Results for 'Gerhard Larcher'

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  1.  3
    Hoffnung, die Gründe nennt: zu Hansjürgen Verweyens Projekt einer erstphilosophischen Glaubensverantwortung.Gerhard Larcher, Klaus Müller & Thomas Pröpper (eds.) - 1996 - Regensburg: Pustet.
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  2.  35
    Philosophy of Science: A Unified Approach.Gerhard Schurz - 2013 - New York: Routledge.
    Philosophy of Science: A Unified Approach combines a general introduction to philosophy of science with an integrated survey of all its important subfields. As the book’s subtitle suggests, this excellent overview is guided methodologically by "a unified approach" to philosophy of science: behind the diversity of scientific fields one can recognize a methodological unity of the sciences. This unity is worked out in this book, revealing all the while important differences between subject areas. Structurally, this comprehensive book offers a two-part (...)
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  3. Patterns of abduction.Gerhard Schurz - 2008 - Synthese 164 (2):201-234.
    This article describes abductions as special patterns of inference to the best explanation whose structure determines a particularly promising abductive conjecture and thus serves as an abductive search strategy. A classification of different patterns of abduction is provided which intends to be as complete as possible. An important distinction is that between selective abductions, which choose an optimal candidate from given multitude of possible explanations, and creative abductions, which introduce new theoretical models or concepts. While selective abduction has dominated the (...)
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  4. What is 'normal'? An evolution-theoretic foundation for normic laws and their relation to statistical normality.Gerhard Schurz - 2001 - Philosophy of Science 68 (4):476-497.
    Normic laws have the form "if A, then normally B." They are omnipresent in everyday life and non-physical 'life' sciences such as biology, psychology, social sciences, and humanities. They differ significantly from ceteris-paribus laws in physics. While several authors have doubted that normic laws are genuine laws at all, others have argued that normic laws express a certain kind of prototypical normality which is independent of statistical majority. This paper presents a foundation for normic laws which is based on generalized (...)
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  5.  51
    Cognitive Success: A Consequentialist Account of Rationality in Cognition.Gerhard Schurz & Ralph Hertwig - 2019 - Topics in Cognitive Science 11 (1):7-36.
    One of the most discussed issues in psychology—presently and in the past—is how to define and measure the extent to which human cognition is rational. The rationality of human cognition is often evaluated in terms of normative standards based on a priori intuitions. Yet this approach has been challenged by two recent developments in psychology that we review in this article: ecological rationality and descriptivism. Going beyond these contributions, we consider it a good moment for psychologists and philosophers to join (...)
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  6.  21
    Nonmonotonic Reasoning: An Overview.Gerhard Brewka, Jürgen Dix & Kurt Konolige - 1997 - Center for the Study of Language and Inf.
    Nonmonotonic reasoning in its broadest sense is reasoning to conclusions on the basis of incomplete information. Given more information, previously drawn inferences may be retracted. Commonsense reasoning has a nonmonotonic component; it has been argued that almost all commonsense inferences are of this sort. From the end of the 1980s to the present there has been an explosion in research in nonmonotonic reasoning. It is now possible to understand more clearly the properties of the major formalisms from a metatheoretical point (...)
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  7.  74
    Reply to Popper's attack on epiphenomenalism.Gerhard D. Wassermann - 1979 - Mind 88 (October):572-75.
  8. Verisimilitude and Belief Revision. With a Focus on the Relevant Element Account.Gerhard Schurz - 2011 - Erkenntnis 75 (2):203-221.
    The expansion or revision of false theories by true evidence does not always increase their verisimilitude. After a comparison of different notions of verisimilitude the relation between verisimilitude and belief expansion or revision is investigated within the framework of the relevant element account. We are able to find certain interesting conditions under which both the expansion and the revision of theories by true evidence is guaranteed to increase their verisimilitude.
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  9. Pietroski and Rey on ceteris paribus laws.Gerhard Schurz - 2001 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 52 (2):359Ð370.
    , Pietroski and Rey ([1995]) suggested a reconstruction of ceteris paribus (CP)-laws, which — as they claim — saves CP-laws from vacuity. This discussion note is intended to show that, although Pietroski and Rey's reconstruction is an improvement in comparison to previous suggestions, it cannot avoid the result that CP-laws are almost vacuous. It is proved that if Cx is an arbitrary (nomological) event-type which has independently identifiable deterministic causes, then for every other (nomological) event-type Ax which is not strictly (...)
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  10. Meta-Induction and Social Epistemology: Computer Simulations of Prediction Games.Gerhard Schurz - 2009 - Episteme 6 (2):200-220.
    The justification of induction is of central significance for cross-cultural social epistemology. Different ‘epistemological cultures’ do not only differ in their beliefs, but also in their belief-forming methods and evaluation standards. For an objective comparison of different methods and standards, one needs (meta-)induction over past successes. A notorious obstacle to the problem of justifying induction lies in the fact that the success of object-inductive prediction methods (i.e., methods applied at the level of events) can neither be shown to be universally (...)
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  11.  75
    Meta-induction in epistemic networks and the social spread of knowledge.Gerhard Schurz - 2012 - Episteme 9 (2):151-170.
    Indicators of the reliability of informants are essential for social learning in a society that is initially dominated by ignorance or superstition. Such reliability indicators should be based on meta-induction over records of truth-success. This is the major claim of this paper, and it is supported in two steps. One needs a non-circular justification of the method of meta-induction, as compared to other learning methods. An approach to this problem has been developed in earlier papers and is reported in section (...)
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  12.  81
    Ceteris Paribus and Ceteris Rectis Laws: Content and Causal Role.Gerhard Schurz - 2014 - Erkenntnis 79 (S10):1801-1817.
    This paper has three goals. The first goal is to work out the difference between literal ceteris paribus laws in the sense of “all others being equal” and ceteris rectis “laws” in the sense of “all others being right”. While cp laws involve a universal quantification, cr generalizations involve an existential quantification over the values of the remainder variables Z. As a result, the two differ crucially in their confirmability and lawlikeness. The second goal is to provide a classification of (...)
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  13.  28
    Admissible extensions of subtheories of second order arithmetic.Gerhard Jäger & Michael Rathjen - 2024 - Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 175 (7):103425.
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  14.  21
    Das Gehirn und seine Wirklichkeit: kognitive Neurobiologie und ihre philosophischen Konsequenzen.Gerhard Roth - 1994 - Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Publishers.
  15.  18
    Über das Verhältnis zwischen intuitionistischer und klassischer Arithmetik.Gerhard Gentzen - 1974 - Archive for Mathematical Logic 16 (3-4):119-132.
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  16.  49
    Emotional sharing in football audiences.Gerhard Thonhauser & Michael Wetzels - 2019 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 46 (2):224-243.
    The negative aim of this paper is to identify shortcomings in received theories. First, we criticize approaching audiences, and large gatherings more general, in categories revolving around the notion of the crowd. Second, we show how leading paradigms in emotion research restrict research on the social-relational dynamics of emotions by reducing them to physiological processes like emotional contagion or to cognitive processes like social appraisal. Our positive aim is to offer an alternative proposal for conceptualizing emotional dynamics in audiences. First, (...)
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  17.  60
    Metainduction over Unboundedly Many Prediction Methods: A Reply to Arnold and Sterkenburg.Gerhard Schurz - 2021 - Philosophy of Science 88 (2):320-340.
    The universal optimality theorem for metainduction works for epistemic agents faced with a choice among finitely many prediction methods. Eckhart Arnold and Tom Sterkenburg objected that it breaks...
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  18.  34
    Abductive belief revision in science.Gerhard Schurz - 2011 - In Erik J. Olson Sebastian Enqvist (ed.), Belief Revision meets Philosophy of Science. Springer. pp. 77--104.
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  19. Ein Rätselhaftes Zeichen: Zum Verhältnis von Martin Heidegger Und Søren Kierkegaard.Gerhard Thonhauser (ed.) - 2016 - Berlin: De Gruyter.
    die vorliegende Arbeit bietet die erste historisch-philologisch fundierte und philosophisch-systematisch orientierte Gesamtdarstellung von Martin Heideggers Rezeption von Søren Kierkegaard. Sie kontextualisiert diese innerhalb der Tendenzen der deutschsprachigen Rezeptions- und Übersetzungsgeschichte Kierkegaards von ihren Anfängen bis ins erste Drittel des 20. Jahrhunderts und bringt dadurch die Besonderheiten von Heideggers Kierkegaard-Rezeption zur Abhebung. Unter Einbeziehung sämtlicher mittlerweile zur Verfügung stehenden Quellen wird Heideggers Verhältnis zu Kierkegaard in den Wandlungen seines Denkwegs verfolgt. Es zeigt sich dabei, dass Heideggers Verhältnis zu Kierkegaard kein einheitliches (...)
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  20.  8
    Flucht aus der Kategorie: die Positivierung des Unbestimmten als Ausgang der Moderne.Gerhard Gamm - 1994 - Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
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  21.  24
    Intuitionistic common knowledge or belief.Gerhard Jäger & Michel Marti - 2016 - Journal of Applied Logic 18:150-163.
  22.  35
    Evolution in Nature and Culture.Gerhard Schurz - 2021 - American Philosophical Quarterly 58 (1):95-110.
    The goal of this paper is to defend the theory of generalized evolution (GE) against criticisms by laying down its theoretical principles and their applications in a unified way. Section 2 develops GE theory and its realization in biological evolution (BE) and cultural evolution (CE). The core of GE theory consists of the three Darwinian principles together with the models of population dynamics (PD). Section 3 reconstructs the most important differences between BE and CE. While BE is predominantly based on (...)
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  23.  31
    From Conventionalism to Social Authenticity: Heidegger’s Anyone and Contemporary Social Theory.Gerhard Thonhauser & Hans Schmid (eds.) - 2017 - Cham: Springer Verlag.
    This edited volume offers a new approach to understanding social conventions by way of Martin Heidegger. It connects the philosopher's conceptions of the anyone, everydayness, and authenticity with an analysis and critique of social normativity. Heidegger’s account of the anyone is ambiguous. Some see it as a good description of human sociality, others think of it as an important critique of modern mass society. This volume seeks to understand this ambiguity as reflecting the tension between the constitutive function of conventions (...)
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  24.  18
    Metaphysics of Evolution: Ontology and Justification of Generalized Evolution Theory.Gerhard Schurz - 2023 - In Agathe du Crest, Martina Valković, André Ariew, Hugh Desmond, Philippe Huneman & Thomas A. C. Reydon (eds.), Evolutionary Thinking Across Disciplines: Problems and Perspectives in Generalized Darwinism. Springer Verlag. pp. 2147483647-2147483647.
    Section 10.1 introduces generalized evolution (GE) theory. Here, the three core principles of the theory of evolution − reproduction, variation and selection − are detached from their biological basis, abstracted and extended to other domains, in particular to the domain of cultural evolution (CE). Section 10.2 investigates the ontological foundations of GE and CE theory. They consist in entities and structures that must be realized to get the three modules of evolution running. These entities include self-reproducing systems with variation, and (...)
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  25.  35
    Fixed point theories and dependent choice.Gerhard Jäger & Thomas Strahm - 2000 - Archive for Mathematical Logic 39 (7):493-508.
    In this paper we establish the proof-theoretic equivalence of (i) $\hbox {\sf ATR}$ and $\widehat{\hbox{\sf ID}}_{\omega}$ , (ii) $\hbox{\sf ATR}_0+ (\Sigma^1_1-\hbox{\sf DC})$ and $\widehat{\hbox {\sf ID}}_{<\omega^\omega} , and (iii) $\hbox {\sf ATR}+(\Sigma^1_1-\hbox{\sf DC})$ and $\widehat{\hbox {\sf ID}}_{<\varepsilon_0} $.
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  26.  20
    Short note: Least fixed points versus least closed points.Gerhard Jäger - 2021 - Archive for Mathematical Logic 60 (7):831-835.
    This short note is on the question whether the intersection of all fixed points of a positive arithmetic operator and the intersection of all its closed points can proved to be equivalent in a weak fragment of second order arithmetic.
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  27.  1
    The ‘Only Possible Argument’ of Kant: A Critical Reconstruction.Gerhard Seel - 2024 - Logica Universalis 18 (4):521-531.
    In his precritical period Kant developed a demonstration of the existence of God that he believed to be the only possible one. Whether this argument is valid is a much-disputed question. To give an answer to this question I will reconstruct Kant’s argument with the means of modern logic and semantics and show which are—in my view—it’s weak points. To achieve this, I will use a combination of the formalism of predicate-, propositional and modal logic without, thought, introducing such a (...)
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  28.  71
    What functions explain. Functional explanation and self-reproducing systems, Peter McLaughlin.Gerhard Ernst - 2002 - Erkenntnis 57 (1):123-126.
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  29.  87
    Residuation, structural rules and context freeness.Gerhard Jäger - 2004 - Journal of Logic, Language and Information 13 (1):47-59.
    The article presents proofs of the context freeness of a family of typelogical grammars, namely all grammars that are based on a uni- ormultimodal logic of pure residuation, possibly enriched with thestructural rules of Permutation and Expansion for binary modes.
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  30. The evolution and ontogeny of consciousness.Gerhard Roth - 2000 - In Thomas Metzinger (ed.), Neural Correlates of Consciousness: Empirical and Conceptual Questions. MIT Press.
     
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  31.  43
    The strength of admissibility without foundation.Gerhard Jäger - 1984 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 49 (3):867-879.
  32. First Order Theories for Nonmonotone Inductive Definitions: Recursively Inaccessible and Mahlo.Gerhard Jäger - 2001 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 66 (3):1073-1089.
    In this paper first order theories for nonmonotone inductive definitions are introduced, and a proof-theoretic analysis for such theories based on combined operator forms a la Richter with recursively inaccessible and Mahlo closure ordinals is given.
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  33.  79
    Meliorative reliabilist epistemology: Where externalism and internalism meet.Gerhard Schurz - 2009 - Grazer Philosophische Studien 79 (1):41-62.
    In sec. 1.1 I emphasize the meliorative purpose of epistemology, and I characterize Goldman's epistemology as reliabilistic, cognitive, social, and meliorative. In sec. 1.2 I point out that Goldman's weak notion of knowledge is in conflict with our ordinary usage of 'knowledge'. In sec. 2 I argue for an externalist-internalist hybrid conception of justification which adds reliability-indicators to externalist knowledge. Reliability-indicators produce a veritistic surplus value for the social spread of knowledge. In sec. 3 I analyze some particular meliorative rules (...)
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  34.  14
    A semantic characterization of a useful fragment of the situation calculus with knowledge.Gerhard Lakemeyer & Hector J. Levesque - 2011 - Artificial Intelligence 175 (1):142-164.
  35.  70
    Paradoxical consequences of Balzer's and gähde's criteria of theoreticity. Results of an application to ten scientific theories.Gerhard Schurz - 1990 - Erkenntnis 32 (2):161 - 214.
    It is shown that the criteria of T-theoreticity proposed by Balzer and Gähde lead to strongly counterintuitive and in this sense paradoxical results: most of the obviously empirical or at least nontheoretical terms come out as theoretical. This is demonstrated for a lot of theories in different areas. On the way, some improved and some new structuralist theory-reconstructions are given. The conclusion is drawn that the T-theoreticity of a term cannot possibly be proved on the basis of the mathematical structure (...)
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  36.  6
    Nicht nichts: Studien zu einer Semantik des Unbestimmten.Gerhard Gamm - 2000 - Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
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  37.  48
    Power types in explicit mathematics?Gerhard Jager - 1997 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 62 (4):1142-1146.
    In this note it is shown that in explicit mathematics the strong power type axiom is inconsistent with (uniform) elementary comprehension and discuss some general aspects of power types in explicit mathematics.
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  38.  45
    Trends in the functional morphology and sensorimotor control of feeding behavior in salamanders: An example of the role of internal dynamics in evolution.Gerhard Roth & David B. Wake - 1985 - Acta Biotheoretica 34 (2-4):175-191.
    Organisms are self-producing and self-maintaining, or autopoietic systems. Therefore, the course of evolution and adaptation of an organism is strongly determined by its own internal properties, whatever role external selection may play. The internal properties may either act as constraints that preclude certain changes or they open new pathways: the organism canalizes its own evolution. As an example the evolution of feeding mechanisms in salamanders, especially in the lungless salamanders of the family Plethodontidae, is discussed. In this family a large (...)
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  39.  49
    Kommentar zu The Normativity of Rationality.Gerhard Ernst - 2017 - Zeitschrift für Philosophische Forschung 71 (4):565-570.
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  40.  8
    The supportive voice in the midst of solitude and melancholy: Volney’s génie des tombeaux et des ruines.Gerhard Katschnig - 2021 - History of European Ideas 47 (6):958-973.
    ABSTRACT The article treats the universal history Ruins, or Meditation on the Revolutions of Empires (Les ruines ou Méditations sur les révolutions des empires) of the French cultural philosopher Constantin-François Volney (1757–1820). Using a textual, interdisciplinary study, which focuses upon Volney’s complex cultural and historical philosophical contexts, I demonstrate that his primary concern was a nearly 2500 years coherent Europe of tradition and reception: this Europe did not represent a western corner of a larger Asian landmass but, in the late (...)
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  41.  12
    (1 other version)Phänomenologie; Metaphysik oder Methode?Gerhard Funke - 1966 - Bonn,: H. Bouvier.
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  42. Idee einer Wissenschaftslogik - Grundzüge einer Logik imperativer Sätze.Gerhard Frey - 1957 - Philosophia Naturalis 4:434.
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  43. Hume's Is-Ought Thesis in Logics with Alethic-Deontic Bridge Principles.Gerhard Schurz - 1994 - Logique Et Analyse 37:265-293.
  44. The end of Luhmann's social systems theory.Gerhard Wagner - 1997 - Philosophy of the Social Sciences 27 (4):387-409.
    By advocating an enlightened method of theorizing committed to thinking in terms of a system of differences, Luhmann has contributed to the development of sociology in a manner that cannot be praised enough. Nonetheless, he does not succeed in giving an account of his own position that satisfies the very logical preconditions that he himself has formulated for it. Instead, his systems theory paradigm of sociology is based on metaphysical premises characteristic of the identity-logical thought of "Old Europe." In fact, (...)
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  45.  15
    Was heißt »kausaler Regressus«?Gerhard Wagner - 2020 - In Andrea Albrecht, Franziska Bomski & Lutz Danneberg (eds.), Ordo Inversus: Formen Und Funktionen Einer Denkfigur Um 1800. Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 313-334.
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  46.  44
    Ein logisch-pragmatisches Modell Von deduktiv-nomologischer erklärung (systematisierung).Gerhard Schurz - 1982 - Erkenntnis 17 (3):321 - 347.
    The present paper first shows that the validity of deductive-nomological (D-N) explanations (systematizations) depends in general on the interpretation context of the predicates involved in the explanation. Therefore, no logical-semantical model can be adequate. This problem is solved by relativisation of the validity criteria on both the confirmation context and the definition context of the premisses. Based upon this, a logical-pragmatical model of D-N explanation is developed. Thereby, especially explanations of laws and global explanations are taken into consideration, since these (...)
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  47. Ceteris paribus laws: Classification and deconstruction. [REVIEW]Gerhard Schurz - 2002 - Erkenntnis 57 (3):351Ð372.
    It has not been sufficiently considered in philosophical discussions of ceteris paribus (CP) laws that distinct kinds of CP-laws exist in science with rather different meanings. I distinguish between (1.) comparative CP-laws and (2.) exclusive CP-laws. There exist also mixed CP-laws, which contain a comparative and an exclusive CP-clause. Exclusive CP-laws may be either (2.1) definite, (2.2) indefinite or (2.3) normic. While CP-laws of kind (2.1) and (2.2) exhibit deductivistic behaviour, CP-laws of kind (2.3) require a probabilistic or non-monotonic reconstruction. (...)
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  48.  33
    The works of Yahyā IbnʼAdī: an analytical inventory.Gerhard Endress - 1977 - Wiesbaden: Reichert.
    The fame of the Jacobite Christian Abu Zakariyya Yahya ibn ''Adi (893 bis 974) as in influential philosopher and as en eminent apologist of the Christian faith has been founded on reputation rather than on the study of his work. When Augustin Perier compiled the first list of his writings in 1920, most of his philosophical works were believed to be lost. Most recent publications have enabled us to appraise his merits as a translator an commentator of Aristotle. But only (...)
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  49.  9
    Die Aristotelische Modaltheorie.Gerhard Seel - 1982 - New York: Walter de Gruyter.
    In der 1970 gegründeten Reihe erscheinen Arbeiten, die philosophiehistorische Studien mit einem systematischen Ansatz oder systematische Studien mit philosophiehistorischen Rekonstruktionen verbinden. Neben deutschsprachigen werden auch englischsprachige Monographien veröffentlicht. Gründungsherausgeber sind: Erhard Scheibe (Herausgeber bis 1991), Günther Patzig (bis 1999) und Wolfgang Wieland (bis 2003). Von 1990 bis 2007 wurde die Reihe von Jürgen Mittelstraß mitherausgegeben.
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  50.  69
    Das semantische Problem des moralischen Relativisten.Gerhard Ernst - 2006 - Zeitschrift für Philosophische Forschung 60 (3):337 - 357.
    Im Zentrum der Hauptform des metaethischen Relativismus steht eine kontextualistische Analyse der Bedeutung moralischer Aussagen. Gegen diese Analyse lassen sich jedoch bestimmte sprachliche Beobachtungen anführen, die der Relativist erklären muss, wenn er an seiner Theorie festhalten möchte. In diesem Aufsatz argumentiere ich für die These, dass keiner dieser Erklärungsversuche gelingt. Wir betrachten, wie sich zeigt, moralische Aussagen als weder in offensichtlicher noch in versteckter Weise kontextsensitiv. Damit gerät aber der Relativismus als metaethische Position überhaupt in ernsthafte Bedrängnis.
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