Often ‘nationalism’ and ‘having a state proper to the nation’ are considered as inseparable. Relatedly, when these thoughts are applied to the reality of sub-state nations, such as Flanders, Catalonia Basque Country and Québec, sub-state nationalism (SSN) and separatism seem to be conceptually entangled in their aim for an independent state. This chapter considers sub-state nationalism and sub-state separatism as conceptually distinct, and aims at examining the relationship between sub-state separatist political parties and immigration policies. This requires, on the one (...) hand focusing on the integration policies, given that often immigration policies with regard to admission and removal lies beyond the competence of sub-state nations. On the other hand, it focuses on the two major Flemish pro-independence parties, namely the Nieuwe Vlaamse Alliantie (N-VA), and Vlaams Belang (VB). While sub-state separatist movements appear to be particularly opposed to increasing immigration, they operate under a particular ‘legitimacy dilemma’ with its paradoxical tendencies to both exclude and include immigrants. The chapter will show contextually that even the relatively more inclusive political party positions, such as the ones taken by the N-VA, are not sufficiently inclusive, when the normative distinction between ‘cultural assimilation’ and ‘cultural integration’ is taken seriously. Theoretically, it will engage with a renowned articulation of the legitimacy dilemma offered by Will Kymlicka, to argue that it is not sufficient to account for the normative necessity to respect the ‘autonomy of immigrants’. As I will demonstrate, this has to do with the inability of the dilemma to distinguish sufficiently ‘cultural assimilation’ from ‘cultural integration’. In other words, on the one hand the chapter contributes to the apparent absence of strong defenses for ‘moral autonomy of immigrants, by describing what such an autonomy might imply for designing of integration policies. On the other hand, it critically assesses Flemish pro-independence parties’ concrete policies with respect to integration. By offering a contextual political theory on these issues, it offers an example of how a moral principle might be implemented, and serve as a critical focal point to evaluate public policies. (shrink)

In this paper, we aim to complement and extend Cécile Laborde’s argument against the Swiss minaret ban, which emphasizes the exclusion of Muslim citizens from equal national belonging. We argue that if we take seriously the normativity that is embedded in the Swiss direct democratic context (Carens 2004), especially in its ability to determine the substance of national belonging, then the symbolic exclusion of Muslims from political belonging is more relevant than the former with regard to democratic justice. Section 1 (...) defines basic notions and presents some arguments that were circulated in Swiss public political debate during the referendum campaign. Section 2 will present extant arguments in normative political philosophy about the ban. Section 3 expands our argument, which can be summarized as follows: the double absence of recognition of Muslims as (i) equal autonomous subjects and (ii) as political agents calls into question the legitimacy of the direct democratic process that led to the ban, making it unjust by the standards implicit within democratic practices in Switzerland. (shrink)

A review essay of David Miller's book: Justice for Earthlings: Essays in Political Philosophy, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. The essay situates this work among Miller's other works and critically engages with his arguments and theory of migration.

The principle of excluded middle is more important than is commonly believed for understanding Kant's overall philosophical project. In the article, this principle is examined in the following contexts: kinds of judgments, concepts of opposition, negation, and determination, and apagogic proof. It is first explained how the principle of excluded middle is employed by Kant in distinguishing between the kinds of judgment. Also called the principle of division, it is the principle of disjunctive and apodictic judgments in Kant's famous table (...) of judgments. Next, the Author shows which kind of opposition is related to the principle of the excluded middle. As a merely logical criterion of truth, this principle grounds the logical necessity of a cognition and plays an important role in the use of apagogical proofs. Then Kant's account of logical negation will be investigated briefly. Negative judgment with a negative copula indicates that something is not contained within the sphere of a given concept. This process occurs in accordance with the principle of excluded middle. Finally, an analysis is made of how Kant presents the metaphysical principle of thoroughgoing determination and its differences from the logical principle of excluded middle. (shrink)

Bu makale, örnek çalışma olarak ele aldığı ʿAbduh er-Râciḥî'nin eseri "et-Taṭbîḳu’n-naḥvî’de, klasik nahiv ilmini güncel bir üslupla ele alışını ve modern dilbilim yaklaşımlarının üslubunu ne derecede etkilendiğini incelemektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, Râciḥî'nin eserdeki modern dil yaklaşımlarının etkisini analiz ederek, klasik ve modern yaklaşımlar arasındaki metodolojik ve teorik etkileşimleri değerlendirmektir. Bu analizde, Râciḥî'nin klasik nahiv kurallarını çağdaş dil kullanımlarıyla nasıl bütünleştirmeye çalıştığı ve hangi gerekçelere dayandığı teşhis edilmeye çalışılmaktadır. İncelenen eserde Râciḥî, herhangi bir modern yaklaşıma açıkça yer vermediği için modern kuramları açıkça (...) analiz ettiği en-Naḥvu’l-ʿArabî ve’d-dersü’l-ḥadîs̱ ve ʿİlmü’l-luġati’t-Taṭbîḳî ve taʿlîmü’l-ʿArabiyye eserleri de çalışma kapsamına dahil edilmiştir. Makale, Râciḥî'nin eserinin analizi aracılığıyla, modern yaklaşımların metodolojik ve teorik düzlemde klasik yaklaşımın kendi potansiyelini geliştirme ve çağdaş meselelere yeni cevaplar üretme kapasitesini nasıl etkilediğini tartışmaktadır. Makalenin sonuçları, hem klasik nahiv ilminin iç dinamiklerinin anlaşılması hem de çağdaş dilbilim teorileriyle olan ilişkisinin daha iyi kavranması açısından önemlidir. Bu çalışma, Arap dili ve nahiv ilmiyle ilgili çağdaş araştırmalar için bir örnek teşkil etmekte ve çağdaş nahiv çalışmaları analiz edildiği takdirde klasik bir yaklaşımın güncel söyleme aktarılmasında – doğrudan olmasa da veya çok az temas etse de – modern düşüncelerin nasıl etkili olduğu noktasında araştırmacılara yeni bir bakış açısı sunmaktadır. Bu makalenin elde ettiği bulgular şu şekildedir: (1) Çağdaş okuyucuya hitap eden güncel bir anlatı ile klasik nahiv kurallarının aktarılması ve (2) başka dillerde görülen olgular üzerinden nahiv kurallarının değerlendirilmesidir. Çalışma, bu bulguların arkasındaki sebepleri inceleyerek Râciḥî'nin nahiv ilminin donuk olduğu, geçerliliğini yitirdiği, yerine yeni bir nahiv ilminin getirilmesi gerektiği, değişen dili temsil etmediği ve betimleyici (descriptive) değil de buyurucu (prescriptive) olduğu yönündeki eleştirilere cevap vermeye çalıştığını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Böylece Râciḥî, güncel dil kullanımlarına yer vererek ve dahası dil toplumu tarafından kullanım sıklıklarına dikkat ederek çağdaş fasih Arapçadaki değişimin farkında olduğunu ve nahiv kurallarının hala geçerli olduğunu okuyucuya göstermektedir. Bunu yaparak nahiv ilmini dilbilimin eşsüremlilik ilkesi ile dilin değişimi kabulüne uygun hale getirmektedir. Öte yandan, nahiv kurallarının değişmediğini kabul eden Râciḥî çağdaş dil toplumu tarafından kabul görüp yaygın olarak kullanılmasına rağmen bazı dil kullanımlarını hatalı bulmuştur. Bu şekilde klasik nahiv kurallarının uyulması gereken kaideler olarak görülmesinin buyuruculukla itham edildiğini belirten Râciḥî, bu eleştiriye Chomskyci dil yaklaşımı üzerinden cevap vermiştir. İkinci hususla ilgili, Râciḥî diğer dillerde görülen bir dilbilgisi olgusunu nahivcilerin metodolojilerine aykırı olarak nahiv kuralları için bir kıstas olarak görmüş ve nahivcilerin tespitlerini bu kıstas üzerinden değerlendirmiştir. Bir dilde görülen bir olgunun başka bir dil için kıstas olması evrensel dilbilgisi kurallarının olduğunu varsayan modern bir dilbilim yaklaşımına aittir. Bütün bunlardan yola çıkarak, bu makale Râciḥî'nin klasik bir ilmi çağdaş meselelere cevap verecek şekilde güncellemeye çalışırken nahiv ilminin tamamı olmasa da bazı meselelerini modern yaklaşımlara göre yeniden yorumladığını ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamıştır. (shrink)

The first principle of Fichte’s philosophy, the Wissenschaftslehre, is “I am,” whereas the logical principle of identity is “A is A.” The relationship of Fichte’s philosophy to logic helps us understand the relation between the principles of these two disciplines. The first principle of the Wissenschaftslehre as an Act (Thathandlung) is the ground of consciousness and therefore renders logic possible as a science. Even though logic is grounded on the Wissenschaftslehre, the form of logic is used by the latter to (...) comprehend itself. The difference between logic and the Wissenschaftslehre consists in the fact that the former merely supplies a form and the latter contains both the form and the content. Logic arises from the Wissenschaftslehre through the free acts termed “abstraction” and “reflection.” In the Wissenschaftslehre, the form of logical propositions as equality, affirmation and substitution, are derived from the primordial act of the self-positing of the I. (shrink)

In our country, it is observed that, most of the current academic studies carried on the history of Taṣawwuf usually includes Egypt, Iraq, Turkey, India and Central Asia and it is also seen that these are the studies that form the Eastern region of the Islamic World. The development of Islam and especially Taṣawwuf in the West, seems to have been studied by fewer researchers compared to the first. In fact, when the investigation in this direction is taken into consideration (...) in a more specific region such as the Maghrib, it is noticed that the number of researchers in this area has decreased. From this point on, our research covers the tabaqāt literature that emer-ged in the Maghrib/Morocco region between the 13th and 20th centuries A.D. In the study; starting from Ibn Zayyāt al-Tādilī's book al-Tashawwuf ilâ rijâl al-taṣawwuf, a total of ten hagiographical works were introduced. In the biographical information and explanations, a detailed evaluation was made on the topics such as the life of the author, the subject of the current work, the purpose of writing, the similar and different sides from other tabaqāt books, the method of presentation of the work. On the other hand; the contributions of these works, which were proclaimed in a certain period of time in the geography of Morocco, to the historical memory of the societies in that geography were also tried to be determined. According to the findings obtained as a result of the study, it has been determined that the tabaqâts reflect a certain section of history including political, religious, cultural and social aspects and convey the general life styles of the communities they deal with. (shrink)

Infamously, Rawls assumed a democratic society to be “a complete and closed social system,” in that “entry into it is only by birth and exit from it is only by death.” Since the beginning of the present millennium, however, debates about the ethical issues related to immigration have been prominent. In this context, these methodological departure points seem long outdated, if not simply biased. This paper will rework Rawls’s theory of migration for application to the case of provisional immigrants by (...) reworking its theoretical underpinnings. I will argue that once his assumptions are adjusted, Rawlsian notions of ‘stability’ in conjunction with his idea of a ‘society understood as a fair system of cooperation’ justify inclusive membership regimes. In other words, Rawlsian domestic justice requires inclusive membership regimes for provisional immigrants. (shrink)

This special issue consists of four articles, contributed by David Owen; Désirée Lim, Sahar Akhtar and (as co-authors) Mollie Gerver, Miranda Simon, Patrick Lown and Dominik Duell. These contributions address issues related to migration policies with the aim of bringing normative theories of migration and discrimination into dialogue. These theories describe the various types of discrimination inherent in the domestic and global migration systems, as well as assess arguments, pro et contra, about whether these forms of discrimination are permissible.

Miguel Angel Muñoz brings together in this book several inteviews he made over more than two decades in England, France, Spain and Mexico. These conversations complete and close a cycle, not of creation, but of the exercise of conversing with multiple creators: poets, historians, anthropologists and novelists. These are works that he believes coincide in an identical aesthetic conviction: they insist on concern not only for creativity but also for the complex social and cultural history that we live in the (...) world of yesterday and today. (shrink)

Includes 2 texts: Lucio Anneo Seneca, by Juan Fernando Ortega Muñoz, and Andaluces universales, by Francisco García Bazán.

The exact process that leads to the eruption of autoimmune reactions against β cells and the evolution of diabetes is not fully understood. Macrophages and T cells may launch an initial immune reaction against the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, provoking inflammation and destructive insulitis. The information on the molecular mechanisms of the emergence of β cell injury is controversial and points to possibly important roles for the perforin–granzyme, Fas–Fas-ligand (FasL) and tumor-necrosis-factor-mediated apoptotic pathways. FasL has several unique features that make (...) it a potentially ideal immunomodulatory tool. Most important, FasL is selectively toxic to cytotoxic T cells and less harmful to regulatory T cells. This review discusses the intrinsic sensitivity of β cells to FasL-mediated apoptosis, the conditions that underlie this β cell sensitivity, and the feasibility of using FasL to arrest autoimmunity and prevent islet allograft rejection. In both the autoimmune and transplant settings, it is imperative to progress from the administration of nonspecific immunosuppressive therapy to the concept of β-cell-specific immunomodulation. FasL evolves as a prime candidate for antigen-specific immunomodulation. BioEssays 28: 211–222, 2006. © 2006 Wiley periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

This study addresses the social aspect of the duty of pilgrimage through the documentation method based on sociological perspective. The aim of this paper is to determine the social gains of people through the pilgrimage. Religion is an phenomenon that people need in every aspect of their daily life. Because religion is one of the phenomenon that deeply affect the individual and society. The pilgrimage, which is one of the sociological expressions of religion, and maintains its existence in the form (...) of creed, worship and religious community, is instrumental in strengthening and consolidating the faith and feeling the feelings of brotherhood. For instance; spiritual fundamentals of integration are based on Quran by means of worships such as salaat, fasting and alms with the pilgrimage as well as the messages serving as guidance for socio-cultural integration. In accordance with this, worships, with its psychological effects, lead people to attain social aspects such as brotherhood, solidarity, protecting each other, enduring and overcoming distresses together, accomplishing societal sharing by meeting on the common ground of benefaction in the establishment and subsistence of the Islamic community. The pilgrimage, on that sense, is required to have its principal qualification once more in where the historical, social, political and economic issues of the Islamic world are discussed and solutions addressing such issues are delivered accordingly. Therefore, the pilgrimage is not expected to only affects the individuals, families, groups but also regulates the national and transnational lives of societies. (shrink)

ObjectivesTo examine implicit and explicit attitudes toward gay men and lesbian women among heterosexual undergraduate and graduate psychology and nursing students.MethodsImplicit attitudes were measured via the Implicit Association Test and explicit attitudes via the Attitudes Toward Lesbian Women and Gay questionnaire.Main resultsAll groups held negative implicit attitudes toward gay men and lesbian women. Among undergraduates, nursing students reported holding more negative explicit attitudes toward gay men and lesbian women than psychology students.ConclusionThe curricula in both nursing and psychology studies need to (...) address the medical and paramedical needs and issues of sexual minorities. (shrink)

Building blocks are practical materials for playing, learning, and working at kindergartens, schools, universities, and companies. This study explores the historical implications of particular sets of building blocks in the interdisciplinary consolidation and transformation of techniques, materials, discourses, and subjects.