) the lexicon, (ii) semantic “glue” (functional morphemes and composition principles), and (iii) pragmatics. At the level of the lexicon, we find remarkably few convincing semantic universals. At the level of functional morphemes and composition principles, we discuss a number of promising constraints, most of which require further empirical testing and/or refinement. In the realm of pragmatics, we predict (...) that Gricean mechanisms are universal, but suggest that the precise nature of presuppositions may be subject to cross-linguistic variation. Finally, we follow E.L. Keenan in concluding that the overarching universal of effability or translatability between languages cannot be upheld in its strongest form. A recurring theme throughout this survey is how much work still remains to be done in the relatively young field of cross-linguistic formal semantics. (shrink)

Hermann von Helmholtz was a leading figure of nineteenth-century European intellectual life, remarkable even among the many scientists of the period for the range and depth of his interests. A pioneer of physiology and physics, he was also deeply concerned with the implications of science for philosophy and culture. From the 1850s to the 1890s, Helmholtz delivered more than two dozen popular lectures, seeking to educate the public and to enlighten the leaders of European society and governments about the potential (...) benefits of science and technology to a developing modern society. David Cahan has selected fifteen of these lectures, which reflect the wide range of topics of crucial importance to Helmholtz and his audiences. Among the subjects discussed are the origins of the planetary system, the relation of natural science to science in general, the aims and progress of the physical sciences, the problems of perception, and academic freedom in German universities. This collection also includes Helmholtz's fascinating lectures on the relation of optics to painting and the physiological causes of harmony in music, which provide insight into the relations between science and aesthetics. Science and Culture makes available again Helmholtz's eloquent arguments on the usefulness, benefits, and, intellectual pleasures of understanding the natural world. With Cahan's Introduction to set these essays in their broader context, this collection makes an important contribution to the philosophical and intellectual history of Europe at a time when science played an increasingly significant role in social, economic, and cultural life. (shrink)

Summary Verbs of creation (create, make, paint) are not transparent. The object created does not exist during the event time but only thereafter. We may call this type of opacity temporal opacity. I is to be distinguished from modal opacity, which is found in verbs like owe or seek. (Dowty, 1979) offers two analyses of creation verbs. One analysis predicts that no object of the sort created exists before the time of the creation. The other analysis says that the object (...) exists throughout the act of creation. I investigate three theories: Theory I says that no object of the sort created and which is caused by the very act of creation exists before the creation. In this theory, verbs of creation must embed a property. Theory II can regard the indefinite object of a creation verb as a quantifier and gives it wide scope with respect to the verb. The theory has to make sure that the objects quantified over exist only after the event. While Theory I and II start from the assumption that the extension of all nouns depend on time, Theory III says that Individual Level predicates do not depend on time. This ontology will enable us to treat verbs of creation as first order relations. The theory will entail that a picture does not mean the same as there is a picture. The paper discusses various approaches to the problem: Krifka, Parsons, Landman, Kratzer and Zucchi. (shrink)

Arnulf von Scheliha liefert eine Gesamtdarstellung der Politischen Ethik im deutschen Protestantismus. Auf der Basis eines handlungstheoretischen Politikbegriffs legt er im historischen Teil die Geschichte der Politischen Ethik von der Reformationszeit bis zur EKD-Demokratiedenkschrift dar. Dabei liegt ein besonderer Schwerpunkt auf den Entwurfen des theologischen Liberalismus. Die auf die Gegenwart bezogene Prinzipienlehre entfaltet den Begriff der christlichen Freiheit in einer Pflichten-, Guter- und Tugendlehre und erortert seine Bedeutung fur das politische Handeln in der Zivilgesellschaft und im modernen Mehr-Ebenen-Staat. Im abschliessenden (...) Teil greift der Autor wichtige Themen des gegenwartigen politischen Diskurses auf und konkretisiert die Reichweite des hier vertretenen Ansatzes an den Beispielen "Achtung von Gewalt und Stiftung von gerechtem Frieden," "Europa" und "Good Governance.". (shrink)

Karen von Kunes traces Milan Kundera’s creative ideas to a 1950 police report filed in Stalinist era Czechoslovakia. Demonstrating how this incident influenced Kundera’s literary trajectory and ultimately contributed to his acclaim as a writer, von Kunes interprets his work in a new way.

This is a three-part study of the relations between law and liberty.

"O fim do direito é a paz, e o meio para atingi-lo é a luta. Enquanto o direito precisar estar pronto ante a agressão da injustiça, o que ocorrerá enquanto existir o mundo, não poderá ele poupar se da luta. A vida do direito é luta, uma luta dos povos, do poder do estado, das classes, dos indivíduos." O jurista Rudolf von Ihering expõe neste livro de 1872 sua ideia de que o direito não é cedido ao povo naturalmente, mas (...) sim que deve haver uma luta social para conquistá-lo. O autor expressa que o processo é de fato difícil e doloroso, contudo é justamente essa dor que desenvolve uma ligação mais forte e perene entre o Direito conquistado e o povo que sangrou para conquistá-lo. E vai além: essa luta seria não apenas um dever moral do indivíduo para consigo mesmo como também um dever cívico dele para com a sociedade. A luta pelo Direito tece críticas a todos os que sacrificam seus direitos individuais em nome de uma paz pessoal, e reafirma o poder e o dever de cada um perante a coletividade. Obra fundamental em tempos de mudanças sociais e jurídicas tão profundas. (shrink)

Georg Ernst Stahl (1659-1734) was a German physician and chemist. The book (in German) documents a symposium of the Academy Leopoldina on his works and thoughts that contributed to the Enlightenment. Der weite Horizont seines Denkens und seiner Arbeiten umfasst die Phlogiston-Theorie der Verbrennung, die später mit der Entdeckung des Sauerstoffs widerlegt wurde, aber dennoch wichtige Erkenntnisse zur Reversibilität von Reaktionen und zur unsichtbaren Persistenz der beteiligten chemischen Komponenten beitrug. Seine Gedanken zur Rolle der „Anima“, die heute überholt erscheinen, führten (...) bereits am Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts Konzepte ein, die für die moderne Biologie und Psychologie von Bedeutung sind. Dazu zählen etwa Homöostase, Synergie, die Vorbereitung willentlicher Bewegungen und Unterschiede zwischen unbewussten aber vernünftigen Handlungen und solchen, die von rationalen Erwägungen geleitet werden. Stahls medizinisches Hauptwerk ist die „Theoria medica vera”, Halle 1708. Eine der zentralen Publikationen zur chemischen Theorie der Verbrennung ist die „Zymotechnia fundamentalis seu fermentationis theoria generalis”, Halle 1697, in deutscher Sprache 1734. Siehe auch „Georg Ernst Stahl (1659-1734), German Physician and Chemist“, Artikel von A. Gierer, in: Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment (Hg. A.C. Kors), Bd. 4, Oxford University Press, New York 2003, S. 124-125. -/- . (shrink)

Was heisst Lesen? Es sind zunachst die Textwissenschaften, die hier Auskunft geben, von der Literatur- uber die Kultur- bis zur Rechtswissenschaft. Mit der Literatur teilen sie die Auffassung, dass dem Lesen nur in flagranti auf die Spur zu kommen ist, im Versuch also, das Lesen zu lesen. Die Materialitat gedruckter Texte und ihre Lesbarkeit ist Sache der Typografie. Eine semiotisch informierte Wissenschaftsphilosophie vermag aufzuzeigen, inwiefern auch die Naturwissenschaften lesend auf ihre Gegenstande stossen. Und schliesslich setzen auch neuro- und kognitionswissenschaftliche Forschungsansatze (...) historisch konkrete Formen des Lesens voraus. Der Band leistet eine Bestandsaufnahme vor dem Hintergrund technologischer und epistemologischer Umbruche, die das Lesen tiefgreifend verandern. (shrink)

Excerpt from Philosophie des Schönen Es versteht sich von selbst, dass eine solche "philosophie des Schönen, wie sie einerseits induktiv aus der thatsächliohen per sönlichen Vertrautheit des Philosophen mit dem Schönen aller Art verwachsen sein muss, so auch in stetigem geschichtlichen Zu sammenhange rnit den bisherigen Leistungen dieser Art stehen muss. Den Ausweis uber diese historische Kontinuität hat das nachfolgende Buch nicht erst zu erbringen, da er im erstenhistorischkritisohen Theil enthalten ist. 'das Vorausschicken dieses ersten Theiles gestattet mir, nunmehr von (...) allen kritischen und polemischen Erörterungen gegen die Ansichten anderer Aesthétiker Abstand zu nehmen und dem Fluss der eigenen Gedankenentwickelurig ungestört Folge zu geben. Manche Einzelfragen konnte ich öhne Bedenken ganz bei Seite lassen, weil dieselben in der kritischen Behandlung des ersten Theils bereits in ausreichendem Maasse zur Sprache gelangt waren; in anderen Punkten konnte ich aus dem selben Grunde wenigstens auf polemische Sicherstellung und nähere Begrundung verzichten und der überzeugenden Kraft der Wahrheit in ihrem systematischen Zusammenhange vertrauen. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

Philosophische Sittenlehre ist ein unveranderter, hochwertiger Nachdruck der Originalausgabe aus dem Jahr 1794. Hansebooks ist Herausgeber von Literatur zu unterschiedlichen Themengebieten wie Forschung und Wissenschaft, Reisen und Expeditionen, Kochen und Ernahrung, Medizin und weiteren Genres.Der Schwerpunkt des Verlages liegt auf dem Erhalt historischer Literatur.Viele Werke historischer Schriftsteller und Wissenschaftler sind heute nur noch als Antiquitaten erhaltlich. Hansebooks verlegt diese Bucher neu und tragt damit zum Erhalt selten gewordener Literatur und historischem Wissen auch fur die Zukunft bei.".

Gegenstand vorliegender Arbeit ist das Problem des fehler haften Staatsakts. Dementsprechend besteht ihre eigentliche Auf gabe darin, jene Schwierigkeiten darzulegen und zu iiberwinden, welche eine Theorie des fehlerhaften Staatsakts bietet. Die Ge winnung grundsatzlicher Klarheit iiber Ziel und Weg schien dabei um so mehr gefordert, als die bisherigen Versuche einer wissen schaftlichen Behandlung des Gegenstandes zwar unbestreitbar wert volle Einzelausfiihrungen, keineswegs aber methodische Sicherheit gebracht haben. Insoweit dieser Mangel nach hier vertretener Ansicht an der Haltlosigkeit des angewandten formalistischen Ver fahrens (...) liegt, bilden nachfolgende Untersuchungen einen Beitrag zu einer teleologischen Methode der Rechtsauslegung iiberhaupt. Herr Dr. med. hon. c. Ferdinand Springer iibernahm hoch herzigerweise auch unter den gegenwartigen Verhaltnissen die Drucklegung meiner Arbeit. Wieviel ich ihm damit verdanke, kann nur ganz ermessen, wer in heutiger Zeit seine wissenschaft liche Laufbahn erst beginnt. Berlin, Dezember 1923. Ernst von Hippel. Inhaltsverzeichnis. Seite Erster Teil. Einfiihrung. § 1. Der Begriff des fehlerhaften Staatsakts im Sinne vorliegender Arbeit... •....... 3 a) Der Begriff des Staatsakts 1 b) Der Begriff des Fehlers. 1 Zweiter Teil. Die formalistische Behandlung des fehlerhaften Staatsakts. (shrink)

Wolfgang Pauli, well known for his seminal contributions to quantum theory, recorded his dreams from 1932 to 1958 and discussed them with C.G. Jung and a number of analysts belonging to Jung's inner circle. Pauli's dream records, to a major extent belonging to Jung's heritage, will be published in the near future. Moreover, Pauli's thoughts about the relation of his dreams to Jung's archetypal psychology as well as to physics are remarkable. The scope, the genesis, the contents, and the significance (...) of this material will be described in this article. (shrink)

In (Jäger and Blutner 1999), Gerhard Jäger and Reinhard Blutner (henceforth J&B) have launched a forceful attack against the account of the adverb wieder “again” I presented in (Stechow 1995) and (Stechow 1996) There I defended a classical account of the repetitive/restitutive ambiguity exhibited by the adverb wieder, which is very close to early proposals found in the Generative Semantics literature, notably (Morgan 1969) and (McCawley 1971). I argued that German surface syntax shows that something in the style of this (...) old decomposition analysis must be correct. (shrink)