C'est par ce titre que Bernard Lepetit, alors secrétaire des Annales, annonçait dans le n° 48-4 de la revue (juillet-août 1993, pp. 997-998) l'ensemble de quatre notes critiques consacrées à l'Histoire des femmes en Occident, dirigée par Georges Duby et Michelle Perrot (Paris, Plon, 1991). Et c'est à cet ensemble que fait référence le texte « Ouverture » du n° 1 de la revue CLIO, Histoire, Femmes et Sociétés (1995, pp. 5-8), lorsqu'est évoquée l'attitude d'un certain nombre (...) de publications d'... (shrink)

Ce texte a paru initialement dans ANNALES ESC. Vol. 13, n° 4, oct.-déc. 1958, p. 725-753, puis a été réédité dans Écrits sur l'histoire, Paris, Flammarion, 1969. p. 44-83. Il est également disponible, mais dans une version assez fautive, ici. Il y a crise générale des sciences de l'homme : elles sont toutes accablées sous leurs propres progrès, ne serait-ce qu'en raison de l'accumulation des connaissances nouvelles et de la nécessité d'un travail collectif, dont l'organisation intelligente reste à (...) mettre (...) - Histoire – Nouvel article. (shrink)

A história do livro é uma invenção alemã nascida das celebrações de Gutenberg, festejadas anualmente naquele país. No último terço do século XIX, em França, Durkheim desenvolveu uma escola sociológica influente que pretendeu anexar a história. Contra o que se opôs um dos seus companheiros da Escola superior normal, Henri Berr. Desde logo acompanhado pelo jovem Lucien Febvre, criou a Revue de synthèse que abriu caminho aos Annales e fundou a colecção da Evolution de L'Humanité, cujos cem volumes deveriam (...) estudar os grandes momentos da história humana. De entre os volumes previstos, figurava um dedicado à Apparition du Livre que demorou a surgir. Paralelamente Berr e Febvre organizaram um trabalho interdisciplinar fecundo, o primeiro com o Centre de Synthése, o segundo com a publicação de uma Encyclo­pédie française, o que renovou a escola histórica francesa. A Apparition du Livre, publicada em 1959, inscreve-se neste contexto, mas ficou de certa forma incompleta na medida em que se deveria ter inscrito, mais claramente, no quadro de uma história geral das comunicações que se começa hoje a desenvolver. (shrink)

Résumé Le projet intellectuel de Jean-Claude Perrot a été formé à l’occasion de la préparation de sa thèse sur la genèse de la ville de Caen. Au cours de cette enquête, il a mesuré les limites de l’histoire économique et sociale qui s’imposait alors comme modèle et les apports d’une histoire des connaissances économiques et sociales contemporaines des phénomènes étudiés. Cette vision d’ensemble a mûri pendant une trentaine d’années pour aboutir d’une part à des propositions neuves relatives à (...) l’histoire intellectuelle et d’autre part à un programme historiographique qui conjuguerait ces deux dimensions. Ce programme a inspiré le « tournant critique » de la revue Les Annales (1989) et il a été exploré par ses continuateurs directs ou indirects. Finalement l’article opère une consolidation conceptuelle selon le principe analysé ailleurs par l’historien. (shrink)

Depuis longtemps, la recherche met en relief les influences françaises et allemandes de la pensée de Georges Gurvitch. De récents travaux ouvrent désormais la voie à l’étude de ses sources russes. Cet article vise à poser les bases de l’étude des sources russes de la pensée de Gurvitch. Pour ce faire, il recourt à onze articles publiés par Gurvitch, entre 1924 et 1931, dans la revue russe de l’émigration Annales contemporaines, dont il dégage une propension marquée à l’endroit des (...) totalités sociales. L’article comprend, en outre, une brève étude du parcours russe de Gurvitch ainsi qu’une traduction intégrale de la dernière partie de l’article « Éthique et religion ». (shrink)

Résumé Cet article présente les recherches de Jochen Hoock (1939-2019) qui se situent au carrefour de l’histoire sociale, de l’histoire du droit et de l’histoire des savoirs. Après avoir analysé les débats autour de la réforme de l’État en France (1880-1936), Hoock a étudié la constitution de la bourgeoisie marchande à Rouen aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles en soulignant les tensions qui la traversaient et l’importance des institutions dans son affirmation. Ses recherches se sont également orientées vers (...) l’étude du savoir commercial (avec le projet Ars Mercatoria sur les manuels à l’usage des marchands) et des savoirs économiques et statistiques en France et en Allemagne. Très impliqué dans le « tournant critique » des Annales à partir de la fin des années 1980. Hoock a également été un passeur entre les historiographies allemande et française comme en témoignent ses traductions et ses présentations de l’œuvre de Reinhart Koselleck. (shrink)

The new school of French history is in its glory. Calling itself “new,” however, was only an advertising gimmick in a consumer society, as the Annales school recently commemorated its ancestors and their ancient battles in a 1979 golden anniversary. Its roots trace back to the period between the two World Wars when die journal Annales d'histoire économique et social was first published. Since dien, this school has come to occupy a hegemonic position among historians. If there (...) is anything new, it is above all its assault on the media. Lacking any valid adversaries, the Annales historians went after all the media strongholds. (shrink)

Marquée à juste titre par le mouvement des Annales, l’historiographie française a intériorisé lidée qu’avant 1929 dominait ce que Henri Berr avait stigmatisé sous le nom d’ « histoire traditionnelle » : une histoire politique et individualiste ne tenant pas compte des déterminations collectives, sociales ou mentales. La fameuse Introduction aux études historiques de Langlois et Seignobos (1898) serait l’expression de ce «positivisme» qu’aurait initié Gabriel Monod, fondateur de la Revue historique en 1876. Cette vision traditionnelle de (...) l’histoire de la discipline est globalement remise en cause dans cet article qui montre que les années 1870-1930 sont au contraire un moment central dans l’historiographie tant au plan institutionnel qu’au plan intellectuel, qui nous intéresse surtout ici. C’est en effet dès cette époque que s’est cristallisée laspiration à faire de l’histoire une science sociale, ce qui se comprend aisément dès lors qu’on contextualise cette histoire et que l’on replace cette discipline dans l’ensemble du champ des sciences sociales. Les années 1890–1914 voient même se développer fortement une histoire économique et une histoire sociale. 1929 apparaît alors moins comme une révolution que comme une accélération dans une direction déjà marquée. (shrink)

“History is the most dangerous compound yet contrived by the chemistry of intellect”: it was in response to these words by Paul Valéry that Marc Bloch, professor of economic history at the Sorbonne, after the defeat of 1940, began writing a book on “how and why history is studied.” He gave it the provisional title Apologie pour l'Histoire ou Métier d'historien translated into English as The Historian's Craft. In the spring of 1944, he was killed by a German firing (...) squad for his clandestine activity in the Resistance. The manuscript of his book remained incomplete. Having entered the world at the same time as the research organization of Annales in 1949, Bloch's book on history, posthumously published by Lucien Febvre, was read and used as a product of that organization, which did not yet exist, even as a project, at the time the book was written. The Historian's Craft was read mostly by historians, history professors, and history students. Despite its readership, Bloch had written it for a different public: persons of culture and action, that same audience that Annales had tried in vain to conquer in the thirties—Paul Valéry's public. The study of the genesis of the interrupted manuscript reveals the richness of the content of Bloch's book, so far underrated. This example of the two pages missing from the 1949 edition, can today be the start of a deeper meditation on history, historians, and philology (and on the documents that refer to them). (shrink)

Summary This essay explores the place of natural philosophy among the patronage projects of Louis XIV, focusing on the Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des animaux (or Histoire des animaux) of the 1670s, one of a number of works of natural philosophy to issue from Louis XIV's printing house. Questions particular to the Histoire des animaux include the interaction between text and image, the credibility and authority of images of exotic animals, and the relationship between comparative (...) anatomy and natural history, and between human and animal anatomy. At the same time that the Histoire des animaux contributed to Jean-Baptiste Colbert's management of patronage and of Louis's image, it was a work of natural philosophy, representing the collaborative efforts of the new Paris Academy of Sciences. It examined natural history and comparative anatomy in new ways, and its illustrations broke new ground in their depiction of animals in a natural setting. However, the lavishly formatted books were presentation volumes and did not gain wide circulation until their republication in 1733. Sources consulted include Colbert's manuscript memoires on the royal printers and engravers. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:The Inner Life of Catholic Reform: From the Council of Trent to the Enlightenment by Ulrich LehnerCarlos M. N. EireThe Inner Life of Catholic Reform: From the Council of Trent to the Enlightenment. By Ulrich Lehner. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022. Pp. ix + 294. $37.99 (hardcover). ISBN: 978-0-19-762060-1.This marvelous book encapsulates the seismic shift in perspective that has taken place in the study of early modern Catholicism (...) in the past four decades, and, at the same time, it sharpens the historiographical cutting edge of this new approach. Instead of focusing on the Council of Trent, the papacy, the Inquisition, religious orders, institutional reforms, political issues, theological wrangling, heroic saintly figures, or any of the many other external features of reform that previously dominated scholarship on Catholic reform, Lehner dives deeply into sources that shed light on what many scholars have taken to calling “lived religion,” that is, on the myriad ways in which the lives of the Catholic faithful were transformed. As he puts it, his book focuses on “spiritual resources” and rediscovers “neglected perspectives by shedding light on the forms and methods early modern Catholics used to ‘reform’ themselves and achieve spiritual progress” (ix, 1).This is a detail-oriented book, a brilliant interweaving of cultural, intellectual, and social history reminiscent of the best histoire total produced by the Annales school. It is based on the premise that all assertions must be firmly grounded on evidence, a methodological principle to which Lehner adheres in exemplary fashion. Relying on a vast array of texts, he seeks to prove that the early modern Catholic concept of “church reform” was firmly centered on spiritual values, and that the chief aim behind every proposed or implemented change was “the conversion and sanctification of the sinful self” (2). [End Page 697]By focusing on the inner dimensions of Catholic reform, rather than the outward structural dimensions that have traditionally attracted attention, Lehner does not dismiss the significance of structural reforms. His approach to “lived religion” is reminiscent of Thomas Aquinas’s take on the role played by divine grace in the transformation of human beings: “grace does not destroy nature,” said St. Thomas, “but rather perfects it.” Lehner turns this theological dictum into a historiographical one. As he puts it: “Writing the history of transformative spiritual methods and actions of early modern Catholics does not deny these [other] dimensions and does not seek to replace them, but rather complements and elucidates them” (3).Lehner’s fact-driven examination of the myriad ways in which the inner transformation of individuals effected positive changes in the Church and society focuses on nine specific aspects of daily life. Beginning with an analysis of the general dynamics of reform, he proceeds to dissect reforms in nine key components of Catholic culture: the priesthood, sermons, catechesis, family life, lay associations, the sacraments of the Eucharist and confession, prayer, symbols and images, and devotion to Saints Mary and Joseph.Arguing that the spiritual side of reform, or “inner reform,” as he calls it, “represents core ideas and values of early modern Catholic identity, individually and collectively,” Lehner strives to show the ultimate value of his approach through a wealth of details, perhaps with potential critics in mind who might accuse him for valuing subjectivity over objectivity. But he vanquishes any such critics. Ultimately, his thousands of details support his claim that previous interpretations of early modern Catholic reforms that focused primarily on structural issues are not necessarily more “objective,” but actually perpetuate “a chimerical picture of a religion emptied of everything precious to contemporary believers” (158).Much of what Lehner highlights in this book relates to the emotions in one way or another, that is, to reforming impulses that affected the heart as much as the intellect, but he avoids reductionism, positing that much of the inner reform of Catholicism struck a careful yet tenuous balance between opposing dialectical poles. The Church, he insists, aimed at people’s hearts as much as their minds, and instilled fear of hell and purgatory as much as it stressed mercy and salvation. Sermons, he says, leaned toward preaching fear, but the... (shrink)

Nourri des travaux de Bachelard, Lévi-Strauss, Dumézil, Eliade, salué à sa sortie par le grand historien des Annales Lucien Febvre, Mythe et métaphysique explore un continent resté longtemps inexploré de la pensée philosophique : celui de la place du mythe dans la métaphysique. Loin d'être un savoir inférieur, le mythe possède une rationalité qui en fait un maillon essentiel dans l'histoire humaine. L'erreur de la philosophie classique était de faire de la conscience une entité isolée du monde. Or (...) le domaine mythique embrasse dans une même perception l'ordre des choses et l'activité humaine. Un grand texte philosophique en forme de plaidoyer pour faire du mythe une sagesse à la mesure de l'homme. (shrink)

Marx commença par développer son activité théorique dans le cadre philosophique du Jeune-hégélianisme et il finit par lui donner la forme d'une critique de l'économie politique. Au cours de cette évolution intellectuelle, et d'une évolution politique non moins profonde, il s'est essayé à différentes pratiques de la philosophie et a tenté différentes mises en rapport de la philosophie et de son dehors (la pratique, l'histoire, la politique, l'économie politique). Doit-on se contenter de constater l'existence d'une pluralité de philosophies de (...) Marx et d'une diversité de rapports à la philosophie? Ou bien est-il possible d'identifier un fil conducteur philosophiquement significatif? Les études réunies ici retiennent le second terme de l'alternative en décrivant un processus de transformation de la philosophie qui conduit d'une conception maximaliste (celle de la période hégélienne) à une conception déflationniste. Que la philosophie doive abandonner certaines de ses ambitions traditionnelles pour parvenir à atteindre certains de ses objectifs principaux, c'est l'une des principales leçons qui ressort de l'examen des pratiques marxiennes de la philosophie dans Les Annales Franco Allemandes, les Manuscrits de 1844, L'Idéologie allemande et Le Capital. Une leçon qui n'a rien perdu de son actualité. (shrink)

Nous continuons la republication des beaux textes de J.-C. Schmitt disponibles en ligne. Cet article a déjà paru dans Annales HSS, juillet-août 2007, n°4, p. 793-835. Le rythme de la vie collective domine et embrasse les rythmes variés de toutes les vies élémentaires dont il résulte ; par suite, le temps qui l'exprime domine et embrasse toutes les durées particulières, écrivait Émile Durkheim en conclusion aux Formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse ; et il précisait : « c'est le (...) rythme de la - Histoire. (shrink)

Certain great friendships have left their mark in the annals of philosophy - and, without a doubt, the friendship of Bruno Latour and Isabelle Stengers is among them. Although they wrote very few texts together, their intellectual companionship lasted for over thirty years, and their respective work can be fully understood only when the many interconnections of their thought are brought to the fore. Latour and Stengers occupy the same starting place, one which remains at the heart of their work: (...) scientific practice, which is the pride of modernity. Why do we Moderns define ourselves as those who know, while others are condemned to be only believers? This question led Latour and Stengers to the same fundamental question: how to understand and live in what Latour calls "the new climatic regime" and what Stengers calls "catastrophic times"? Philippe Pignarre's aim is not to try to sort out which ideas belong to whom but rather to interweave their thought even more. In so doing, he sheds new light on the origins and development of their work at the same time as he documents an exceptional intellectual adventure between two of the leading thinkers of our age. (shrink)

This article reports on a historical investigation carried out on the conical object MIN000-3519 preserved in the mineralogy collections of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle at Paris (France). The mineralogist René-Just Haüy (1743-1822) included this object, cut in a single pyrite (FeS2) crystal, in his working collection with the references ‘Sulphured iron, mirror of the Incas, of Peru, M. de Jussieu’. All of the research lines followed lead the author to Joseph de Jussieu (1704-1779) and his shipments of botanical (...) specimens and various other samples from South America. As a member of the Godin-La Condamine-Bouguer geodesic expedition on the equator (1735-1743), he returned to France only after 36 years (1771), ill, exhausted and dispossessed of the scientific product of his Andean collections. This pyrite mirror is important because, in addition to appearing to be the only archaeological object that can be linked to Joseph's peregrinations in America, it resembles other specimens found at sites of the Cañaris culture (500-1500 AD) in Ecuador. Preserved within the de Jussieu family, this object would presumably have been given to Haüy by Joseph's heirs, his nephews Antoine-Laurent (1748-1836) or Laurent-Pierre (1792-1866), with whom he had close ties. (shrink)

The reception of Buffon's Histoire Naturelle in the Enlightenment has not received the historical attention it deserves. Drawing primarily on archival sources, this paper examines Aberdeen reactions to the Histoire during the period c. 1750–1800. As pedagogues, the Aberdonians endeavoured to maintain intellectual orthodoxy, and hence they attacked Buffon for his apparent materialism and atheism. Moreover, the Aberdonians rejected Buffon's critique of taxonomy because they based their natural history courses on classifications of the three kingdoms of nature, and (...) because they attempted to use classification systems in nosology and the study of the human mind. Finally, in the 1790s Aberdeen readings of the Histoire were profoundly affected by the fears aroused by the French Revolution. (shrink)

Militante et réflexive, l’histoire des femmes a aussi besoin d’exprimer ses doutes et ses inconforts. Rattrapée par l’actualité, la violence et nombre d’événements cruels et tragiques, par des incertitudes majeures vécues par l’ensemble du monde intellectuel, elle pose aujourd’hui en cet article collectif des interrogations et des inquiétudes. Ce travail à plusieurs (les participantes du Groupe d’histoire des femmes du CRH) cherche à mettre à plat ce qui actuellement se dérobe à notre connaissance, en partant de notions-clés souvent (...) utilisées, comme consentement, sexualité, écriture, patriarcat, etc. Chacune de ces notions est discutée à la lumière des brouillages actuels, des temporalités nouvelles, de l’avènement triomphant du corps marchandise, de la pauvreté grandissante, etc. (shrink)

En 1983, un groupe de femmes japonaises francophiles, très intéressées par le féminisme français et les changements rapides de la vie des femmes en France depuis les années 1970, créent la Société Franco-japonaise des Études sur les Femmes. Le but est de promouvoir une meilleure compréhension entre les deux cultures et de développer des liens avec les Françaises sur un grand nombre de questions féminines. Le projet se révéla vite être un succès. Parmi les études entreprises par la Société, l’analyse (...) comparée de l’histoire des Françaises et des Japonaises, domaine très peu exploré alors, a suscité un vif intérêt chez les participantes. Cet article revient sur vingt années de réflexion, de recherche, et d’échange par un groupe d’historiennes non-professionnelles sur les relations entre histoire et expériences de vie personnelles. Il nous montre comment l’étude de l’histoire des femmes dans un contexte international peut être fructueuse et bénéfique, et combien une libre discussion collective, sans tabous, sur ce sujet peut éveiller ou approfondir la conscience féministe. (shrink)

This paper examines the early years of the eighteenth-century scientific periodical Observations sur la physique, sur l'histoire naturelle et sur les arts , or ‘Rozier's Journal’, after François Rozier . Rozier's Journal is seen as a transitional and competing genre for scientific publication directed at shortcomings in the learned society press and in contemporary scientific communications. The evolution of this role is traced as the Journal emerged from the independent press between 1771 and 1773. It is argued that Rozier's (...) Journal, limited to the sciences physiques , marked only a step towards the specialized periodical of the nineteenth century. The professional character of Rozier's intended audience is suggested, and Rozier's unexpectedly close ties to the scientific societies are explored. The Journal is seen to be part of both the old and the new, a unique case in the ancien régime press. (shrink)

Summary As soon as he was appointed Minister of Public Instruction in 1863, Victor Duruy embarked on a major reform of French education. One of his most important initiatives was the creation of a new secondary curriculum designed to prepare for careers in industry, trade, and agriculture. Edme Fremy, professor at the Muséum d'histoire naturelle, took the opportunity of proposing a course of instruction in practical chemistry that would be offered at the Muséum for young men intending to work (...) in industry. Duruy approved the proposal, and funds were immediately made available. In contrast, Charles-Adolphe Wurtz, who led an internationally recognized research laboratory in organic chemistry in the Paris Faculty of Medicine, had difficulty in securing either administrative recognition or financial support. This article draws on the correspondence that Fremy and Wurtz exchanged with Duruy and senior officials in the Ministry between 1863 and 1869 to bring out the significance of the divergent ministerial responses to the two laboratories. (shrink)

SummaryThis paper analyses the revival of Pliny's Naturalis historia within the scientific culture of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, focusing on a French effort to produce an edition with annotations by scientists and scholars. Between the Renaissance and the early eighteenth century, the Naturalis historia had declined in scientific importance. Increasingly, it was relegated to the humanities, as we demonstrate with a review of editions. For a variety of reasons, however, scientific interest in the Naturalis historia grew in (...) the second half of the eighteenth century. Epitomizing this interest was a plan for a scientifically annotated, Latin-French edition of the Naturalis historia. Initially coordinated by the French governmental minister Malesherbes in the 1750s, the edition was imperfectly realized by Poinsinet a few decades later. It was intended to rival two of the period's other distinguished multi-volume books of knowledge, Diderot and D'Alembert's Encyclopédie and Buffon's Histoire naturelle, to which we compare it. Besides narrating the scientific revival of the Historia naturalis during this period, we examine its causes and the factors contributing to its end in the first half of the nineteenth century. (shrink)

A possible relevant meaning of Hilbert’s program is the following one: “give a constructive semantic for classical mathematics”. More precisely, give a systematic interpretation of classical abstract proofs about abstract objects, as constructive proofs about constructive versions of these objects.If this program is fulfilled we are able “at the end of the tale” to extract constructive proofs of concrete results from classical abstract proofs of these results.Dynamical algebraic structures or geometric theories seem to be a good tool for doing this (...) job. In this setting, classical abstract objects are interpreted through incomplete concrete specifications of these objects.The structure of axioms in geometric theories gives rise in a natural way to distributive lattices and pointfree topological spaces. Abstract objects correspond to classical points of these pointfree spaces.We shall insist on the Zariski spectrum of distributive lattices and commutative rings and give a constructive interpretation of the Krull dimension.We underline the fact that many abstract objects in classical mathematics can be viewed as points of spectral spaces corresponding to distributive lattices whose definition is concrete and natural.Two important facts are to be stressed.First, abstract proofs about points of these pointfree spaces can very often be reread as constructive proofs about constructible subsets of these spaces.Second, function spaces on these pointfree spaces are often explicitly used in elegant abstract theories. The structure of these function spaces is fully constructive: indeed by the compactness theorem, “all is finite”. The constructive rereading of the abstract proofs is in this setting is nothing but the simple constatation that abstract proofs use correctly axioms.RésuméUne manière pertinente de revisiter le Programme de Hilbert serait la suivante: « donner une sémantique constructive pour les mathématiques classiques ». Plus précisément donner une interprétation systématique des preuves classiques abstraites au sujet des objets abstraits, en terme de preuves constructives au sujet de contreparties constructives de ces objets abstraits.Si ce programme est rempli, nous sommes capables « à la fin de l’histoire » d’extraire des preuves constructives de résultats concrets à partir des preuves classiques abstraites de ces résultats.Les structures algébriques dynamiques, ou ce qui revient à peu près au même les théories géométriques, semblent être un bon outil pour réaliser ce travail. Dans cette optique, les objets abstraits des mathématiques classiques sont remplacés par des spécifications incomplètes mais concrètes de ces mêmes objets.La structure des théories géométriques donne naissance de manière naturelle à des treillis distributifs et à des espaces topologiques sans points. Les objets abstraits utilisés par les mathématiques classiques correspondent aux points classiques de ces espaces sans points.Dans cet article, nous illustrerons ce phénomène principalement avec le spectre de Zariski des treillis distributifs et celui des anneaux commutatifs, en indiquant notamment un équivalent constructif de la notion de dimension de Krull.Nous insistons sur le caractère extrêmement général de l’interpétation des objets abstraits idéaux des mathématiques classiques comme des points d’espaces spectraux associés à des treillis distributifs qui sont définis de façon naturelle et concrète.Souligons deux faits d’expérience importants.Tout d’abord, les preuves abstraites au sujet des points de ces espaces sans points peuvent en général être relues comme des preuves concernant les parties constructibles de ces espaces.Enfin, les espaces de fonctions continues sur ces espaces sans points sont souvent utilisés dans d’élégantes théories abstraites. Ces espaces de fonctions sont bien définis constructivement. Cela tient au « théorème de compacité » qui nous dit que dans le cadre en question « tout est fini ». La relecture constructive des preuves abstraites n’est alors rien d’autre que la constatation que les axiomes géométriques sont utilisés de manière correcte. (shrink)

This article presents, in a programmatic way, the histoire croisée approach, its methodological implications and its empirical developments. Histoire croisée draws on the debates about comparative history, transfer studies, and connected or shared history that have been carried out in the social sciences in recent years. It invites us to reconsider the interactions between different societies or cultures, erudite disciplines or traditions . Histoire croisée focuses on empirical intercrossings consubstantial with the object of study, as well as (...) on the operations by which researchers themselves cross scales, categories, and viewpoints. The article first shows how this approach differs from purely comparative or transfer studies. It then develops the principles of pragmatic and reflexive induction as a major methodological principle of histoire croisée. While underlining the need and the methods of a historicization of both the objects and categories of analysis, it calls for a reconsideration of the way history can combine empirical and reflexive concerns into a dynamic and flexible approach. (shrink)

It is generally supposed that on the publication of the Annales Maximi in the Gracchan period historians, or some historians influential on the tradition, eagerly made use of this new source of material. The yearly lists of publicly expiated prodigies in Livy and related authors are usually considered to form the best evidence for this view. For given the elder Gato’s remark about the famines and eclipses of sun and moon recorded on the tabula dealbata which is said to (...) have formed the basis of the published work, and given the only two fragments of the latter dealing with the republican period, that from Cicero recording an eclipse and that from Aulus Gellius about lightning striking the statue of Horatius Codes, no one can doubt that prodigies were indeed to be found in the Annales Maximi. It is of course agreed that the lists given by Livy and others include only an incomplete selection of each year’s prodigia and that they are deformed by repetition and errors. But in fact certain features of these lists suggest, at least, that rewriting and corruptions go pretty deep; even, perhaps, that it was not the Annales Maximi at all from which they were drawn. It is the purpose of this paper to draw attention to these disquieting peculiarities, and to the even more disquieting consequences that follow. (shrink)

Le but de cet article est de comprendre, sur le cas privilégié de la philosophie « française » au tournant du siècle, comment l’on passe de l’histoire de la philosophie à sa caractérisation nationale, ce qui conduit aussi à deux perspectives complémentaires : comprendre comment cette caractérisation nationale de la philosophie peut se lier à la caractérisation philosophique de la nation, notamment dans la période dont la Première Guerre mondiale fut le terme, comprendre aussi quelle autre conception des lieux, (...) problèmes et moments de la philosophie est possible, qui articule ses dimensions individuelles, communes et historiques. On est ainsi conduit à la lecture de textes précis sur la philosophie française, notamment de Bergson, à un double retour sur le « moment 1900 » en philosophie, et à quelques perspectives plus générales sur l’histoire de la philosophie elle-même. (shrink)