En el siglo xi, la literatura dialógica nacida en el seno del cristianismo latino ha incluido en su repertorio de interlocutores a uno que resulta en todos los casos ficcional: el gentil. De allí que quepa preguntarse cuál es el propósito de dialogar con una otredad imaginaria. Se examinan las construcciones identitarias de los dos primeros personajes gentiles de los que hasta ahora se tiene noticia: el de la Disputatio christiani cum gentili de Gilberto Crispino y el de (...) la Disputatio inter christianum et gentilem del Pseudo-Anselmo. A partir de estas construcciones, se discutirá la función que cada gentil desempeña en su respectivo diálogo, con el objetivo de establecer qué relación mantienen estas identidades dialogantes con la intentio operis. (shrink)

Uma das principais preocupações de Ludwig Wittgenstein, presente já desde as suas primeiras observações, é a autonomia do pensamento próprio. Nosso objetivo neste texto é indicar alguns aspectos metodológicos do diagnóstico e da crítica que o filósofo vienense opera em relação à tradição filosófica ocidental com vistas a possibilitar a obtenção de resultados seguros e pacíficos no universo polêmico da filosofia. Para tanto, indicaremos a importância de recuperar o papel que a tradição filosófica desempenha para o pensamento próprio, assim como (...) a importância de conscientizar-se de que a principal dificuldade da filosofia é estar diante dos conceitos sem pré-conceitos. Além disso, ressaltaremos a necessidade de superação das dificuldades humanas como a da vontade mostrando na filosofia de Wittgenstein a presença da atividade destruidora dos vícios, adornos e ídolos herdados bem como a sua importância para a averiguação das condições lingüísticas do próprio pensar. (shrink)

Este artigo tem o objetivo de desvelar o núcleo da forma das relações socioeconômicas no sistema capitalista de exploração para acumulação de propriedade privada. Referido núcleo deriva nos sujeitos de direito, no Estado e nas demais instituições que derivam do modo de produção posto pela classe socioeconômica dominante que detém a propriedade privada dos meios de produção. Por meio do método materialismo histórico-dialética em Karl Marx e sob a ótica da interpretação filosófica e científica de Evguiéni Bronislavovitch Pachukanis e especialistas (...) contemporâneos. A derivação do modo de produção interpela a forma das relações socioeconômicas. A forma direito forjada com a ideologia capitalista trata formalmente todos os sujeitos como se fossem iguais, equivalendo-os como sujeitos de direito, com a autorização ideológica da forma Estado, em que ambas as formas conformam-se ao poder político da burguesia. O núcleo das relações socioeconômicas tem como átomo a mercadoria, as mercadorias não possuem valor de uso, mas sim valor de troca. Ninguém tem o direito de usar um bem necessário para sua vida, mas somente se puder contratar essa mercadoria. Logo, não somos sujeitos de direito, somos sujeitos pelo direito, ou seja, somos uma mercadoria no sistema capitalista a ser explorada pela classe proprietária dos meios de produção. (shrink)

O presente artigo insere-se no contexto do Programa de Mestrado Profissional (PROF-FILO UFABC) e articula parte da discussão feita na dissertação. Seu objetivo é correlacionar o avanço das Tecnologias Digitais de Informação e Comunicação e o enfraquecimento das Democracias Liberais do Ocidente, tendo como pano de fundo a governamentalidade algorítmica. Em um primeiro momento, a partir do conceito de governamentalidade do filósofo francês Michel Foucault faremos um diálogo com os pensadores alemães Ulrich Beck e Jürgen Habermas, discutindo de que forma (...) foram criados atalhos decisórios fora dos processos políticos no âmbito do conhecimento tecnocientífico alinhado aos interesses do Capital. Em um segundo momento, enquanto consequência desses atalhos, será abordado o risco que a hegemonia oligopolista das Big Techs traz para a vida social através de uma nova governamentalidade, agora algorítmica, em diálogo com as pensadoras Shoshana Zuboff e Antoinette Rouvroy. Essa nova governamentalidade, cujo foco deixa de ser a produção de corpos dóceis e úteis e passa a ter como alvo a construção de subjetividades via psicopolítica – conceito do filósofo sul-coreano Byung-Chul Han – tem como subprodutos não apenas as Fakenews, ou a possibilidade de disseminação ideológica extremista que tem ameaçado a democracia, mas uma franca queda no caráter deliberativo na formação da opinião pública, afetando também a qualidade da democracia. Por fim, refletimos sobre possíveis alternativas e antídotos para a situação atual em que nos encontramos, recorrendo ao conceito de cosmotécnica do filósofo chinês Yuk Hui. (shrink)

As far as immigration theory is concerned, the attempt to reconcile concern for all persons with the reality of state boundaries and exclusionary policies has proved difficult within the limits of normative liberal political philosophy. However, the realpolitik of migration in today's environment forces a major paradigm shift. We must move beyond standard debates between those who argue for more open borders and those who argue for more closed borders. This book aims to show that a realistic utopia of political (...) theory of immigration is possible, but argues that to do so we must focus on expanding the boundaries of what are familiar normative positions in political theory. Theorists must better inform themselves of the concrete challenges facing migration policies: statelessness, brain drain, migrant rights, asylum policies, migrant detention practices, climate refugees, etc. We must ask: what is the best we can and ought to wish for in the face of these difficult migration challenges. Blake, Carens, and Cole offer pieces that outline the major normative questions in the political theory of immigration. The positions these scholars outline are challenged by the pieces contributed by Lister, Ottonelli, Torresi, Sager, and Silverman. These latter pieces force the reformulation of the central positions in normative political theory of immigration. This book was originally published as a special issue of New Challenges in Immigration Theory. (shrink)

"Tough, smart, superbly engaging, The Material Ghost is a terrific book." -- Edward W. Said In The Material Ghost , Gilberto Perez draws on his lifelong love of the movies as well as his work as a film scholar to write a lively, wide-ranging, penetrating study of films and filmmakers and the nature of the art form. For Perez, film is complex and richly contradictory, lifelike and dreamlike at once, a peculiar mix of reality and imagination. "The images on (...) the screen," he writes, "carry in them something of the world itself, something material, and yet something transposed, transformed into another world: the material ghost." "Dazzling... The sheer intelligence at work in these lucid pages is exhilarating." -- Alfred Guzzetti, Boston Book Review "A pleasure. Gilberto Perez is one of the smartest film critics writing anywhere." -- Jonathan Rosenbaum "Strikes an ideal balance between insightful analysis and graceful writing... A model of thoughtful criticism." -- David Sterritt, Christian Science Monitor "Brilliantly polemical in his critique of cynical reason ('the official philosophy of late capitalism'), no less passionate in defending the truth-value of cinema, Perez seems to be the clearest heir to the great humanist critic André Bazin." -- Sight & amp Sound "The chapters on Keaton and Renoir are stunning, full of perceptive remarks the chapter on Godard is a persuasive rehabilitation none of the chapters is without memorable insights." -- Michael Wood, London Review of Books "Gilberto Perez's ambitious, abundant, and cultivated book--the fruit of decades of thinking and teaching -- accompanies readers on a journey of discovery into the wonder of film." -- Stanley Cavell "Few books of film criticism in the past twenty-five years have been so enjoyable or instructive... [Perez] has excellent things to say about authorship, about documentaries, about popular genres, about cinematic point of view and narrative technique, about actors, and above all about camera style... He makes us want to look once more at the remarkable pictures he discusses." -- James Naremore, Cineaste. (shrink)

This paper compares two logical conditionals which are strengthenings of the strict conditional and avoid the paradoxes of strict implication. The logics of both may be viewed as extensions of KT, and the two conditionals are interdefinable in KT. The implicative conditional requires that its antecedent and consequent be both contingent. The consequential conditional may be viewed as a weakening of the implicative conditional, insofar as it also admits the case in which the antecedent and the consequent are strictly equivalent (...) (either both necessary or both impossible). The two conditionals share a number of properties, among them Transitivity, Contraposition, Aristotle’s Thesis, Weak Boethius’ Thesis and Aristotle’s Second Thesis. They also share some restricted principles such as Possibilistic Monotonicity, Possibilistic Simplification and Possibilistic Right Weakening. They differ in relation to Identity, which is validated by consequential implication, while the implicative conditional only validates the restricted principle of Possibilistic Identity. The relations between the two conditionals are represented by two Aristotelian cubes of opposition, one involving the contrariety between If A, then B and If A, then ¬B, according to Weak Boethius’ Thesis, and the other the contrariety between If A, then B and If ¬A, then B, according to Aristotle’s Second Thesis. We also explore the relations between the two logical conditionals and natural language conditionals, emphasizing the dependence of the latter on the context, and the need to distinguish natural language conditionals which may be viewed as consequential or implicative, on one side, and concessive and some other types of conditionals, on the other. (shrink)

Normative political theory over recent decades has focused mainly on what ought to be done as far as migration policies are concerned. It faces a basic challenge, which stems from two competing, yet equally fundamental, ideals underpinning liberal democratic societies: a commitment to moral universalism and the exclusionary requirement of democracy. The objective of this special issue, ‘New Challenges in Immigration Theory’, is to provide a conceptual overview of (some) immigration theories and to highlight the challenges new streams of immigration (...) pose for normative (political) theory and liberal democratic practice. The issue will consider how to reconcile state-based exclusion with a commitment to equal moral concern for all persons, by focusing on the non-standard immigration questions that have so far been ‘neglected’ by normative political theory. In line with this objective, the issue will discuss some of the inadequacies of the dominant political theories of immigration and show how such theories can be expanded to take account of new migration challenges such as brain drain, climate migration, detention of irregular migrants and asylum seekers, rights of labour migrants, transnational networks of movement, and so on. (shrink)

This book discusses the impact of brain researches on different domains, not only on biological and medical/health ones, but more generally on social ones. A decade ago, neuroscience and neurotechnology gave official birth to a new field of inquiry called “neuroethics”. This term is usually referred to both the analysis of ethical implications of research and clinical practice in theneuroscientific area, and to the understanding of how brain processes moral judgements. After historically reconstructing the origins of neuroethics, the authors show (...) main issues related to the spreading of neuroimaging, the technology with which neuroscientific advancements and applications are identified. The book faces principal neuroethical questions, from the impact of neuroscientific theories and technologies on the explanation and treatment of psychiatric disorders, to the controversial argument of the enhancement of cognitive capacities (the possibility of using drugs, implants and other neurotechnological devices to intervene on the brain in order to improve cognitive performances). Moreover, staring off with some Italian legal cases, a debate on the relevance of neuroscientific data and arguments in legal proceedings will be develop all along the book. This book has the ambition to present neuroethical and bioethical issues in a coherent philosophical framework, in order to go beyond the usual polarizations, which have alimented confusion and misunderstandings within the debate. (shrink)

In this thesis, I examine what makes a migration policy “just” by focussing on the following question: Is a policy of open borders the only morally defensible option or are there legitimate reasons for excluding would-be immigrants from entering? I reason that absent a global constitutional framework to determine and secure the relevant rights and duties at stake, potential immigrants lack a legitimate general right to immigrate since states bear no corresponding general duty to let them in. In the same (...) breath, because would-be immigrants do not owe states a general duty not to immigrate, states lack a legitimate general right to exclude. Does it mean then that states cannot exclude potential immigrants, at all? I posit that a state may prevent a would-be immigrant from entering if there is evidence to show that such an individual poses a threat to the life and property of residents of the receiving state. My justification is that since residents delegate their individual right to self-help to the state, a state owes its residents a jurisdictional duty to secure the necessary condition for pursuing compatible conceptions of the good life. And given that a state exercises the delegated right to self-help internally by restricting the movement of persons that offend or threaten law and order, it would be unjust if the state fails to arrest threats from without. Finally, I propose what I call “temporary citizenship” as a fair system of migration predicated upon a jurisdiction-based citizenship acquisition. According to this proposal, all residents should be citizens irrespective of the duration of their stay. In view of the normative ideal requiring reflexivity between subjection to the law and authorship of the law, I conclude that the exercise of governmental power over non-citizen residents amounts to tyranny and therefore an illegitimate exercise of authority over them; therefore, immigrants should be admitted as citizens. The implication is that while protecting the life and property of all residents, the government can also exact from all residents the corresponding duties without distinction. (shrink)

Los procesos reales, en curso, desbordan los análisis dicotómicos y muestran un cuestionamiento cada vez más profundo de la modernidad capitalista, entendida como sistema múltiple de dominación. Los movimientos sociales producen saberes vinculados a procesos políticos-civilizatorios de ruptura, con carácter estratégico, siempre incompletos, inacabados y en construcción, pero que cuestionan la lógica moderna y capitalista de la vida. El trabajo indaga sobre los significados teóricos y prácticos de estos saberes emancipadores y las nuevas propuestas sobre los movimientos sociales en América (...) Latina. (shrink)

Cinema is commonly hailed as "the universal language," but how does it communicate so effortlessly across cultural and linguistic borders? Drawing on a lifetime's worth of viewing an reviewing, influential critic Gilberto Perez invokes a dizzying array of masters past and present includin Chaplin, Ford, Kiarostami, Eisenstein, Malick, Mizoguchi, Haneke, Hitchcock, and Godard--to explore the transaction between filmmaker and audience. The Eloquent Screen shows how cinema, as the consummate contemporary art form, establishes a thoroughly modern rhetoric in which different (...) points of view are brought into clear focus.". (shrink)

Belandria, Margarita Artículos El erotismo como experiencia vinculada a lo sagrado Eroticism as an experience linked to the sacred order Castrejón, Gilberto Laberintos de sabiduría: Entre la razón y el mito Labyrinths of the knowledge: Between the reason and the myth Espar, Teresa Hacia una noción de "globalización" Towards a globalization notion González R., Javier y Belandria, Margarita Filosofía, semiótica, y ritmo Philosophy, semiotics, and rhythm Hocevar, Drina Más allá del pensamiento determinante, el pensamiento reflexionante Beyond deterministic thought, reflexive (...) thought Maldonado, Rebeca La muerte como imaginario social: una mirada de la modernidad a la postmodernidad cultural Death as a social imaginary: A view modernity to cultural postmodernity Mora García, José Pascual El impacto de la ideología y la política en la cultura y el arte de la América Latina Ideological and political interference related to artistic and cultural creations in the Latin American ambit Peña, Edilio Ontología de la trascendencia Metaphysics of Transcendence Ramis Muscato, Pompeyo Sentido de una reforma general de la educación The meaning of a general reform on education Suzzarini, Andrés Traducciones H. Arendt y la idea del derecho moderno Renaut, Alain y Sosoe, Lukas Interdisciplinares Los personajes femeninos en las novelas de Alejo Carpentier Márquez Rodríguez, Alexis Gobernabilidad y constituciones (De la colonización a la emancipación Zambrano Labrador, Laurencio Recensiones Conozca al investigador: Elías Capriles Acercamiento a la obra: Individuo Sociedad y Ecosistema Velasco, Fabiola CDCHT. (shrink)

Después de casi medio siglo fue derogada la sentencia del caso Roe vs. Wade por la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos, lo que puede suponer el fin del aborto en ese país. Se mencionan algunos antecedentes, hitos históricos, arreglos y el contexto de la situación que desembocó en la sentencia mediante la cual se estableció el derecho constitucional al aborto (Roe vs. Wade), se mantuvo la decisión tomada (Planned Parenthood vs. Casey) y finalmente cómo se revocaron las sentencias anteriores (...) (Dobbs vs. Organización de Salud Femenina Jackson). Se concluye, desde una perspectiva biojurídica, que se corrigió un fallo no solo controvertido en su aplicación, sino sobre todo en su génesis, donde queda claro que el aborto no es un derecho constitucional y que los organismos judiciales no son competentes para regular sobre esa materia y sobre otras análogas. Desde el punto de vista bioético, es un fallo revocatorio histórico, que rectificó una de las mayores injusticias contemporáneas, que puso por encima la autonomía individual sobre el hecho biológico incontrovertible de una nueva vida humana y el cuidado que demanda su dignidad ontológica: Roe vs. Wade costó la vida a millones de embriones, en los Estados Unidos y en el resto del mundo. (shrink)

Post-pandemic: Triple Agenda for a New RealityPós-pandemia: tripla agenda para uma nova realidadeNew fields for applying bioethics have emerged out of the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic, but many bioethical challenges remain; so, it is necessary to reflect on the reality that human beings will have to live after that. This reflection builds on a triple agenda: challenges, warnings, and guidance. The challenge agenda deals with upcoming scientific and biotechnological developments, adjustments to work and study, sustainable development reorientation, and changes in businesses and (...) entertainment companies. These challenges could be summarized as development paradigm shifts. The warning agenda includes the management of wild species, mistrust in political leaders, unsupportive and criminal human behavior, information overabundance, the emulation of pharmaceutical industries, and the determining factors of the culture of death. These warnings could be condensed in the importance of promoting the culture of life. The guidance agenda comprises a series of principles such as the human person’s dignity, the common good, the preferential option for the poor, the universal allocation of goods, solidarity, subsidiarity, and the care for our common home. This guidance points to a fundamental and existential environmental transformation. All these changes will be possible because of human resilience, professionalism, and social solidarity, shaping an actual comprehensive human development project.Para citar este editorial / To reference this editorial / Para citar este editorialGamboa Bernal GA. Pospandemia: triple agenda para una nueva realidad. Pers Bioet. 2020;24:127-135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/pebi.2020.24.2.1Publicado: 27/11/2020. (shrink)

Bergson em As duas fontes da moral e da religião se propõe a investigar a origem da moralidade e da religiosidade humana, encarando-as como formas criadas pelo élan vital no curso do desenvolvimento da vida. Bergson concebe o surgimento da sociedade como algo natural, isto é, como um artifício da natureza para que o homem pudesse perseverar no mundo; assim, sua pesquisa visa encontrar e analisar os caminhos que a vida mesma armou no interior do humano, em sua constituição biológica, (...) para que ele pudesse se apegar de diversas formas à existência. Descortinando os motivos pelos quais as variadas sociedades, bem como suas mais diferentes morais se constituem como fechadas ou visando aos interesses da espécie, e abertas, tendo na humanidade uma referência por onde o amor criativo passaria, o filósofo nos mostra como determinados homens, excepcionais, vêm ao mundo encarnado em múltiplos sentidos uma nova atitude criadora, ainda não expressa, que se revela através de uma intuição despertada por uma emoção profunda. Dessa forma, a relação entre moral, vida e emoção é o que cumpre aqui estabelecer, uma vez que as leis morais seguidas pela humanidade são, no limite, necessidades vitais colocadas pela natureza e que só alcançam um desenvolvimento melhor graças à inteligência humana que, mesmo atrelada à necessidade imposta, também pode encontrar dentro de si a abertura para uma liberdade possível. (shrink)

Em sua última obra, As Duas Fontes da Moral e da Religião, Henri Bergson investiga as origens, o desenvolvimento e a manutenção da sociedade humana por meio da distinção entre a sociedade fechada, baseada nos instintos primitivos de conservação da vida, e a sociedade aberta, fundada sobre a aspiração que impulsiona o homem à construção de uma vida em sociedade mais harmoniosa. Segundo o autor, os ideais democráticos são frutos da abertura de que as sociedades necessitam para seu progresso, o (...) qual, aos poucos, abrandaria a pressão das exigências impostas pela natureza para a conservação da vida em sociedade e possibilitaria aos homens conviverem mais livremente e mais afetuosamente com vistas a uma sociedade mais justa e sem tantos conflitos e mortes. Contudo, como escapar às determinações que a natureza impôs para que a vida em sociedade se mantivesse e conseguir que os homens se abram a outro tipo de vivência em conjunto? É esta a questão que o presente artigo procura investigar. Palavras-chave: Bergson, moral, política, mística. (shrink)

Hablar de emancipación en la sociedad neoliberal, es cuestionar ciertos principios y valores de democracia participativa donde la noción de ciudadanía pública debe ser ampliada más allá de la mera discusión de carácter ético; precisamente, porque la democracia ciudadana es un concepto que defi..

The analysis is restricted to the architectural aspect. It puts in evidence a dialectical procedure which makes the gnoseological importance of the verb to look stand out clearly. The pharisee's knowledge is based on religious convictions ; that of the blind man on his experience.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar os temas do “novo método” filosófico e da “Filosofia da Psicologia”, nos escritos tardios de Ludwig Wittgenstein, como relacionados prática e necessariamente. Para o proposto, a estratégia expositiva segue a seguinte ordem: analisam-se os pressupostos filosóficos relativamente irrefletidos que determinam a visão que o jovem Wittgenstein tinha do “método correto da Filosofia” e da “Filosofia da Psicologia”; interpreta-se a volta filosófica de 1929 como comprometida em apresentar o rosto ainda informe do “novo método” (...) e retomar criticamente os alvos do TLP, sob essa nova perspectiva metodológica; e considera-se a Filosofia da psicologia de Wittgenstein inserida numa perspectiva diferente da perspectiva da ciência psicológica do fim do século XIX e início do século XX, fundamentada em investigações empíricas. Essas observações constituem propriamente uma prática do “novo método” de apresentação perspícua e se caracteriza como um aspecto-chave e necessário, um filtro, para a compreensão das observações do filósofo em torno da psicologia e de seu objetivo em dissolver os problemas metafísicos ali presentes.The main purpose of this article is to present the themes of the philosophical “new method” and the “philosophy of psychology” in Ludwig Wittgenstein’s late writings as practically and necessarily related. For the proposed, our expository strategy follows the following order: we analyzed the relatively unreasonable philosophical presuppositions that determine the young Ludwig’s view of the “correct method of philosophy” and of “philosophy of psychology”; we interpreted the philosophical turn of 1929 as committed to presenting the still-informed face of the “new method” and to critically revisiting the TLP targets under this new methodological perspective; and we considered Wittgenstein’s philosophy of psychology inserted in a different perspective from the perspective of the psychological science of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century based on empirical investigations. These observations are properly a practice of the “new method” of perspicuous presentation and they are characterized as a key and necessary aspect, a filter, for the understanding of the philosopher’s observations about psychology, and his goal in dissolving the metaphysical problems present there. (shrink)

Object or subject of rights Cartay, Belkis Acerca de la racionalidad científica: Feyerabend y los límites de la argumentación Scientific rationality, Feyerabend and the limits of the argument Castrejón, Gilberto El embrión es vida humana The embryo is human life Chacín, Ronald Ética y política: Las consecuencias prácticas de la modernización en la óptica de una acción comunicativa Ethics and politics: Practical consequences of modernization from the viewpoint of a comunicative act De La Vega, Marta La libertad de expresión: (...) De la doctrina a la ley The freedom of expresion: From doctrine to law Belandria, Margarita y González, Javier Globalización y "Glocalización" frente al debate postmoderno Globalization and "Glocalizacion" in the post-moderne debate Mora García, José Pascual El Derecho en "El Alcalde de Zalamea" Law in "The Mayor of Zalamea" Parodi Remón, Carlos Interdisciplinares La palabra y su universo de sentido Word and its universe of sense Espar, Teresa Procesos existenciales en el ritmo de la poesía Existential processes in the thythm of poetry Hocevar, Drina Traducciones Karl Löwith "Mi vida en Alemania antes y después de 1933" Vasquez, Eduardo. (shrink)

Este ensayo es una contribución a la historia del pensamiento en Colombia y estudia el manuscrito de José Eusebio Caro (1817-1853) titulado Mecánica social (1836) en que su joven autor pretendió establecer los fundamentos de una ciencia de la sociedad cuando el Estado intentaba construir el monopolio del conocimiento jurídico. Nuestro análisis sugiere que el pensamiento colombiano de esa época estuvo afiliado a los métodos y teorías del comportamiento humano y de organización de la sociedad provenientes de algunas corrientes del (...) pensamiento francés del siglo XVIII e inicios del siglo XIX, particularmente los postulados del grupo reunido en la Société d’Observateurs de l´homme. (shrink)

Since the mid-20th century, human beings have become aware of the negative changes that planet Earth is undergoing, some of them produced by themselves and which endanger their existence. One of these changes is the increase in the average temperature caused by the greenhouse effect. The United Nations has taken care of this problem and organized 25 summits on global warming. In 2021, the World Economic Forum proposed leveraging the crisis that the world is experiencing due to COVID-19 for a (...) “great reset” within a globalist agenda that guides the next meeting on climate change. From a bioethical perspective, some components and strategies of this agenda are analyzed, and reflections and recommendations are made. We conclude that climate change is a real issue but magnified by pseudoscience and permeated by politics. Mitigation and adaptation strategies are needed to combat it, including techno-scientific advances, political will, and changes in human behavior. (shrink)

Da Vinci, 500 años después: del humanismo a la humanización Da Vinci, 500 anos depois: do humanismo à humanização Leonardo Da Vinci is a prototype of humanism. Five hundred years after his death, we reflect on what humanism may add to humanization in health sciences in general and medical education in particular. The history of thought classifies humanisms into Renaissance, socialist, existential, hermeneutic, anti-humanism and new humanism. By contrast, transhumanism is pointed out. Their main lines of thought and exponents are (...) listed. Finally, some reactions of contemporary philosophy to these humanisms are explained, and it is concluded that for proper humanization it is necessary to build on the basics contributed by classical humanism and some key points of bioethics. Para citar este editorial / To reference this editorial / Para citar este editorial Gamboa-Bernal GA. Da Vinci, 500 años después: del humanismo a la humanización. Pers Bioet. 2019;23:171-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/pebi.2019.23.2.1. (shrink)

_Importance and implications of an oath in times of a pandemic_ _Importância e implicações de um juramento em tempos de pandemia_ La pandemia del SARS-CoV-2, que causa el Covid-19, es un hecho que está desestabilizando no solo los sistemas de salud, sino la misma cultura actual. En torno a ella hay una serie de elementos que complican su contención, mitigación y tratamiento: interrogantes sobre su origen, profusión de información, medidas de aislamiento con efectos diametralmente opuestos, despertar de una pesadilla de (...) agresión al ecosistema, develamiento de falencias y fragilidades de gobiernos, sistemas económicos y de salud pública; crisis de liderazgo y un largo etcétera. Se examina el trabajo del talento humano en salud a partir de la constatación de situaciones paradójicas frente al mismo y se plantea la importancia del Juramento hipocrático, como razón que justifica el accionar del personal de salud en escenarios normales, pero sobre todo en situaciones límite. Se concluye que el Juramento hipocrático, más que la Declaración de Ginebra, es un punto de partida clave para el actuar médico, también en las crisis, y que la humanidad debería cambiar y salir fortalecida de la pandemia, porque aprendió las lecciones que el Covid-19 le ha dejado. _Para citar este editorial / to reference this editorial / para citar este editorial_ Gamboa-Bernal GA. Importancia e implicaciones de un juramento en tiempos de pandemia. 2020;24:5-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/pebi.2020.24.1.1 Publicado: 07/05/2020. (shrink)