Timely effective regulation of genetic advances presents a challenge for justice systems. We used a 51-item battery to examine views on major genetics-related issues of those at the forefront of regulating this area – Supreme Court judges (N = 73). We also compared their views with those of other justice stakeholders (N = 210) from the same country (Romania). Judges showed greater endorsement and less variability in views on the use of genetic data and technologies than the other groups. The (...) agreement among the judges was strikingly strong for some controversial issues, including gene editing; patenting of genetic findings; and the State using genetic information for crime prevention. Judges and other lawyers recognized the need for amending the relevant laws. Without appropriate regulation, genetic science has a risk of propelling inequality rather than fulfilling its promise to improve people’s lives. (shrink)

Genetic advances have brought new opportunities to society, with new powers of polygenic prediction, genetic engineering and gene-based environmental interventions. Judges and lawyers influence interpretations and attitudes towards complex societal issues and develop regulation. Therefore, their genetic literacy and views are an important part of society’s readiness for the genomic era. The study explored judges’ and lawyers’ (N = 117) genetic literacy, as well as views on the use of genetic advances. Quantitative and qualitative analyses showed insufficient knowledge of essential (...) genetic concepts, including striking cases of over- and under-estimation of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. Participants’ views on every issue were widely varied, from strong agreement to strong disagreement. The majority of the participants thought that current laws are not sufficient to protect individuals from misuses of genetic data. The results suggest that society is not ready for the genomic era and call for multidisciplinary efforts to increase the readiness. (shrink)

Magna Carat is a highly significant document that found the way into the rights and the constitutions. Magna Carat is a symbol of human and constitutional rights. Social insurance is part of the social security and the recognition of social security as a basic human right is enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948 at the Palais de Chaillot, Paris and furthermore the European Conventions on Human Rights, specially (...) the article 6. Magna Carat demonstrated the limitations from the arbitrarily. Magna Carat is a foundation of the powers of Parliament and the legal principles, as the rule of law, the rule that everybody has equality before the law. It promised the access to justice. In that respect Magna Carta is still a challenge for many states and officials. The myth of Magna Carta is the protection of the personal rights and is held in great respect by the legal communities against the arbitrary of the authority In respect of the aim of this international conference to see the way how these principles have found their implementation in contemporary legislations as well as to identify the problems that occur regarding these rights, an overview of the Albanian right to appeal for the social insurance rights. The right to appeal to higher authorities against any decisions and the judicial review against the unfavorably resolved appeals. (shrink)

This descriptive study was conducted to determine nursing students’ observation of ethical problems encountered in their clinical practice. Data were collected through a questionnaire from 153 volunteer nursing students at a university-based nursing school in Ankara, Turkey. The students reported that some patients are either physically or psychologically mistreated by doctors and nurses; they were not given appropriate information; they were subjected to discrimination according to their socio-economic situation; and their privacy was ignored. The findings reveal that nurses’ own unethical (...) behaviors contribute to a rise in ethical problems. It is argued that nurses should internalize their professional and ethical roles in order to provide safe and ethical care and be good role models for students. (shrink)

La campagne 2012 – qui a vu pratiquement l’achèvement des travaux de sélection et le catalogage des terres cuites figurées, des monnaies et des autres objets recueillis en 1970‑1971 dans le sanctuaire de la colline de Dautë – était la dernière réunissant toute l’équipe au musée de Durrës. Les 11e et 12e campagnes d’étude étaient donc d’importance bien réduite par rapport aux années précédentes : seuls les céramologues, lesquels n’ont commencé leurs travaux qu’en 2006 sur un mobilier surabonda...

K.L. Reinhold defende uma teoria da vontade livre como a capacidade de escolher por e contra a lei moral. A teoria de Reinhold tem sido frequentemente acusada de ser psicologista devido a seu suposto apelo a fatos empíricos da consciência. Este artigo argumenta que, em vez de meramente considerar a vontade livre como um fato da consciência, Reinhold oferece um argumento em favor da vontade livre como uma condição necessária para a responsabilidade moral. Isso joga nova luz ao desenvolvimento (...) do conceito de vontade no despertar da filosofia prática de Kant. (shrink)

The arguments of the Stoic Chrysippus recorded in Cicero's De Fato are of great importance to Deleuze's conception of events in The Logic of Sense. The purpose of this paper is to explicate these arguments, to which Deleuze's allusions are extremely terse, and to situate them in the context of Deleuze's broader project in that book. Drawing on contemporary scholarship on the Stoics, I show the extent to which Chrysippus' views on compatibilism, hypothetical inference and astrology support Deleuze's claim that (...) the Stoics developed a theory of compatibilities and incompatibilities of events independent of corporeal states of affairs. (shrink)

considerando o debate nos contextos moderno e contemporâneo da filosofia, exploro a resposta pragmática ao dualismo fato-valor. Nesse sentido, levando em conta que o pragmatismo considera mente e mundo como partes de um continuum experiencial e os humanos como seres sociais, chamo a atenção para a “exigência” de significação e valor nas práticas de vida. Traçando um paralelo entre William James e Wolfgang Köhler relação à noção de “interesse”, como forma de exigência, a ideia central que desenvolvo neste artigo é (...) que “interesse” faz diferença em alguns contextos de experiência e então abre espaço para significação e valor em múltiplos níveis da vida. Em termos do pragmatismo de James, como alternativa aos dualismos tradicionais (fato-valor, teoria- prática, conhecimento-realidade etc.), essa visão pluralista supõe que cada forma de interesse representa condição e gênese de sentido e valor nas práticas humanas. (shrink)

De fato 35 is part of Cicero's argument against the Stoic theory of causation. He claims in general that the Stoic chain of causes consists of antecedent but not efficient causes. To the examples cited in the previous chapter he adds verses from the opening of Ennius’ Medea exul (lines 208–11 Jocelyn = FRL 2 and TRF 89.1–4) containing the Nurse's lamentation over the origins of the Argonautic expedition that led, ultimately, to Medea's current mental distress. Then follows the question (...) quorsum haec praeterita? and the answer quia sequitur illud, ‘nam numquam era errans mea domo ecferret pedem | Medea, animo aegro, amore saeuo saucia’, non ut eae res causam adferrent amoris, citing Ennius, Medea exul 215–16 Jocelyn = FRL 2 and TRF 89.8–9. Editors and commentators have struggled to explain the relation of the answer to the question. Here it is argued that the relation becomes clear if one adopts non for non and punctuates with a query after amoris. The sense will be: ‘Why have these past events been cited? In view of the sequel … was it not so that they bring on the cause of love?’ In other words, the Nurse, like the Stoics in Cicero's view, cites antecedent events as if they were efficient causes. (shrink)

Wittgenstein’s later thought develops a concept of certainty that places logic attached to experience. Thought and action are determined by a logical framework that is built up over time and in interacting with facts. The context of this way of approaching Logic is a practical concept of meaning that leads us to a philosophical investigation about certainty and the concepts of psychology. The grammatical (logical) rules that guide language games constitute the unity of experience and, then all experience has to (...) be understood as an inner aspect to language games, never as a cause of concepts, as from outside. In this article, we examine the conception of logical necessity in this conceptual context and the reasons that sustain the logical character of Wittgenstein’s philosophical reflection, especially in the texts on certainty and the psychology grammar. (shrink)

Alexander is arguing that our responsibility for what we do () is grounded in the fact that a man is the of his own actions. The opponents of this view, he says, hold that nothing performed by a man is such that at the time when he does something he also has the possibility of not doing it,. One who believes this, he argues, cannot make any moral judgements or do any of the things ‘which ought reasonably to be brought (...) about by those who have believed the possibility also of doing each of the things which they do’. My translation has, I hope, shown the need for a negative in the last clause: ‘the possibility also of not doing’ is the point needed; so insert between and. For omission of the negative elsewhere in De fato cf. 165. 1; 179. 21; 189. 6; 195. 26; 202. 12; 207. 19; 211. 18. (shrink)

Este artigo tem por objetivo mostrar que o naturalismo que apregoa a necessidade das ciências sociais imitarem os procedimentos metodológicos empregados pelas ciências naturais se revela contraproducente por não levar em conta que as teorias sociais, em muitos casos, lidam com fatos pré-interpretados. E que esse tipo de “material empírico” demanda a elaboração de uma metodologia capaz, indo além das meras intenções programáticas, de efetivamente apreender a significatividade presente nos fatos da vida societária. Para tanto, desponta como imperioso (...) construir teorias sobre “teorias” que possam ser avaliadas em termos de seu poder de compreender, de modo elucidativo ou crítico, a natureza do significado inerente aos “objetos” estudados.This article aims at demonstrating that naturalism, in so far as it defends the thesis that social sciences must imitate the methodological procedures employed by natural sciences in order to produce well-grounded explanations, turns out to be useless. The main reason for naturalism’s failure is that social theories deal with preinterpreted facts. And such a kind of “empirical stuff” demands the creation of a methodology able to capture, beyond mere programmatic intentions, the intrinsic meaning exhibited by several kinds of social facts. In order to attain this aim social research has to construct theories about “theories”, that is, explanations capable of being evaluated by their power of clarifying, through an analytical or a critical approach, the kind of meaning embeded in the “objects” investigated. (shrink)

Dans le De fato, Alexandre construit une théorie péripatéticienne du destin et réfute les Stoïciens, partisans dune conception dure du destin. Par là il offre un document majeur sur le déterminisme dans lAntiquité. Louvrage montre comment lexégèse dAristote lui permet de proposer une conception nouvelle de la responsabilité.

Entre os vários problemas filosóficos que tem ocupado os filósofos envolvidos com a pesquisa ética está aquele da objetividade do valor. Alguns teóricos defendem que não há objetividade nos juízos valorativos. Outros, os realistas, defendem que os juízos valorativos são tão objetivos quanto os juízos factuais. Aqui abordaremos a postura realista, em especial o realismo naturalista de Alasdair MacIntyre, e como esta postura lida com a questão da distinção entre fato e valor.

Cicero's De fato: On Hellenistic Conditionals and Free Will. The Serbo-Croatian translation of Cicero's De fato, with comments and detailed analysis of some arguments and problems of the text. -/- (s/h): Tekst Ciceronovog spisa "de fato", prevod, komentari i u dodacima, detaljnija analiza pojedinih argumenata i problema sadržanih u tekstu.

Fala-se em fake, mas não se admite que milagres de Cristo ou hagiografias de santos poderiam ser fakes também. As religiões treinaram, no entanto, os políticos no sentido de esperarem que se acredite no que dizem, por mais absurdo que seja. Com que concepção de verdade se tem operado? É possível “operar” com ela, como se coisa fosse, um instrumento? Ou ela nos é, nos abrimos à verdade que em nós assoma e se torna palavra e imagem?

Cicero and Boethius did more than anyone else to transmit the insights of Greek philosophy to the Latin culture of Western Europe which has played so influential a part in our civilisation to this day. Cicero's treatise On Fate, though surviving only in a fragmentary and mutilated state, records contributions to the discussion of a central philosophical issue, that of free will and determinism, which are comparable in importance to those of twentieth-century philosophers and indeed sometimes anticipate them. Study of (...) the treatise has been hindered by the lack of a combined Latin text and English translation based on a clear understanding of the arguments; Dr Sharples' text is intended to meet this need. The last book of Boethius' Consolation is linked with Cicero's treatise by its theme, the relation of divine foreknowledge to human freedom. Text with translation and commentary. (shrink)

The stoic fragments about the notion of cause describe general determinations of what a cause is, without distinguishing kinds of causes. This, for instance, is the case with Zeno’s and Chrysippus’ definitions conveyed by Stobaeus. On the other hand, many testimonies mention causal distinctions, but only related to the Stoics in general, or even without indicating any school. The interest of Cicero’s De fato is that this treatise refers precisely to some causal distinctions presented by Chrysippus and points out the (...) context in which they are developed, i.e the defence of human responsibility. The present study first analyses these causal distinctions linked to Chrysippus at the end of the preserved part of Cicero’s treatise. Secondly, it studies the academic reactions to these distinctions, which are carefully described by Cicero. Finally, these debates between Stoics and Academics are considered from the standpoint of the contrasting positions found in Plato’s dialogues, about the proper or improper usage of the word a‡tion. There are good reasons to think that Plato’s positions underlie the discussions presented by Cicero. (shrink)

Muita da literatura sobre a filosofia da ciência de Poincaré tem estado focada na noção de convenção, um conceito crucial que identifica a sua posição. No entanto, há outras noções que têm recebido menos atenção. Este é o caso das hipóteses verificáveis. Este tipo de hipótese parece ser constituído a partir da generalização de vários fatos observáveis. Assim, para compreender o que são estas hipóteses, temos de saber o que é um fato para Poincaré. Ele divide fatos em (...) brutos e científicos. A caracterização desta dualidade não é de tudo trivial, e nos leva às seguintes questões que discutiremos neste artigo: (1) qual a parte de construção que existe num fato científico e qual a parte de tradução? Isto é, o que permanece do fato bruto no fato científico? E (2) quando concebemos uma hipótese generalizada, a generalização é feita a partir dos fatos científicos ou dos fatos brutos? A clarificação destas questões pode levar a distinguir a parte de construção e a parte de tradução desde os primeiros passos da ciência, o que é essencial para conseguir uma melhor compreensão da concepção de ciência de Poincaré. (shrink)

As was first pointed out by Gercke, there are close parallels, which clearly suggest a common source, between Apuleius, de Platone 1.12, the treatise On Fate falsely attributed to Plutarch, Calcidius' excursus on fate in his commentary on Plato's Timaeus, and certain sections of the treatise de Natura hominis by Nemesius. Gercke traced the doctrines common to these works to the school of Gaius; recently however Dillon has pointed out that, while Albinus shares with these works the characteristic Middle-Platonic notion (...) of fate as conditional or hypothetical – our actions are free, but once we have acted the consequences of our actions are fated and inevitable – he does not share certain other common features, such as the identification of fate as substance with the world-soul and the hierarchy of three providences. (shrink)

In the present article, proposed corrections to two passages of Cicero’s treatise De fato are examined. It is shown that, on the one hand, a widely accepted correction for §27 that replaces the well attested reading vera fuerunt instantia... vera erunt instantia with vera fuerit instantia... vera erit instantia is unnecessary, and that, on the other hand, my recently suggested correction for §48, which replaces the obviously false reading Nam si atomis..., illud quoque... with Aut num, si atomis..., illud quoque...?, (...) is deficient and should be improved to Nam si atomis..., num illud quoque...? (shrink)

Bereits in der Antike galt Alexander von Aphrodisias als der größte Aristoteleskommentator. In seiner Schrift „De fato“ widmet er sich dem Determinismusproblem, einem Problem, das Aristoteles zwar in allen seinen Implikationen behandelt, aber kein eigenständiges Buch dazu verfasst und keine eindeutige Stellungnahme dazu gemacht hat. Im Sinne der aristotelischen Philosophie argumentiert Alexander gegen einen nicht genannten philosophischen Gegner, der von den meisten Interpreten jedoch als stoisch angesehen wird. In diesem Aufsatz soll die Diskussion zum Wesen des Zufalls wiedergegeben werden. Bemerkenswert (...) ist, dass in dem Buch zwei unterschiedliche Meinungen zum Wesen des Zufalls zu finden sind, welche von völlig verschiedenen Prämissen, die in den jeweiligen Systemen verankert sind, ausgehen. Es wird gezeigt, dass Zufall sowohl bei Aristoteles als auch bei den Stoikern wesentlich an Finalursachen gebunden ist, und zwar einmal als akzidentelle Verursachung und dann als eine Ursache, die dem menschlichen Verstand grundsätzlich verborgen bleibt. Abschließend soll die Frage aufgeworfen werden, ob das Wesen des Zufalls ohne Rekurs auf teleologische Kausalitätsformen überhaupt adäquat begriffen werden kann. (shrink)