We need to understand the impossible. Francesco Berto and Mark Jago start by considering what the concepts of meaning, information, knowledge, belief, fiction, conditionality, and counterfactual supposition have in common. They are all concepts which divide the world up more finely than logic does. Logically equivalent sentences may carry different meanings and information and may differ in how they're believed. Fictions can be inconsistent yet meaningful. We can suppose impossible things without collapsing into total incoherence. Yet for the leading philosophical (...) theories of meaning, these phenomena are an unfathomable mystery. To understand these concepts, we need a metaphysical, logical, and conceptual grasp of situations that could not possibly exist: Impossible Worlds. This book discusses the metaphysics of impossible worlds and applies the concept to a range of central topics and open issues in logic, semantics, and philosophy. It considers problems in the logic of knowledge, the meaning of alternative logics, models of imagination and mental simulation, the theory of information, truth in fiction, the meaning of conditional statements, and reasoning about the impossible. In all these cases, impossible worlds have an essential role to play. (shrink)

The Description Logic Handbook covers all aspects of the research in the field of knowledge representation. Written by some of the most prominent researchers in the field, and covering the basic technical material and implementational aspects, it is both a unique reference and a self-study guide.

First published in 1969. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Erstmals 1951 publiziert, bilden die Vorlesungen über die Grundlagen und den Aufbau der Ethik ein geschlossenes und harmonisches Ganzes. Der Band geht zurück auf ein im Wintersemester 1876 niedergeschriebenes Manuskript, das Brentano 1894 als Kolleg an der Universität Wien vortrug.

Contemporain de la crise de la philosophie de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, Brentano a voulu contribuer à sa renaissance en revenant à ses sources aristotéliciennes. Husserl a reconnu sa dette - celle de toute la phénoménologie -, et Heidegger aussi, envers ce philosophe autrichien en qui ils voyaient celui qui les avait conduits à la philosophie. Dans sa Psychologie du point de vue empirique, il avait défendu la thèse de l'intentionnalité des faits de conscience et esquissé une théorie (...) de l'évidence. Fondamentale pour l'ensemble de sa philosophie, et en particulier pour penser la rectitude ou la correction du jugement et des sentiments d'amour et de haine, cette théorie ne sera pleinement élaborée qu'en 1889 dans L'Origine de la connaissance morale. Cette conférence, et celle, contemporaine, relative à l'évidence, ainsi que l'ensemble des dictées posthumes qui s'échelonnent de 1889 à 1915 permettent d'en saisir la nature et l'évolution. Récusant aussi bien le kantisme que l'utilitarisme, L'Origine de la connaissance morale sera discuté par les membres du Cercle de Vienne et inspirera, outre Husserl, la phénoménologie morale de Max Scheler. Brentano ne s'est pas contenté d'exposer le versant éthique de sa pensée sans lui donner une assise dans la sphère de la logique : c'est le rôle dévolu à La Doctrine du jugement correct qui invite, de son côté, à une réforme d'autant plus radicale de la logique qu'elle met en question la théorie prédicative traditionnelle du jugement. (shrink)

In this paper we are primarily concerned with political expertise, interest, and agreement as factors that might accelerate the flow of information between citizens. We examine dyadic exchanges of information as a function of two primary sets of factors: the characteristics of the citizens in the dyadic relationship and the characteristics of the larger network within which the dyad is located. Moreover, we compare political communication within dyads across several different national contexts: Germany, Japan, and the United States. We assume (...) that citizens are more likely to obtain information from people they trust, but why do they trust some individuals more than others? Is the frequency of communication predicated on shared political preferences? Or is it based on one citizen's assessment regarding the political expertise of another? The answers to these questions have important implications for whether social communication and social capital create added value in the collective deliberations of democratic politics. (shrink)