Roberto Frega & Giovanni Maddelena – Can you recollect what the situation was concerning the study of pragmatism when you were in college? Richard J. Bernstein – I was an undergraduate at the University of Chicago from 1949 to 1951. At the time the “Hutchins College” was an unusual institution. The entire curriculum was fixed and it was organized around reading many of the great books of the Western tradition. From the time I arrived, I was reading Plato, Aristotle, (...) Galileo, Darwin, Herodotus... (shrink)

Examines the processes of scientific creativity and discovery, and proposes a model of scientific development.

I propose a T‐cell receptor (TcR)‐based mechanism by which immunity mediates both “genetic self” and “microbial self” thereby, connecting microbiome disease with autoimmunity. The hypothesis is based on simple principles. First, TcR are selected to avoid strong cross‐reactivity with “self,” resulting in selection for a TcR repertoire mimicking “genetic self.” Second, evolution has selected for a “microbial self” that mimics “genetic self” so as to share tolerance. In consequence, our TcR repertoire also mimics microbiome antigenicity, providing a novel mechanism for (...) modulating tolerance to it. Also, the microbiome mimics the TcR repertoire, acting as a secondary immune system. I call this TcR‐microbiome mimicry “holoimmunity” to denote immune tolerance to the “holobiont self.” Logically, microbiome‐host mimicry means that autoimmunity directed at host antigens will also attack components of the microbiome, and conversely, an immunological attack on the microbiome may cross‐react with host antigens producing “holoautoimmunity.”. (shrink)

Free will, if such there be, involves free choosing: the ability to mentally choose an outcome, where the outcome is 'free' in being, in some substantive sense, up to the agent of the choice. As such, it is clear that the questions of how to understand free will and mental causation are connected, for events of seemingly free choosing are mental events that appear to be efficacious vis-a-vis other mental events as well as physical events. Nonetheless, the free will and (...) mental causation debates have proceeded largely independently of each other. Here we aim to make progress in determining how the free will and mental causation debates bear on one another. We first argue that the problems of free will and of mental causation can be seen as special cases of a more general problem, concerning whether and how mental events of a given type may be efficacious, qua the types of event they are---qualitative, intentional, freely deliberative---given their apparent causal irrelevancy for effects of the type in question; here we generalize what Horgan 1989 identifies as "the problem of mental quausation" (S1). We then build on this result to identify fruitful parallels between hard determinism and eliminative physicalism (S2) and soft determinism and non-reductive physicalism (S3). (shrink)

O artigo tem por objetivo examinar a relação intrínseca entre o teatro e a filosofia a partir do estudo do verbo théorein, revelador de instigantes elementos constitutivos da arte dramática e da maestria especulativa. Cuida-se de um aprendizado do olhar que, no teatro e na filosofia, irá encontrar as condições propícias para o seu pleno exercício nas manifestações artísticas e filosóficas do século V a.C. em Atenas. A invenção do olhar representa um traço peculiar e profícuo da cultura grega, que (...) escreverá uma história artística e filosófica paradigmática para a civilização ocidental. Analisa a querela suscitada com a expulsão dos poetas e tragediógrafos da República de Platão. Destaca-se a importância da interdisciplinaridade como apreensão do humano e desenvolvimento de uma consciência crítica dos problemas artísticos e filosóficos. (shrink)

In the idealistic movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, British philosophy under Hegelian influence endeavoured to demonstrate the rationality of the universe as based on logical construction. The keynote of the Hegelian dialectic, as interpreted by both F. H. Bradley and J. E. McTaggart is that the mind is there from the first. In the advance from the bare abstraction of Being to the fully concrete whole—“Before the mind there is a single conception, but the whole mind (...) itself which does not appear, engages in the process, operates on the datum, and produces the result.” The idea expressed by poetry in Tennyson's “Flower in the crannied wall,” which as the mind is fixed upon it reveals in an expansion to the universe the nature of God and Man, illustrates in a simple way the central philosophic conception of the British metaphysical idealists. Poetry could overlook the hard struggle of the little plant to keep its foothold against crowding competitors. Philosophy was perhaps too oblivious of this in its compelling postulate of the all pervading unity in which every difference and seeming contradiction would be reconciled. (shrink)

In 2016, the Atlanta Community Food Bank launched the Stabilizing Lives project to develop programs and policies that could better address clients’ needs as well as including clientele as part of the planning process. The ACFB partnered with a research team at the University of Georgia to conduct a participatory research project aimed at developing deeper insights into the factors contributing to both instability and stability in the lives of pantry clientele. This article describes the outcomes this research, offering both (...) a substantive contribution to scholarship on food insecurity and emergency food systems and a methodological innovation through a staged mixed-method participatory research project. Through use of a culture-centered approach, this project created discursive spaces within which to outline emergency food models that support informal networks of care. We used a range of methods, including photo elicitation, concept mapping, individual interviews, and focus groups, to facilitate conversation among agency staff, volunteers, and clientele about the effectiveness of current program models and potential new ideas. Specifically, we suggest that through such practices, food pantries and local agencies may help inform new program models that contribute to household stability, and push back against the sometimes alienating and atomizing paradigm found in current emergency food programs. (shrink)

Richard J. Bernstein argues that many of the important themes in philosophy during the past 150 years are variations and developments of ideas that were prominent in the classical American pragmatists: Charles S. Peirce, William James, John Dewey, and George H. Mead. The pragmatic thinkers reject a sharp dichotomy between subject and object, mind-body dualism, the quest for certainty, and the spectator theory of knowledge. They seek to bring about a sea change in philosophy that highlights the social character (...) of human experience and normative social practices, the self-correcting nature of all inquiry, and the continuity of theory and practice. And they - especially James, Dewey, and Mead - emphasize the democratic ethical-political consequences of a pragmatic orientation. Many of the themes developed by the pragmatic thinkers were central to the work of major twentieth-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein and Heidegger, but the so-called analytic/Continental split obscures this underlying continuity. Bernstein develops an alternative reading of contemporary philosophy that brings out the persistence and continuity of pragmatic themes. He explains why the discussion of pragmatism is alive, varied, and widespread"--Jacket. (shrink)

The philosophy presented in this book is the philosophy of the age of the collapse of the Wall: of the Stone Wall of recent political history and of the many Walls of prejudice in the intellectual history from our century. Bernstein is considered, with Rorty and MacIntyre, one of the three emblematic figures of post-analytical philosophy. He shared with Rorty both the 'rediscovery' of European philosophy and the revival of pragmatism. Unlike From Rorty and the neophytes of deconstructionism, however, (...) Bernstein has made a different choice of partners in European philosophy and of mentors in the pragmatic tradition, and a different assessment of the legacy left by analytic philosophy. Among European philosophers, he is close to Gadamer and his dialogical ideal, to Habermas and his defence of the ethical-political ideals of modernity; in authors like Derrida and Foucault he discovers ethical-political instances complementary to those of Habermas; in recent developments of analytic philosophy he finds the same intuitions he recognizes in hermeneutics; and he wants to rescue the legacy left by Peirce, that is, the most rationalist among pragmatists. His previous books granted him a reputation of great "translator and interpreter" between currents of thought: critical theory, phenomenology, postempiricism, hermeneutics and neo-Aristotelianism. This book deals with 'postmodern' authors in the same ecumenical spirit: Lyotard, Derrida, Foucault, Heidegger, Rorty. To the postmodernists, he acknowledges the merit of having brought the ethical-political issues back to the fore by detecting the source of the malaise of our "modern/postmodern" moment, discomforts which have been given a name by such movements as feminism, resistance to apartheid, left-wing opposition in Eastern societies. Against Habermas, he proposes not to oppose the postmodern, but to overturn their self-destructive results from within. Essays: Philosophy, History, and Critique • The Rage Against Reason • Incommensurability and Otherness Revisited • Heidegger's Silence? Ethos and Technology • Foucault: Critique as a Philosophic Ethos • Serious Play: The Ethical-Political Horizon of Derrida • An Allegory of Modernity/Postmodernity: Habermas and Derrida • One Step Forward, Two Steps Backward: Rorty on Liberal Democracy • Rorty's Liberal Utopia, Reconciliation/Rupture . (shrink)

Proponents of grounding often describe the notion as "metaphysical causation" involving determination and production relations similar to causation. This paper argues that the similarities between grounding and causation are merely superficial. I show that there are several sorts of causation that have no analogue in grounding; that the type of "bringing into existence" that both involve is extremely different; and that the synchronicity of ground and the diachronicity of causation make them too different to be explanatorily intertwined.

The purpose of this article is to integrate two outstanding problems within the philosophy of science. The first concerns what role aesthetics plays in scientific thinking. The second is the problem of how logically testable ideas are generated (the so-called "psychology of research" versus "logic of (dis)proof" problem). I argue that aesthetic sensibility is the basis for what scientists often call intuition, and that intuition in turn embodies (in a literal physiological sense) ways of thinking that have their own meta-logic. (...) Thus, aesthetics is a form of cognition. Scientists think not in equations or words or other logical abstractions, but emotionally and sensually, using visual and aural images, kinesthetic and other proprioceptive feelings, sensations, patterns, and analogies. These aesthetic forms of thinking have their own logics that I call "synosia", from the root words synaesthesia (a combining of senses) and gnosis, "to know". Synosia denotes understanding that integrates feeling that one knows with feeling what one knows. Eminent scientists universally describe an explicitly secondary process in which such personal knowledge must be "translated" into a formal language, such as words or equations, in order to be communicated to other people. Many of the unsolved problems that philosophers of science (as well as psychologists and artificial intelligence researchers) have had in making sense of scientific thinking have arisen from confusing the form and content of the final translations with the hidden means by which scientific insights are actually achieved. (shrink)

The supply chain of the auto body industry in Duitama, Boyacá, faces challenges that affect its efficiency, such as the lack of integration of new technologies and organizational management models, limiting its competitiveness in expanded markets. The purpose of this research is to analyze the key links in the supply chain: procurement, production, distribution and organizational performance, in order to identify opportunities for improvement that promote the strengthening and sustainability of the local auto body industry. Methodologically, a qualitative approach with (...) descriptive scope is employed, using a documentary review and direct observation. The findings indicate that the main difficulty lies in the absence of integrated logistics and management strategies, which leads to the isolated operation of the links in the chain, reducing the efficiency and competitiveness of the companies. It is concluded that it is essential to develop proposals that promote the implementation of management guidelines that strengthen each link of the supply chain and are more integrative and effective, ensuring the continuity and business success of the bodywork sector in Duitama. (shrink)

This article argues that governments in countries that currently permit intensive animal agriculture - especially but not exclusively high-income countries - are, in principle, morally justified in taking steps to restrict or even eliminate intensive animal agriculture to protect public health from the risk of zoonotic pandemics. Unlike many extant arguments for restricting, curtailing, or even eliminating intensive animal agriculture which focus on environmental harms, animal welfare, or the link between animal source food (ASF) consumption and noncommunicable disease, the argument (...) in this article appeals to the value of protecting populations from future global health emergencies and their broad social, economic, and health impacts, taking the SARS-CoV-2 virus as a particularly salient example. The article begins by identifying how intensive animal agriculture contributes to the outbreak (and risk of future outbreaks) of zoonotic diseases. Next, we explore three specific policy options: 1. Incentivizing plant-based and cell-based ASF alternatives through government subsidies; 2. Disincentivizing intensive ASF production through the adoption of a “zoonotic tax”; and 3. Eliminating intensive ASF production through a total ban. We argue that all three of these measures are permissible, although we remain agnostic as to whether these measures are obligatory. We argue for this conclusion on the grounds that each measure is justified by the same sorts of considerations that justify other widely accepted public health interventions, and each is compatible with a variety of theories of justice. We then address potential objections. Finally, we discuss how our novel argument relates to extant ethical arguments in favor or curtailing ASF production and consumption. (shrink)

Discutir aspectos teórico-metodológicos que subsidie a análise dos dados na pesquisa científica é atividade complexa, pois toda produção científica está relacionada às escolhas teóricas e metodológicas do pesquisador. Este texto busca responder à seguinte questão: como podemos organizar a proposta geral do plano de análise na pesquisa científica qualitativa? Essa inquietação tem como base a condição de ser e estar professora da disciplina de Pesquisa em Educação no ensino superior, de atuar em Programa de Pós-Graduação e de integrar o Grupo (...) de Pesquisa FORMAR que pressupõe a unidade pesquisar-formar em contexto de investigação científica. Essas circunstâncias possibilitaram dialogar com a dialética existencial em Vieira Pinto (1979), entre outras literaturas. O propósito deste trabalho é apresentar sugestões que possam auxiliar na elaboração do plano de análise e gerar uma proposta que possa nortear o processo de orientação e interpretação dos dados produzidos na pesquisa científica. Os dados trazem as seguintes evidências: formação do pesquisador com consciência crítica; análise norteada pelos objetivos específicos ou perguntas norteadoras; apropriação da teoria; descrição, explicação e interpretação na mobilização do geral, do particular e do singular do objeto de estudo; o plano de análise deve ser inteligível, interpretável, compreensível e aplicável, consoante as escolhas teórico-metodológicas. Palavras-chave: Pesquisa qualitativa; Plano de análise; Formação e pesquisa; Práxis. How to prepare a data analysis plan in qualitative research: description, explanation or interpretation? Abstract: Discussing theoretical-methodological aspects that support the analysis of data in scientific research is a complex activity, as all scientific production is related to the theoretical and methodological choices of the researcher. This text seeks to answer the following question: how can we organize the general proposal of the analysis plan in qualitative scientific research? This concern is based on the condition of being and being a professor of the Research in Education discipline in higher education, of working in the Graduate Program and of being part of the FORMAR Research Group, which presupposes the research-training unit in the context of scientific investigation. These circumstances made it possible to dialogue with the existential dialectic in Vieira Pinto (1979), among other literatures. The purpose of this work is to present suggestions that can help in the elaboration of the analysis plan and generate a proposal that can guide the process of orientation and interpretation of the data produced in the scientific research. The data bring the following evidences: formation of the researcher with critical awareness; analysis guided by specific objectives or guiding questions; theory appropriation; description, explanation and interpretation in the mobilization of the general, the particular and the singular of the object of study and; the analysis plan must be intelligible, interpretable, understandable and applicable, depending on the theoretical-methodological choices. Key-words: Qualitative research; Analysis plan; Training and research; Praxis. ¿Cómo elaborar un plan de análisis de datos en investigación cualitativa: descripción, explicación o interpretación? Resumen: Discutir aspectos teórico-metodológicos que sustentan el análisis de datos en la investigación científica es una actividad compleja, ya que toda producción científica está relacionada con las elecciones teóricas y metodológicas del investigador. Este texto busca responder a la siguiente pregunta: ¿cómo podemos organizar la propuesta general del plan de análisis en la investigación científica cualitativa? Esta preocupación se fundamenta en la condición de ser y ser docente de la disciplina Investigación en Educación en la educación superior, de laborar en el Programa de Posgrado y de formar parte del Grupo de Investigación FORMAR, lo que presupone la unidad de investigación-formación en el contexto de investigación científica. Estas circunstancias permitieron dialogar con la dialéctica existencial en Vieira Pinto (1979), entre otras literaturas. El propósito de este trabajo es presentar sugerencias que puedan auxiliar en la elaboración del plan de análisis y generar una propuesta que pueda orientar el proceso de orientación e interpretación de los datos producidos en la investigación científica. Los datos traen las siguientes evidencias: formación del investigador con conciencia crítica; análisis guiado por objetivos específicos o preguntas orientadoras; apropiación de la teoría; descripción, explicación e interpretación en la movilización de lo general, lo particular y lo singular del objeto de estudio y; el plan de análisis debe ser inteligible, interpretable, comprensible y aplicable, en función de las elecciones teórico-metodológicas. Palabras-clave: Investigación cualitativa; Plan de análisis; Formación e investigación; Práctica Data de registro: 04/04/2022 Data de aceite: 17/05/2022. (shrink)

This article aims to analyze the constitution of a subject of right capable of respect and esteem through the concept of capacity elaborated by Paul Ricœur. It intends to evaluate the capable, emancipated human being, the self that has an ethical and moral dimension and that is susceptible of ethical and juridical imputation, as it is explained in “Who is the Subject of Rights?” in The Just . There is an erratum for this article located here .  .

A reforma trabalhista vem sendo normalmente apresentada como uma ruptura neoliberal com a tradição de protecionismo da Justiça do Trabalho e da legislação referente ao tema. Existe, todavia, um elemento de continuidade, que é a persistência na promessa da paz perpétua. A CLT apresenta a fraternidade entre as classes como imposição cristã. A Reforma Trabalhista insiste na superação dos conflitos como imposição da democracia, uma vez removida a intervenção estatal representada pela justiça do trabalho. Trata-se de uma utopia, uma vez (...) que as classes antagonistas disputam recursos limitados na luta pela sobrevivência. (shrink)

The origin of homochirality in molecules characterizing living systems has remained a mystery since Pasteur's recognition of the problem some 150 years ago.2-5 Most theories also assume that homochirality emerged in one class of molecules (e.g. ribose) from which it was enriched in other molecules (e.g. amino acids) as well.2-5 I propose a novel, experimentally testable hypothesis describing a process by which selective chirality in amino acids and ribonucleotides emerged simultaneously and hand-in-hand with the origin and directionality of the genetic (...) code within a system of interactions involving amino acids, peptides, nucleotide bases, their sugars and polynucleotides. BioEssays 29:689–698, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)