The development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) presented a unique set of challenges. There was a global need for safe, effective vaccines against a new virus. In response to the development of vaccines for COVID-19 (some of which used novel technologies), there was a proliferation of no-fault compensation schemes (NFCS) for COVID-19 vaccine injuries. We identified 28 national vaccine injury NFCS operating in December 2019. Just 2 years later, over 130 countries had some NFCS coverage for COVID-19 vaccines. This rapid (...) expansion was primarily driven by the creation of three multinational schemes. The COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX) scheme covers vaccines given under the COVAX framework in 92 low and middle-income countries across the globe. The African Vaccines Acquisition Trust (AVAT) scheme covers vaccines administered under the AVAT framework in 36 African and Caribbean countries. The UNICEF scheme covers vaccines administered by UNICEF in 18 Asian countries.Because of the sudden expansion of no-fault compensation for vaccine injury, especially in developing economies, more research on the foundations, procedures and outcomes of NFCS is needed. In this article, we examine how these NFCS meet the needs of individual claimants and society more widely. To do so, we first review the rationales offered to support the creation of vaccine injury NFCS. We then argue that, in order to achieve their function as compensation mechanisms, NFCS should be accessible and offer substantive and procedural justice to claimants. Finally, we focus on transparency and accountability as necessary requirements to allow scrutiny over existing NFCS and their wider impacts. (shrink)

One important argument for the free market is that of the ‘invisible hand’ or ‘private vices, public virtues’. That is, individual profit-seeking behaviour by suppliers will lead to better quality, lower priced goods for consumers than could be achieved by other means. Where this is so the market may be to the benefit of all, including the worst off. However, reflection on a range of cases – including what is here called the Titanic Puzzle, introduced by Thomas Schelling - shows (...) that this is not always so. Where there are important market failures which may not be correctable within the market, the goal of helping the worst off and vulnerable can sometimes be best served by setting up structures which generate common interests between supplier and consumer. The goods considered here are termed ‘high-fidelity slow-release’ goods. They are those where consumption of the good is a lengthy or deferred process, ‘escape costs’ are high, and the quality of the good may vary over the life of the exchange, subject to the influence of the supplier even after purchase. Many long term financial products, and other goods such as education, plausibly have such character. An unregulated market for such goods is highly problematic. (shrink)

Le problème du vivant n'est plus un problème « local », il traverse et bouscule tous les domaines, depuis les fondements de l'esprit (dans le cerveau) jusqu'à la préservation de la vie (dans l'univers) en passant par le rapport de l'homme et de l'animal, le soin et le pouvoir, la littérature et l'art. Mais rien ne serait plus trom-peur que d'y voir une évidence réductrice : de la pensée aux neurones, de l'histoire à la survie, de l'éthique à la bioéthique, (...) de la littérature à la biographie, etc. C'est comme problème, à travers une diversité d'approches nouvelles, que se constitue le moment philosophique (scientifique et historique) du vivant. Le but de ce livre est d'explorer ce domaine, c'est-à-dire non seulement d'en donner une carte, mais de le parcourir en acte, de la métaphysique à l'esthétique en passant par la biologie, l'anthropologie, l'éthique et la politique. Ce ne sont pas des études « sur » le vivant comme objet extérieur, mais des interventions enga-gées et constituant ce moment par leurs relations elles-mêmes. Pages de début Présentation Première partie - Métaphysique Un moment du vivant?? L'acte du vivant Vie lacunaire et vie approfondie Vie de douleur Deuxième partie - Biologie La différence entre santé et maladie Revenir au concept de Nature Les bases d'une éthique transphylétique Le moment écologique Troisième partie - Anthropologie L'homme, exception dans la nature?? Le sophisme de l'animalité humaine La catastrophe entre vie et justice Quatrième partie - Politique Le nazisme, ou la «?vie?» comme «?norme?» Pour une autre approche de la biopolitique Politiques du vivant, politiques de la nature Biopolitique des sentinelles Cinquième partie - Éthique Répondre du vivant Vie, médecine, responsabilité Le soin maternel à la lumière de l'ontologie de la relation La vie à tout prix?? Sixième partie - Esthétique La vie de l'image comme médiation Se sentir vivant Hommes et bêtes à vif Corps.EXT RemerciementsPages de fin. (shrink)

For the past thirty-five years or so forgiveness has been of great interest to philosophers, and the recent spate of new books and scholarly essays on the topic is evidence that this interest continues unabated. David Konstan’s Before Forgiveness: The Origins of a Moral Idea is among the recent contributions to this literature. Konstan argues that none of the various ways in which people in the classical Greek and Roman world managed angry emotional states such as resentment constitute the modern (...) phenomenon of forgiveness. And although forgiveness is prominent in the Hebrew and Christian Bibles, the main sense of that term refers to God’s forgiveness of human sin, and not to the contemporary notion of human interpersonal forgiveness, which typically refers to a moral transformation of the victim of wrong that involves, centrally, overcoming or forswearing resentment caused by and directed toward a wrongdoer, and doing so for moral reasons. This latter component refers to behaviors enga .. (shrink)

“Towards the end of a sultry afternoon early in July a young man came out of his little room in Stolyarny Lane and turned and in the direction of Kameny Bridge in central St. Petersburg.”[1] Right then, this young man, a former law student named Rodion Raskolnikov, is caught in an agonizing conversation with himself over whether or not to commit the ultimate crime: to murder an innocent person. Exasperated, wondering what to do with such a weighty decision, he cried (...) aloud, “that’s why I don’t act, because I am always talking. Or perhaps I talk so much just because I can’t act.”[2] On this occasion, he decided not to actualize his thoughts, and so kept on pondering. A little later, as he wandered through the dusty streets of the lively St. Petersburg public market, the young man again relapses into contemplation of the character of his existence, its worth, and its meaning. If he ever did decide to commit such evil, the act would determine what kind of man he is. It is a question of the movement from thought to action... (shrink)