The objective of this research was to systematize the results of existing publications on basic recreational activities in Basic Education students during the years 2019 to 2023. The method adopted in the research was a review of the scientific literature, based on a documentary design, involving the stages that include exploring the sources, carrying out the filtering process to select the most significant and relevant studies, then interpreting the results and subsequently analyzing them. The type of research was a systematic, (...) retrospective, observational review. The databases considered were Scopus, Scielo, EBSCOHOST and Sciencedirect. As inclusion and exclusion criteria, studies from the last 5 years were taken into account, which considered the research variables taking them in a general or specific way and no books, theses or conference documents were taken. The presentation of the results was used following the PRISMA method adapted from the year 2020. The results of the systematic review allowed us to theoretically associate the recreational physical activities carried out by basic education students with personal perception, motivation, psychosocial aspects and social barriers that constitute factors. conditions for its execution. (shrink)

Se presenta un estudio histórico y de caracterización química y molecular por técnicas no destructivas, ESEMEDS y Raman, de nueve esculturas de pequeño tamaño, fabricadas en esteatita, antigua denominación de minerales blandos y untuosos como talco y pirofilita, conservadas en el Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN). Se concluye que dos especímenes son de pirofilita y procedentes de Japón, mientras que las otras siete son de talco con ornamentación de procedencia China. Las muestras de talco de China tienen calcita con (...) algo de cobre, típica de metamorfismo de dolomías, mientras que las pirofilitas tienen Pb, Fe, Cl, As, P, S, Na y Ca, elementos químicos de origen hidrotermal de rocas félsicas más característico de Japón. Las estatuillas fueron aportadas al RGHN desde Filipinas, en el siglo XVIII, por D. Juan de Cuellar, expedicionario y botánico español, de quien se incluye un recorrido por su biografía y actividades científico-económicas. Estas piezas son la expresión de la tendencia al coleccionismo de objetos orientales imperante en la época de la Ilustración. (shrink)

In Spain, free gender self-determination has been recognized with the promulgation of Law 4/2023, of February 28. The objective of this text is to analyse what reasons have motivated this regulation and how well founded they are. Should we recognize gender self-determination? We conclude negatively, but for reasons other than those usually cited. To reach this conclusion, we review the legal and jurisprudential evolution of the matter (section 1), and analyse the main arguments offered in favour (section 2) and against (...) (section 3) of this possibility. Finally, we suggest that the best option would be to include the mention of sex in its traditional conception and allow those who wish to also include their gender or gender identity. (shrink)

Resumen. Frecuentemente estamos expuestos a la declaración de productos, empresas, organismos y algunas dependencias que se proclaman a si mismos “clase mundial”. Este término de clase mundial, ha sido mas utilizado a partir de las recientes aperturas de mercados, y por las presiones que sentimos de la globalización que ha llegado eminentemente a las empresas, escuelas y hasta las mismas costumbres, tradiciones y practicas de negocios1. Al parecer tenemos que acostumbrarnos a vivir con el término de clase mundial.Palabras claves. Educación, (...) calidad, globalización, autoaprendizaje. We are frequently exposed to the declaration of products, companies, and some agencies who proclaim themselves as a "world class organization" This world-class term has been more used from the recent openings of markets, and the pressures of globalization that we feel has come predominantly to companies, schools and even with the same practices, traditions and business practices. Apparently we have to learn to live with the term world class. Keywords. Education, quality, globalization, self learning. (shrink)

Resumen. Una de las prioridades de un egresado universitario, es su insersión en el mercado laboralprofesional, y es ahí donde realmente puede comprobar la aplicación de sus conocimientosprofesionales adquiridos durante sus estudios profesionales, y lo que experimenta frecuentemente ennuestro país, es que le resulta extremadamente dificl colocarse dentro de las empresas, cuando optapor esta alternativa, y esto da lugar a un reflexión academica sobre que tanto debe o puede hacer unainstitución de educación superior en Mexico, para facilitar o por lo (...) menos apoyar a sus egresados aintegrarse lo mas pronto posible en el mercado profesional, tomando en consdieración el alto nivelcompetitivo que provoca el impacto de la globalización económica, que definitivamente es unmonitor para las instituciones educativas sobre el diseño del perfil de estudiante de administración ysus competencias requeridas para su desarrollo y éxito profesional. Esta investigación tiene comofinalidad mostrar los aspectos mas importantes de reflexión para las instituciones educativas.Palabras claves. Egresado, Globalización, Administrador, Economia, Educación. One of the priorities for the university graduate, is its insertion into the professional labormarket, and that's where the graduate, can actually test the application of professional skills acquiredduring their professional studies, and what often experienced in our country, is that the graduatefinds highly difficult to be hired in business, when this alternative is choosen, and this leads to anacademic reflection on how universities can or should do in Mexico, to facilitate or at least supporttheir graduates tofind employment as soon as possible in the professional market, taking Inconsideration the high level of competition causes mostly by the impact of economic globalization,which definitely is a monitor for all educational institutions on the design of the profile of themanagement students and skills required for their development and professional success. This research aims to show the most important aspects of reflection for educational institutions.Keywords. Graduate, Globalization, Manager, Economics, Education. (shrink)

O artigo recorda as linhas fundamentais das mudanças produzidas pelo Vaticano II, dentre outras: a recuperação da eclesiologia de comunhão, típica do primeiro milênio da história da Igreja; a afirmação de uma eclesiologia orientada ao Reino; o surgimento de uma igreja que passa a se autocompreender como sacramento de salvação, servidora, caminhante, comprometida com os pobres. Em contraposição a esses avanços, o artigo refere-se às lacunas e sombras que envolvem o Vaticano II: a dualidade entre a afirmação de uma Igreja (...) povo-de-Deus e o acento jurídico da eclesiologia tradicional; o silêncio sobre temas candentes como o celibato sacerdotal e a ordenação de mulheres; a falta de mediações eclesiais para efetivar as propostas do Concílio. Destaca especialmente alguns episódios de “inverno eclesial”, posteriores ao Concílio, protagonizados por setores conservadores da Igreja, de fechamento e resistência às propostas do Vaticano II. Frente à “volta à grande disciplina” que caracteriza o atual momento do Igreja – e considerando o Concílio um divisor de águas em sua história, uma autêntica irrupção do Espírito sobre a Igreja –, a reflexão postula um novo concílio, um Jerusalém II. Palavras-chave: Concílio Vaticano II. Eclesiologia. Igreja.This article presents the basic lines of the changes produced by the Vatican II. For this purpose, three points are highlighted: a) the recuperation of the ecclesiology of communion, typical of the first millennium of the history of the Church; b) the affirmation of an orientated ecclesiology to the Kingdom; c) the development of a new conception of church that starts to understand itself as sacrament of salvation, always committed to the poor. On the other hand, the article refers to the gaps and shadows that comprise the Vatican II: a) the dualism between the affirmation of a ´Church People of God` and the emphasis in the legal dimension of the traditional ecclesiology; b) the silence of the Church on relevant subjects such as the sacerdotal celibacy and the women's ordering; d) the lack of ecclesial mediations to bring the proposals of the council into effect. The article stands out the spirit of resistance and of closure of the conservative sectors of the Church to the proposals of Vatican II. Facing the “return to the great discipline” that have characterized the current moment of Church and taking the Council as a basic landmark in its history, and as an authentic outbreak of the Spirit on the Church, the article postulates a new council, a Jerusalem II. Keywords : Vatican Council II. Ecclesiology. Church. - DOI: 10.5752/P.2175-5841.2011v9n24p1257. (shrink)

The first colleges of the Society of Jesus, since the foundation of the one at Messina in 1548, chose to follow the notably participative pedagogy of the University of Paris. The article shows why and how the option for the modus parisiensis was made. The University of Paris, which the first companions knew through having studied there, had an academic structure more centred on the professor's authority than at the other European universities. This, however, did not prevent numerous contacts between (...) the students and the teaching body, with each group having its precise rules. Parisian teaching was progressive and systematic, very open to the culture of the Renaissance, and to ancient languages and authors. The influence of the «Brothers of the Common Life» is clear, especially regards their attention to the human and spiritual formation of the students. (shrink)

Attention is brought upon certain reali ties of contemporarty developed capitalism,concerning the new modali ties of linkage between scientific knowledge, technical developments, their technological insertion, and the military, political, managerial, economic and cultural sectors with the aim of o..

Manuel García Carpintero defends a form of antirealism for the explicit talk and thought both about fictional entities and scientific models: a version of StephenYablo’s figuralist brand of factionalism. He argues that, in contrast with pretense-theoretic fictionalist proposals, on his view, utterances in those discourses are straightforward assertions with straightforward truth-conditions, involving a particular kind of metaphors or figurative manner. But given that the relevant metaphors are all but “dead”, this might suggest that the view is after all realist, (...) committed to referents of some sort for singular terms in the relevant discourses. He revisits these issues from the perspective of the more recent work on them and applies his view to recent debates in semantics on the role and adequacy of supervaluationist models of indeterminacy. (shrink)

Two-dimensional semantics is a framework that helps us better understand some of the most fundamental issues in philosophy: those having to do with the relationship between the meaning of words, the way the world is, and our knowledge of the meaning of words. This selection of new essays by some of the world's leading authorities in this field sheds fresh light both on foundational issues regarding two-dimensional semantics and on its specific applications. Contributors: Richard Breheny, Alex Byrne, David Chalmers, Martin (...) Davies, Gareth Evans, Manuel Garcia-Carpintero, Josep Maci`, Martine Nida-Rumelin, Christopher Peacocke, James Pryor, Francois Recanati, Scott Soames, Cara Spencer, Robert Stalnaker, Kai-Yee Wong, Stephen Yablo. (shrink)

In this paper I provide a new account of linguistic presuppositions, on which they are ancillary speech acts defined by constitutive norms. After providing an initial intuitive characterization of the phenomenon, I present a normative speech act account of presupposition in parallel with Williamson’s analogous account of assertion. I explain how it deals well with the problem of informative presuppositions, and how it relates to accounts for the Triggering and Projection Problems for presuppositions. I conclude with a brief discussion of (...) the consequences of the proposal for the adequacy of Williamson’s account of assertion. (shrink)

The truth of a statement depends on the world in two ways: what the statement says is true if the world is as the statement says it is; on the other hand, what the expressions in the statement mean depends on what the world is like (for instance, on what conventions are in place). Each of these two kinds of dependence of truth on the world corresponds to one of the dimensions on the two-dimensional semantic framework, developed in the 1970’ (...) in the work of Evans, Kaplan, Kripke and Stalnaker. The introduction provides a systematic overview of the framework, the ideas of its earlier originators, recent developments and criticism. Finally, it gives a brief overview over the contributions to the volume. (shrink)

The paper reviews proposals by Abell, Predelli, and others on the semantics of fiction, focusing on the discourse through which fictions are created. Predelli develops the radical fictionalism of former writers like Kripke and van Inwagen, on which that discourse is contentless and does not express propositions. This paper offers reasons to doubt these claims. It then explores realist proposals like Abell’s in which singular terms in fictions refer to fictional characters, understood as socially created representational artifacts, and irrealist alternatives (...) in which the discourse is fully meaningful even though those terms fail to refer. (shrink)

Some speech acts are made indirectly. It is thus natural to think that assertions could also be made indirectly. Grice’s conversational implicatures appear to be just a case of this, in which one indirectly makes an assertion or a related constative act by means of a declarative sentence. Several arguments, however, have been given against indirect assertions, by Davis (1999), Fricker (2012), Green (2007, 2015), Lepore & Stone (2010, 2015) and others. This paper confronts and rejects three considerations that have (...) been made: arguments based on the distinction between lying and misleading; arguments based on the ordinary concept of assertion; and arguments based on the testimonial knowledge that assertions provide. (shrink)

Only Imagine is a wonderful book. Clear and tersely written, it provides a compelling defence of a rather unpopular view : namely, extreme intentionalism about the determination of fictional content and the nature of fictionality. It thus unquestionably advances the philosophical debate. It is also a pleasure to read for those of us who like fictions and not just the philosophy thereof: Stock discusses for her arguments many examples from real fictions, systematically making perceptive remarks. Here I will respond to (...) an objection that she makes to the normative account that I have defended in previous work, arguing that it has explanatory advantages grounded on the subordination on that account of author-intentions to fictional contents independently determined by social practices. (shrink)

Online Public Shaming is a form of norm enforcement that involves collectively imposing reputational costs on a person for having a certain kind of moral character. OPS actions aim to disqualify her from public discussion and certain normal human relations. We argue that this constitutes an informal collective punishment that it is presumptively wrong to impose on others. OPS functions as a form of ostracism that fails to show equal basic respect to its targets. Additionally, in seeking to mobilise unconstrained (...) collective power with potentially serious punitive consequences, OPS is incompatible with due process values. (shrink)

The author of this paper contrasts the account he favors for how fictions can convey knowledge with Green’s views on the topic. On the author’s account, fictions can convey knowledge because fictional works make assertions and other acts such as conjectures, suppositions, or acts of putting forward contents for our consideration; and the mechanism through which they do it is that of speech act indirection, of which conversational implicatures are a particular case. There are two potential points of disagreement with (...) Green in this proposal. First, it requires that assertions can be made indirectly. Second, it requires that verbal fiction-making doesn’t consist merely in “acts of speech”, but in sui generis speech acts. (shrink)

Cosmopolitan critics attack the scope-limitation of justice of egalitarian liberal theorists to states. They treat justice as the production of a given set of outcomes for people regardless of location or relationship. However, in doing so they either ignore the relevant agent towards whom principles of justice are addressed or see the question of agency as a practical, derivative question, of a secondary character. This paper argues that a principle of justice without a clearly justified agent is not a genuine (...) principle at all. This is what writers like Rawls mean by the "subject" of justice (analogous to the grammatical subject of a sentence, i.e.,the agent). We should reflect on agents and why they would or would not justifiably carry certain burdens for others and what kind of benefits or goods they are able to secure. The answers to those questions explain why the idea of cosmopolitan global justice is incomplete, either requiring a global basic structural agency or not applying because no relevant agent is present that can create cooperative arrangements between individual persons across the globe. Other moral principles will still apply globally, but they will be distinct from those that apply to basic-structural agencies. This account is not a practice dependence account, as it bases the distinctness of moral and political principles on purely moral and value-based considerations. (shrink)

This article critically examines the domination exerted by big digital companies on the current social, economic, and political context of modern societies, with a particular focus on the implications for the proper functioning of democracy. The objective of this article is to introduce and develop the concept of datafeudalism, expose its emergence for the proper functioning of modern societies and democracy, and to propose courses of action to reverse this situation. To achieve this purpose, firstly, the evolution from surveillance capitalism (...) to datafeudalism will be discussed. Secondly, the structures and operating logic of data feudalism will be analyzed. Thirdly, the harmful impacts of datafeudalism on the proper functioning of the democratic systems of the European Union will be examined. Finally, an attempt will be made to outline courses of action that will make it possible to reverse the situation of economic, social and political tyranny exercised by big digital companies through datafeudalism. (shrink)

I argue racial injustice undermines the reliability of news source reports in the information domain of racial injustice. I argue that this in turn undermines subjects’ doxastic justification in inferences they base on these news sources in the racial injustice information domain. I explain that racial injustice does this undermining through the effect of racial prejudice on news organizations’ members and the effect of society's racially unjust structure on non-dominant racial group-controlled news sources.

The paper provides an opinionated survey of recent contributions – roughly, in the last decade – to our understanding of how names and other referring expressions work in fictional discourse and addresses well-known philosophical worries that they raise. Views about the semantics of referring expressions in fictional discourse are usually accompanied by metaphysical views on the ontology of fictional characters, so this will also come under our focus.

In the seventh and most recent edition of their classic book, Principles of Biomedical Ethics, Tom Beauchamp and James Childress define a virtue as a character trait that is “socially valuable and reliably present” and a moral virtue as such a trait that is also both “dispositional” and “morally valuable”. The virtues that they single out as “focal” within biomedical ethics are compassion, discernment, trustworthiness, integrity, and conscientiousness. Not all is well in their treatment of virtue. Beauchamp and Childress seem (...) to worry that an ethical theory in which virtues are fundamental will neglect duties, rights, and societal needs. Further, they insist that there is no reason to think that, within ethical theory, one family of ethical concepts is the most important, nor that one theoretical approach is correct, or even superior to others. I will try to show, that there are strong reasons to see language, concepts, and matters of virtue as fundamental within normative ethical theory, both generally and in such specialized subareas as medical ethics. These reasons reveal themselves when we analyze concepts at the core of the alternative approaches to theorizing ethics that Beauchamp and Childress identify. (shrink)

. The aim of this paper is to put forward an ethical framework for the conceptualization and development of ethics audits, here understood as a catalyst for company dialogue and in general, for management of ethics in the company. Ethics auditing is understood as the opportunity and agreement to devise a system to inform on ethical corporate behavior. This system essentially aims to increase the transparency and credibility of the companys commitment to ethics. At the same time, the process of (...) elaborating this system allows us to introduce the moral dimension into company actions and decisions, thereby completing a key dimension of the production, maintenance and development of trust capital. To this end, the following four steps are taken. First, we analyze the relation between ethics auditing and trust as a basic moral resource in the dialogue between the company and its various stakeholders. Second, we examine the social balance sheet as a precursor to ethics auditing and focus on what prevents it from going further. Third, we attempt to reconstruct the basic moral assumptions underlying the companys social responsibility from the discourse ethics approach. Finally, we present a methodological framework from which to carry out our proposal, which embraces two basic theoretical perspectives stakeholder theory and the values derived from discourse ethics as a normative framework. (shrink)

This article analyses how samples of pathological anatomies were transformed into collectible objects in 19th-century Mexico, revealing a process that involved multiple locations and the mixture of the practices of physicians, anthropologists, and amateur collectors. Historiography has focused on the Museo de Anatomía Patológica (Museum of Pathological Anatomy), an institution devoted to the training of medical students created in 1853 at the Escuela Nacional de Medicina (National School of Medicine) in Mexico City. Archival evidence shows that medical collections existed far (...) beyond this space; namely, in private collections and museums organized in the provinces by local physicians whose existence was overshadowed by the metropolitan institutions. As this article discusses, anatomical specimens connected these two circles around the question of how to define “Mexican pathologies.” Through an examination of the collections held at the Museum of Pathological Anatomy and the Museo Michoacano in Morelia in western Mexico, this article analyses those debates in a context where this evidence was also used to highlight the differences between Mexicans, Europeans, and people of indigenous ancestry. Whereas this conceptualization embodied the way in which diseases differentially affected the indigenous, mestizo, and Mexican peoples, for doctors in the provinces, “Mexican pathologies” also referred to anatomical signs of abnormalities or primitiveness in the indigenous population. Tracing the professional career of Dr. Nicolás León (1859–1929), a well-known collector and physical anthropologist, the paper describes the geography of the exchanges of anatomical specimens and the complex relationships that emerged among actors in the Mexican provinces and the capital as they sought to identify pathologies associated mainly with the local native population. In addition, it shows that the production and circulation of specimens of pathological anatomy were connected to a wider circle of providers that extended far beyond medical museums and experts in medicine, and who exhibited these Mexican pathologies as part of the—almost always unfinished—forging of the national. (shrink)

Recanati’s (2007, 2009) argues for a Lewisian subjectless view of the content of “implicit” de se thought, on the basis that we can thus better explain the phenomenon of immunity to error through misidentification. The paper argues that this is not the case, and suggests that such a view is in tension with Recanati’s mental files approach to de re thought in general and the SELF concept in particular.

Business Ethics, the Environment & Responsibility, EarlyView.

Visual aids can improve comprehension of risks associated with medical treatments, screenings, and lifestyles. Do visual aids also help decision makers accurately assess their risk comprehension? That is, do visual aids help them become well calibrated? To address these questions, we investigated the benefits of visual aids displaying numerical information and measured accuracy of self-assessment of diagnostic inferences (i.e., metacognitive judgment calibration) controlling for individual differences in numeracy. Participants included 108 patients who made diagnostic inferences about three medical tests on (...) the basis of information about the sensitivity and false-positive rate of the tests and disease prevalence. Half of the patients received the information in numbers without a visual aid, while the other half received numbers along with a grid representing the numerical information. In the numerical condition, many patients --especially those with low numeracy-- misinterpreted the predictive value of the tests and profoundly overestimated the accuracy of their inferences. Metacognitive judgment calibration mediated the relationship between numeracy and accuracy of diagnostic inferences. In contrast, in the visual aid condition, patients at all levels of numeracy showed high-levels of inferential accuracy and metacognitive judgment calibration. Results indicate that accurate metacognitive assessment may explain the beneficial effects of visual aids and numeracy --a result that accords with theory suggesting that metacognition is an essential part of risk literacy. We conclude that well-designed risk communications can inform patients about health-relevant numerical information while helping them assess the quality of their own risk comprehension. (shrink)

This paper proposes an epistemological approach to analyse social-ecological systems from a process perspective in order to better tackle the co-constitution of the social and the ecological and the dynamism of these systems. It highlights the usefulness of rethinking our conceptual tools taking processes and relations as the main constituents of reality instead of fundamental substances or essences. We introduce the concept of experience as understood in radical empiricism to critically revise our available concepts through focusing on the concept of (...) difference, exploring apparent contradictions and engaging in assemblage thinking. (shrink)

Crisis requires society to renew itself, albeit in a disruptive way. The current Covid-19 pandemic is transforming ways of working, living, and relating to each other on a global level, suddenly and dramatically. This paper focuses on the field of education to show how higher education institutions are undergoing radical transformations driven by the need to digitalize education and training processes in record time with academics who lack innate technological capabilities for online teaching. The university system must strive to overcome (...) this situation to be competitive and provide high-quality education in a scenario of digital transformation, disruptive technological innovations, and accelerated change. To achieve these goals, this paper explains some barriers and challenges that universities encounter, as well as technological resources and methodologies they have used in the current scenario to transform higher education to face Covid-19 disruption. The discussion and conclusion synthesize significant insights that can be applied to the digitalization of education in the foreseeable future. (shrink)

Fred Sanger, the inventor of the first protein, RNA and DNA sequencing methods, has traditionally been seen as a technical scientist, engaged in laboratory bench work and not interested at all in intellectual debates in biology. In his autobiography and commentaries by fellow researchers, he is portrayed as having a trajectory exclusively dependent on technological progress. The scarce historical scholarship on Sanger partially challenges these accounts by highlighting the importance of professional contacts, institutional and disciplinary moves in his career, spanning (...) from 1940 to 1983. This paper will complement such literature by focusing, for the first time, on the transition of Sanger’s sequencing strategies from degrading to copying the target molecule, which occurred in the late 1960s as he was shifting from protein and RNA to DNA sequencing, shortly after his move from the Department of Biochemistry to the Laboratory of Molecular Biology, both based in Cambridge (UK). Through a reinterpretation of Sanger’s papers and retrospective accounts and a pioneering investigation of his laboratory notebooks, I will claim that sequencing shifted from the working procedures of organic chemistry to those of the emergent molecular biology. I will also argue that sequencing deserves a history in its own right as a practice and not as a technique subordinated to the development of molecular biology or genomics. My proposed history of sequencing leads to a reappraisal of current STS debates on bioinformatics, biotechnology and biomedicine. (shrink)

Escrever sobre a Teologia da Libertação (TdL), sua evolução e horizontes futuros, não é tarefa fácil. Primeiramente, porque ainda nos falta perspectiva histórica suficiente para observarmos com serenidade e com distanciamento o seu processo; em segundo lugar porque já existe uma vasta literatura sobe esse tema. Mais do que fazer um resumo abstrato desses 40 anos de existência da Teologia da Libertação, o artigo descreve seu desenvolvimento a partir de três eventos teológicos: O encontro Escorial 1972, o Encontro Escorial 1992 (...) e o Encontro São Leopoldo-Unisinos 2012. Se o primeiro foi marcado pelo paradigma do Êxodo e o segundo pelo paradigma do Exílio, o encontro de São Leopoldo-Unisinos se abre a horizontes futuros, novas questões e novos assuntos. A eleição do papa Francisco e sua opção por uma Igreja pobre e dos pobres, significa um sinal de esperança para a Igreja e Também para uma teologia libertadora. Palavras-chave : Libertação. Seguimento de Jesus. Opção pelos pobres. Êxodo. Exílio. Igreja pobre e dos pobres. Résumen Escribir sobre Teología de la liberación (TdL), su evolución y su horizonte futuro, no es fácil. En parte porque nos falta todavía perspectiva histórica suficiente para poder observar serenamente y desde más lejos su proceso, y en parte porque sobre este tema ya hay abundante literatura. Más que hacer un resumen abstracto de estos 40 años de teología de la liberación, el artículo describe la evolución de la teología de la liberación a partir de tres eventos teológicos: la reunión de El Escorial 1972, la de El Escorial 1992 y la de Sao Leopoldo-Unisinos 2012. Si la primera estuvo marcada por el paradigma del Éxodo y la segunda por el del Exilio, la reunión de Sao Leopoldo-Unisinos se abre a nuevos horizontes de futuro, nuevos temas y nuevos sujetos. La elección el Papa Francisco y su opción por una Iglesia pobre y de los pobres, significa un signo de esperanza para la Iglesia y también para una teología liberadora. Palabras clave : Liberación. Seguimiento de Jesús. Opción por los pobres. Éxodo. Exilio. Iglesia pobre y de los pobres.To write about Liberation Theology (TdL), its evolution and future horizons is not that easy. This difficulty is due, in some way, to the lack of a historical perspective enough to allow us to observe Liberation Theology process serenely and from farther. In another way, there is already a vast literature on the subject. Rather than making a summary of the 40 years of liberation theology, this article describes its development from three main theological events: the first meeting organized in El Escorial, Spain (1972), a second meeting held in the same place, in 1992, and the meeting held in Brazil, in 2012, at the University of Unisinos. The first meeting was marked by the paradigm of Exodus and the second by the paradigm of Exile. The meeting held at Sao Leopoldo, in turn, opened new perspectives for the future, new themes and new subjects. The election of Pope Francisco and his option for the poor means a sign of hope for the Church and also to a liberating theology. Keywords : Liberation. The following of Jesus. Option for the poor. Exodus. Exile. A poor Church and a Church of the poor. (shrink)

This is a review of Emma Borg's Pursuing Meaning.