This essay is an introduction and summary of my detailed study under preparation on the idea of Europe in contemporary Spanish thought. An historical interpretation of Spanish civilization from its earliest beginnings to the present time is presented in the article. I undertake the problem of Spain’s European vocation, specific features of its Christian culture, especially Iberian links with the Islamic world and the question of changes in Spanish identity. The article presents reflections on Europe by the Generation of ‘98 (...) Spanish writers and thinkers (chiefly Angel Ganivet, Miguel de Unamuno and Ramiro de Maeztu) who, in the face of defeat (1898) in the Spanish-American War, proclaimed a program of moral and cultural rebirth for Spain. Their ambivalent attitude towards Europe was rejected by José Ortega y Gasset and Salvador de Madariaga, both the most pro-European 20th century Spanish intellectuals. The problem of Spanishrelation to Europe was also widely discussed after the Civil War under General Franco regime. The evolution from initial isolation to a fuller integration with Europe of the regime and its conservative Catholic culture are also shown in the article. Much attention is devoted to the present-day civil and European Spain led by democratic socialists. (shrink)

The paper presents seven nihilistic functional calculi (NFC), founded on nihilistic propositional calculi. NFC are characterized from the syntactic and semantic points of view. For each of NFC both points of view are proved to define the same sets of formulas.

An axiomatic theory of values is presented in this article. The basis of this theory is Czeżowski's idea of values.

Henryk Kurczab is a literature specialist, educator, lecturer and professor of Rzeszów Univertsity as well as Rzeszów College of Pedagogics. His book is a plenteous source of knowledge concerning dialogue, translatability and interaction of arts in the sense of semiotic ‘meaning’ and ‘sign’. The subject matter chosen by the author, i.e. arts correspondence, its own exemplification as well as interpretations, distinguish his work by individaulizing cognitive values.

This book is an attempt to demonstrate that the basic principles of phonological organization boil down to the interaction between the strength of nuclei as licensers of phonological structure and various non-rerankable scales of complexity occurring at different levels of phonological representation. The licensing relation between nuclei and the preceding onsets on the one hand, and governing relations between consonants, which are to a great extent determined by their internal melodic structure, allow us to view the phonological representation as a (...) self-organizing system, which is able to pr. (shrink)

In diesem Aufsatz wird versucht, eine axiomatische logische Rekonstruktion einiger der logischen Positionen der Vertreter der Idee der Quantifizierung der Prädikate im XIX. Jahrhundert (Bentham, Hamilton, De Morgan, Boole) zu geben. Es wird gezeigt, daß diese Systeme eine wichtige Rolle in der weiteren Entwicklung der Logik spielen. Neben der syntaktischen Seite dieser Theorien werden auch damit verbundene semantische Ideen diskutiert und es wird gezeigt, daß diese Systeme als Namenkalküle zwischen der Syllogistik und der Ontologie Lesniewskis liegend betrachtet werden können. Die (...) dabei involvierten logischen Zusammenhänge werden untersucht und zuletzt wird eine Interpretation des Systems Booles in den Systemen Lesniewskis vorgeschlagen. (shrink)

From a formal point of view, the nihilistic propositional calculi, called in this text „npc”, are such propositional calculi that include three unary propositional conectives: T, F, ~, and one binary propositional connective ≡. They read respectively: true, false, untrue that, if and only if. Their theorems are, mong other things, such expressions as: Tp ≡ p, Fp ≡ ~p, with p being a propositional variable. The four npc are presented in this work, i.e. on two-valued, two three-valued, and one (...) four-valued. Moreover, two of them are also paraconsistent calculi. Npc are constructed by means of the axiomatic method. Following the presentation of npc axioms, the four so called n-algebras are introduced. The npc axioms are proved to be adequate to appropriate n-algebras, i.e. sets of theorems and tautologies of each npc are identical. (shrink)

SYLLOGISTIC WITH NEGATIVE TERMS IN THE SEMANTICALLY TRANSPARENT FORMULATION S u m m a r y The paper refers to the classic works of Polish authors (Kukasiewicz, SleszyNski, Zawirski) and comprises the idea of proof by ecthesis (originally formulated by Borkowski) with the use of list notation to show that the five diagrams by Euler, which provide a starting point for SleszyNski’s analysis, adequately formulate the system of syllogistic with negative terms (IwanuX and Wedberg’s axiomatization).

In diesem Aufsatz wird versucht, eine axiomatische logische Rekonstruktion einiger der logischen Positionen der Vertreter der Idee der Quantifizierung der Prädikate im XIX. Jahrhundert (Bentham, Hamilton, De Morgan, Boole) zu geben. Es wird gezeigt, daß diese Systeme eine wichtige Rolle in der weiteren Entwicklung der Logik spielen. Neben der syntaktischen Seite dieser Theorien werden auch damit verbundene semantische Ideen diskutiert und es wird gezeigt, daß diese Systeme als Namenkalküle zwischen der Syllogistik und der Ontologie Lesniewskis liegend betrachtet werden können. Die (...) dabei involvierten logischen Zusammenhänge werden untersucht und zuletzt wird eine Interpretation des Systems Booles in den Systemen Lesniewskis vorgeschlagen. (shrink)

In the article the formalization of a certain fragment of ontology is presented. The axiomatic definition of property and few definitions of the notion of existence are given. The opinion about two kinds of existence is asserted.

In this article the author solves the Ship of Theseus Paradox. He gives also the axiomatic definition of genidentity.

The purpose of this paper is to state and describe realisations of the theoretical literary intertextuality at school. In the perception of literary works both at school and in the study of literature, operation of various categories of intertextuality can be distinguished, e.g. intratextual and intertextual, genological and intersemiotic, and even metatextual types. The materials studied confirm that the intertextual and intersemiotic types of analysis are most frequent.

The essay attempts to outline the historical ideological ties between Spain and its former Latin American colonies, with the main accent on the period following Spain’s and most of Latin America’s conversion to democracy in the wake of the fall of the Franco regime and other Latin-American military dictatorships. The author offers a detailed analysis, focusing especially on the democratic, decidedly pro-European and left-liberal government in Spain and its impact on Latin America, most of which today shows clear leftist tendencies. (...) Also discussed are Latin-American reflections on universalism. (shrink)