In Ai Ssu-ch'i is exemplified and substantiated the Soviet influence on the official definition of philosophy in the history of Communist Party of China, i.e., the assertion about and the method for knowledge of the world. Such a philosophical knowledge has as its formal object the most fundamental laws of the universe.In order to acquire such a genuine philosophical knowledge, one needs a desire to change the world and a proletarian point of view. For only by aiming at changing the (...) world is inevitability reflected; only in the proletarian viewpoint are the objective laws reflected. In order to substantiate these assertions, one has to point out that, first, man's thinking is determined by his social relations and, secondly, social relations are determined by practice. Since the proletariat is in the right kind of practice, it is both in the proper locus of social relations and, therefore, it perceives both inevitability and objectivity. Yet, due to man's subjective dynamism, it is possible for other classes to adopt the standpoint of the proletariat. (shrink)

There is some ground for saying that the real Confucius cannot be the object of recent critiques in the PRC. Both the critiques and critics are of questionable authenticity and they seem to be ‘pulling their punches’. What is clear is that these ideological pursuits mask some very serious political events over the recent past in the PRC.

Ai Ssu-ch'i is a little known but very important figure in the introduction of Marxism-Leninism into China. This first article provides a brief biography of Ai Ssu-ch'i as well as a detailed account of his activities as teacher, author and propagandist. Among his other services to the cause of Marxism-Leninism in China, one has to stress Ai Ssu-ch'i's systematic opposition to Yeh Ch'ing and to the non-Communist interpretation of Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People. (cf.SST 10 (1970), 138–166.).

Teacher support makes students feel loved and cared for because they believe that their teachers will provide them with opportunities to make choices, support them in independent problem solving, and understand their inner feelings. High TS levels reduce depression and anxiety, thereby improving students' mental well-being. This cross-sectional study involved 3,573 students from 29 schools in 16 counties/cities of six provinces, namely, Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan. The aim was to examine the impact of TS on students' level (...) of depression. The results indicated that for children in elementary schools, their status as left-behind children played a moderating role between TS and depression. The level of depression in non-LBC children decreased significantly with increases in TS, but the reduction for LBC children was not significant. For children in middle/junior high schools, their LBC status did not play a moderating role between TS and depression. TS was negatively correlated with the children's level of depression, but there was a significant positive relationship between their LBC status and depression. The theoretical and practical significance of the research findings were further discussed. (shrink)

In analyzing evidence indicating that K'ung-ts'ung-tzu was a forgery, Yoav Ariel questions current views of the Confucian school in the time between the Sage's death in the fifth century B.C. and the emergence in the eleventh century of Neo-Confucianism. The text, traditionally ascribed to a descendant of Confucius, K'ung Fu, provides a setting for a series of philosophical debates between K'ung family members and representatives of such non-Confucian schools as Legalism, Mohism, and the School of Names. However, finding that this (...) text was probably fabricated by the controversial Confucian master, Wang Su, Ariel explains how it sheds light on the third-century philosophical milieu: Confucianism then is seen to have been not only Taoistically metaphysical, individualistic, and escapist, but also aggressive in advocating early Confucian values. The first part of Ariel's book deals with the general characteristics, history, dating, authenticity, and authorship of the text. The second part is a fully annotated and analyzed translation of the first of the two traditional volumes that constitute the K'ung-ts'ung-tzu. Originally published in 1989. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905. (shrink)

"The K'ung-ts'ung-tzu (The K'ung Family Masters Anthology) is a collection of writings, most of them discourses, that narrate the lives and scholarly activities of one lineage of Confucius' family, beginning with the Warring States period, and continuing with the establishment of the Ch'in dynasty and the succeeding Han dynasty. The book is divided into three parts. The first, introductory part deals with the Confucian character and literary mood of the K'ung-ts'ung-tzu. It embeds the philosophical position of the text within the (...) Confucian tradition; it discusses the varied content of the text as a whole, and characterizes the gloomy mood that prevails in it. The second part consists of an annotated translation of chapters 15-23 of the text. The third part is a computational reconstruction of the K'ung-ts'ung-tzu's eleventh chapter, a concise dictionary entitled Hsiao Erh-ya."--BOOK JACKET.Title Summary field provided by Blackwell North America, Inc. All Rights Reserved. (shrink)

O terror, enquanto gênero, explora a tese psicanalítica de que a fantasia organiza a relação individual com a realidade. Os filmes de terror com zumbis, por sua vez, podem explorar e explicitar teses psicanalíticas fundadas por Sigmund Freud, como nos casos dos conceitos infamiliar e pulsões. Dentre os conteúdos ficcionais de zumbis, certamente uma das séries mais populares e a mais duradoura (2010 - atualmente) é The Walking Dead, baseada na obra de Robert Kirkman. Assim, este artigo propõe como objetivo (...) geral a percepção de como algumas teorias de Freud se relacionam com o audiovisual de zumbis a partir de títulos específicos, isto é, escolhemos a figura do zumbi para estudar tais conceitos da teoria psicanalítica. O infamiliar trata daquilo que é aterrorizante, que promove “angústia e horror” e que remete ao antigo conhecido e íntimo. O infamiliar é tudo aquilo que deveria permanecer afastado dos olhos e do conhecimento, em segredo, ocultado e que se revelou. Para Freud, um conceito imprescindível, fundamental e convencional da Psicanálise é o de pulsão, que atua como uma força constante, atacando do interior do corpo e da qual a fuga é ineficaz. Freud sugere, inicialmente, a diferenciação entre dois grupos de pulsões primordiais: as pulsões do Eu e as pulsões sexuais. Freud caracteriza a pulsão sexual como um conceito fronteiriço entre o somático e o psíquico. Também esclarece que uma pulsão de morte é “uma pressão inerente ao orgânico animado para restabelecer um estado anterior”, abandonada pela influência de forças externas. Dois episódios da série televisiva The Walking Dead serão analisados de acordo com os conceitos freudianos estudados: o primeiro episódio da primeira temporada, intitulado Days Gone Bye, e o último episódio também da primeira temporada, intitulado TS-19, ambos televisionados no ano de 2010. (shrink)

Resumo: À luz de aspectos fundamentais do pensar bantu-kongo e em consonância com pensadores contemporâneos, tais como Bunseki Fu-Kiau e Zamenga B., este artigo aspira a refletir acerca de ontologias distintas daquelas hegemônicas euro-ocidentais. Tais ontologias são vivenciadas em parte do continente africano e foram deslocadas para territórios afrodiaspóricos, como o Brasil, ainda que com adaptações, por meio de práticas cosmológicas que situam a ancestralidade em lugar central. As ideias de “mesmo pluriontológico”, opacidade, estágios do cosmograma kongo, vazio, transmutação, inclinação (...) à outridade, ciência do feitiço, sistema, entes ecológicos, inter-ações propõem possibilidades complexas de ser-viver, em relação, as quais se distanciam, radicalmente, de metafísicas e éticas desenvolvidas no seio do pensamento ocidental, assim como podem com elas dialogar, o que faz com que, ao pensar do lado da margem afrodiaspórica do Atlântico, consideremos as tensões entre esses distintos modos de pensar que ocupam espaços assimétricos nos construtos históricos.: In light of fundamental aspects of Bantu-Kongo thinking and in line with contemporary thinkers, such as Bunseki Fu-Kiau and Zamenga B., this article aims to reflect on ontologies distinct from those of Euro-Western hegemony. Such ontologies are experienced in part of the African continent and have been moved to Afrodiasporic territories, such as Brazil, although with adaptations, through cosmological practices that situate ancestry in a central place. The ideas of “pluriontological sameness”, opacity, stages of the Kongo cosmogram, emptiness, transmutation, inclination towards otherness, science of sorcery, system, ecological entities, inter-actions propose complex possibilities of being-living, in relation, which are radically far from metaphysics and ethics developed in the heart of Western thinking, as well as can dialogue with them, which makes us, by thinking on the side of the Afrodiasporic margin of the Atlantic, consider the tensions between these different ways of thinking that occupy asymmetric spaces in historical constructs. (shrink)

O artigo tem dois propósitos centrais: primeiramente, expor a discussão sobre a inclusão do TS 234 nas Investigações Filosóficas de Wittgenstein. Para atingir esse primeiro objetivo, iremos analisar as justificativas de inclusão dadas por Anscombe e Rhees na primeira edição do livro, as críticas feitas por von Wright e, por fim, os motivos que levaram Hacker e Schulte, editores da quarta edição do livro, a considerar o TS 234 como parte de um trabalho distinto das Investigações Filosóficas. O segundo objetivo (...) do artigo é mostrar uma leitura particular sobre os escritos pós-1945, a qual afirma que tais anotações não representam 'partidas para novas direções', como von Wright, Hacker e Moyal-Sharrock alegam, mas são uma continuação das questões iniciadas ainda nas Investigações Filosóficas. Para este segundo objetivo, tomaremos como base a leitura exposta por Nuno Venturinha em seu artigo “Against a third Wittgenstein” e iremos nos fundamentar em menções do próprio Wittgenstein que indicam que as Investigações Filosóficas ainda estavam no horizonte de pensamento do filósofo em seus escritos pós-1945. Ao fim, concluiremos que tanto a leitura proposta por Venturinha — de “uma continuidade” dos escritos — quanto as leituras que apregoam que os escritos sobre filosofia da psicologia são “partidas para novas direções” possuem limitações e problemas graves, o que mostra que a questão em torno do locus da Parte II das Investigações e dos problemas ali inseridos continua sendo ainda hoje um capítulo polêmico das leituras Wittgensteinianas. (shrink)

Theodor Fontane war von Kindheit an ein Bildernarr. Und so sind auch seine Romane grosszügig mit Bildern ausgestattet, und zwar wortwörtlich: in Sprache übertragen und in Literatur verwandelt. Manchmal ist es nur eine Anspielung, zuweilen bloss ein Werktitel oder Künstlername, dann wiederum werden mit wenigen Sätzen Gemälde gleichsam reproduziert. Von Sternbildern bis Briefmarken, von Meissner Nippes bis zu Deckengemälden reichen die Bildbeispiele, die in den Romanen genannt, vom Erzähler und seinen Figuren erinnert, diskutiert, gekauft, vererbt, geschaffen und zerstört werden. Alle (...) wichtigen Geschehnisse und Themen spiegeln sich in Bildern, mit Bildern lernen sich Figuren kennen und lieben, wegen Bildern zerstreiten und trennen sie sich. Fontane hat in seinen Romanen an über 1 500 Textstellen Bildmotive eingearbeitet: Porträts, Wappen, Orden, Ornamente, Denkmäler oder Heiligenbilder schimmern wie Wasserzeichen durch seine Texte hindurch. Viele dieser Bilder sind jedoch für heutige Leserinnen und Leser?verblasst?, ihr ikonografischer Gehalt ist kaum noch gegenwärtig. Die Erkundungen des Lese- und Bilderbuches führen insofern oftmals durch Terra incognita. Dabei ist es nicht nötig, Fontanes Werke zu kennen, um der Tour durch sein Musée imaginaire folgen zu können. Diese navigiert durch den gesamten Raum seiner Geschichten wie durch einen einzigen Riesenroman und geht den Motivlinien und Mustern nach, die der Autor gesetzt hat, etwa den Bildern der Liebe, der Macht und des Todes, den Bildern des Wissens und den neuen Bildmedien des 19. Jahrhunderts. (shrink)

Este trabalho pretende apresentar alguns pontos do pensamento filosófico de Gumbrecht sobre a presença, especialmente, com relação às possibilidades da linguagem. A partir desse logos propõe-se uma crítica introdutória aos conceitos de coisa, de sujeito/objeto, de visão cartesiana do mundo, demonstrando, a partir do autor analisado, as possibilidades de tangibilidade por meio da linguagem e o que isso representa em face dos paradigmas vigentes das ciências instituídas. Através de pesquisa bibliográfica, viu-se que a teoria da linguagem de Gumbrecht é subsídio (...) importante para a reflexão transdisciplinar, etnometodológica e etnoecológica; pode contribuir para um aprofundamento conceitual da “visão dionisíaca de mundo” de Nietzsche e Maffesoli; da “Geografia Humana” e do etnoconceito de “lugar” de Yi-Fu Tuan; dos conceitos de “abertura”, “lida”, “práxis”, “linguagem”, “Dasein”, “Ser-no-mundo” de Heidegger; de “adaptabilidade” de Moran e de “autopoiesis” e da fenomenologia biológica de Maturana. (shrink)

Blockchain technology applied to cryptocurrencies is the dominant factor in maintaining the security of cryptocurrencies. This article reviews the technological implementation of cryptocurrency and the security and stability of cryptocurrency and analyzes the security support from blockchain technology and its platforms based on empirical case studies. Our results show that the security support from blockchain technology platforms is significantly insufficient and immature. In addition, we further Zyskind and Nathan and Choi and find that the top ten platforms play critical roles (...) in security support and have significant advantages in terms of funds, duration, and human resources. Moreover, these platforms provide computational resources and benefits to the consensus algorithm selection for blockchain practitioners. Second, encryption ensures the security of cryptocurrencies. On the one hand, the digital signatures identify the identity of the signatory and the transaction. However, the principle of the hash algorithm confirms ownership. Meanwhile, SHA256 is infeasible to compute in the reverse direction and is difficult to attack. Furthermore, the records in the blockchain can be queried by every participant, making the system information transparent and open reliable. Third, compared to the study of Fu and Fang 2016, we find that the blockchain structure is composed of security components and basic components of six layers that are independent and cannot be extended completely and have a certain coupling among them. Fourth, the underlying ledger structures of Bitcoin and DAG are highly correlated to their security. Specifically, we follow Sompolinsky et al. and detect that the structure of SPECTRE ensures network security and robustness from its block production, conflict resolution, and generated trusted transaction sets. Meanwhile, the voting algorithm of SPECTRE makes resolving conflicting transactions by calculating votes and ensuring the transaction information that is virtually unable to be tampered with possible. In particular, the security calculation power of SPECTRE can reach 51% and resist “double-spend attacks” and “censorship attacks” effectively. In addition, the RDL framework of SPECTRE achieves security confirmation of transferring funds. Moreover, PHANTOM identifies evil blocks by employing block connectivity analysis and ensures its security. Eventually, we also expand the studies of and compare the basic characteristics of the protocols of Bitcoin, SPECTRE, and PHANTOM and find that protocols play imperative roles throughout the implementation process of cryptocurrency. In addition, the underlying ledger structure and consensus mechanism make up a blockchain while the confirmation time, throughput limit, and ordering are prerequisites for smart contracts. (shrink)