This is the first complete English translation of the Jami al-hikmatayn, written in Persian, the final, and crowning, work of the great poet, philosopher, and Ismaili missionary Nasir-i Khusraw (1004-1077). Twin Wisdoms Reconciled was written at the request of the emir of Badakhshan 'Abu al-Ma'ali 'Ali ibn Asad' who was perplexed by the questions in a long philosophical ode written a century earlier by Abu al-Haytham Jurjani, an obscure Ismaili author. The ode consists of a series of some (...) 90 questions on a wide range of subjects, from logic and metaphysics to medicine, cosmology, and physics, as well as esoteric Ismaili doctrine. Nasir-i Khusraw's text takes the form of a commentary on certain astutely selected lines. Twin Wisdoms Reconciled represents yet another example of the author's lifelong endeavour to transform Persian philosophical prose into a deft and nuanced instrument of expression. The work has not been as extensively studied as Nasir-i Khusraw's other major theological and philosophical treatises, all written in his final exile in Badakhshan, in part perhaps because of its textual difficulties. Twin Wisdoms Reconciled survives in a single manuscript of dubious accuracy in the Aya Sofya collection, Suleymaniyye Library, Istanbul. The present translation is based on the critical edition of the text produced by Henry Corbin and Mohammed Mo'in in 1953, but with frequent reference to the unique original manuscript. Twin Wisdoms Reconciled represents an endeavour to reconcile two apparently opposed forms of knowledge: the knowledge accorded by revelation and exegesis and the knowledge gained by reason. Seeing that "the bazaar of wisdom" stands empty because of the mutual incomprehension of traditional theologians and Aristotelian philosophers, Nasir-i Khusraw stepped boldly forward to reinvigorate that desolate marketplace. His final work, written in 1070, is thus a testimony as well as an exposition of his mature thought. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Der Islam Jahrgang: 92 Heft: 2 Seiten: 524-530.

Nasir Khusraw was a leading Ismaili poet and theologian-philosopher of the Fatimid period whose writings have had a major formative influence on the Ismaili communities of Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia. The bulk of his surviving work was produced in exile in a remote mountainous region of Badakhshan where he sought refuge from persecution in his native district of Balkh. This is the first of his doctrinal treatises to be translated into English. Consisting of a series of 30 (...) questions and answers, it addresses some of the central theological and philosophical issues of his time from an Ismaili perspective, ranging from the creation of the world and the nature of the soul to the questions of human free will and accountability in the afterlife. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Der Islam Jahrgang: 93 Heft: 1 Seiten: 301-304.

This article provides current Schwartz Values Survey (SVS) data from samples of business managers and professionals across 50 societies that are culturally and socioeconomically diverse. We report the society scores for SVS values dimensions for both individual- and societal-level analyses. At the individual-level, we report on the ten circumplex values sub-dimensions and two sets of values dimensions (collectivism and individualism; openness to change, conservation, self-enhancement, and self-transcendence). At the societal-level, we report on the values dimensions of embeddedness, hierarchy, mastery, affective (...) autonomy, intellectual autonomy, egalitarianism, and harmony. For each society, we report the Cronbach’s α statistics for each values dimension scale to assess their internal consistency (reliability) as well as report interrater agreement (IRA) analyses to assess the acceptability of using aggregated individual level values scores to represent country values. We also examined whether societal development level is related to systematic variation in the measurement and importance of values. Thus, the contributions of our evaluation of the SVS values dimensions are two-fold. First, we identify the SVS dimensions that have cross-culturally internally reliable structures and within-society agreement for business professionals. Second, we report the society cultural values scores developed from the twenty-first century data that can be used as macro-level predictors in multilevel and single-level international business research. (shrink)

The benefits of homework on student learning and academic achievement, to a large extent, depend on the degree of student engagement. Motivational engagement (my intention or why I do the homework), cognitive engagement (how I get involved in homework), and behavioral engagement (how much homework I do, how much time I devote to it, how I manage that time) are key aspects that condition the quality of the process of doing homework, learning, and academic achievement. Prior academic achievement is one (...) of the variables that seems to be positively related to student engagement (both due its motivational component and to the training to do homework). The main purpose of this work was to study in detail this relationship in students of the last stage of Primary Education (N = 516). The results showed that (i) as achievement levels rise, the use of a shallow focus to doing homework decreases (and the use of a deep approach increases); (ii) there is also a progressive increase in the amount of homework done and in the management of the time dedicated to homework. On another hand, as in previous research, (iii) no relationship was observed between the levels of prior achievement and the amount of time spent doing homework. (shrink)

Nasir-i Khusraw is a major literary figure in medieval Persian culture. He was a Muslim philosopher, poet, travel writer, and Ismaili da'i who lived a thousand years ago in the lands known today as Afghanistan, Iran, and Tajikistan. Although known in the West mainly for his Safarnama, or travelogue, which describes his seven-year journey from Khurasan, in the eastern Islamic lands, to Cairo, the city of the Fatimid imam-caliphs, his poetry and ideas are less familiar. Yet, over the (...) centuries, Persian-speaking lands have consistently ranked him as one of the finest poets of all time. But today, even among those who know Nasir-i Khusraw's poetry, few understand the philosophical and Ismaili concepts the poet expounds. And while mystical and epic genres of Persian poetry are memorized and studied, the genre of philosophical poetry in Persian remains basically unexplored. This collection of studies seeks to redress the balance. Originally presented at a conference at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London in 2005 to commemorate the millenary of Nasir-i Khusraw's birth, the papers published here examine his poetry both for philosophical meaning and poetic method. They address a variety of topics, ranging from metaphysics, cosmology, and ontology to prophecy, as well as rhythm and structure, and analysis of individual poems and authorship. (shrink)

Nuestra investigación etnográfica (2019- 2020) en torno a las exhumaciones de fosas comunes del franquismo en el cementerio de Paterna (Valencia) planteó una serie de cuestiones sobre la importancia de realizar una aproximación biográfica a los escenarios de violencia y perpetración. Esto nos proporciona una potente herramienta de análisis que permite ir más allá de la mera secuencia temporal de los hechos y los espacios, dotándolos de agencia propia. Además, permite situar en el centro del debate otras memorias, las de (...) las mujeres, que, debido a las características de los actuales procesos de exhumación, se han ido desplazando hacia los márgenes. (shrink)

Nombreux sont les commentateurs des lettres de Paul, en monde latin, à la fin du IVe et au début du Ve siècle, ce qui s’explique sans doute par les controverses doctrinales sur la personne du Christ, mais aussi par le souci de proposer un idéal de vie chrétienne : Paul est alors présenté comme un modèle de conversion et un maître spirituel. C’est dans ce contexte qu’il faut situer l’intérêt d’Augustin pour Paul, lequel est effectivement pour Augustin un maître. Même (...) s’il n’est pas possible d’examiner systématiquement l’interprétation qu’Augustin donne des lettres de Paul, I. Bochet souligne ici le rôle de Paul dans la vie et la pensée d’Augustin, rôle qui a été déterminant : dans sa conversion tout d’abord, dans sa formation théologique également, mais aussi dans son herméneutique scropturaire et dans son enseignement sur la grâce.At the end of the fourth and beginning of the fifth century in the Latin world, there were numerous commentaries on the letters of Paul, which is undoubtedly explained by the doctrinal controversies about the person of Christ, but also by a concern to propose an ideal of the Christian life. Paul, then, is presented as a model of conversion and a spiritual master. It is in this context that one should situate Augustine’s interest for Paul, who is effectively a master for Augustine. Even if it is not possible to systematically examine the interpretation that Augustine gives of Paul’s letters, I. Bochet underlines here the role of Paul in the life and thought of Augustine, a role that was determining: first all as regards his conversion, but equally in his theological formation, and also in his scriptural hermeneutic and in his teaching on grace. (shrink)

Gracias a la documentación conservada en la Real Academia de la Historia y a una cuidada revisión bibliográfica, se aportan nuevos datos para el conocimiento del descubrimiento y primeros estudios del epitafio del monarca aftasí, Abd Allah al-Mansur I de Badajoz.

L’ouvrage dirigé par D. Haase-Dubosc et M.-E. Henneau s’inscrit à la suite de la publication d’un premier volume consacré aux périodes pré- et post-révolutionnaires. Les deux volumes sont issus de colloques menés depuis 2008 à l’instigation de la SIEFAR dont l’objectif est d’inclure la question du genre dans l’approche des sociétés anciennes, avec une volonté forte de pluridisciplinarité en un croisement des points de vue et des bases documentaires. L’ensemble des onze articles couvre la péri...

Las observaciones que Kant formula en sus obras críticas acerca de la existencia de la cosa en sí han dado lugar a importantes objeciones y agudas discusiones entre los intérpretes. En este trabajo proponemos una reflexión acerca de la posibilidad de establecer el estatus epistemológico correspondiente a dichas observaciones, haciendo uso del concepto kantiano de creencia doctrinal.

The stoic fragments about the notion of cause describe general determinations of what a cause is, without distinguishing kinds of causes. This, for instance, is the case with Zeno’s and Chrysippus’ definitions conveyed by Stobaeus. On the other hand, many testimonies mention causal distinctions, but only related to the Stoics in general, or even without indicating any school. The interest of Cicero’s De fato is that this treatise refers precisely to some causal distinctions presented by Chrysippus and points out the (...) context in which they are developed, i.e the defence of human responsibility. The present study first analyses these causal distinctions linked to Chrysippus at the end of the preserved part of Cicero’s treatise. Secondly, it studies the academic reactions to these distinctions, which are carefully described by Cicero. Finally, these debates between Stoics and Academics are considered from the standpoint of the contrasting positions found in Plato’s dialogues, about the proper or improper usage of the word a‡tion. There are good reasons to think that Plato’s positions underlie the discussions presented by Cicero. (shrink)

In this paper I examine the figure of the monster, in both its negative and positive aspects, such as the notion of biopolitics. As a negative figure, the monster would represent the dehumanized subject produced by exclusion mechanisms operating in destructive version of biopolitics, resulting in thanatopolitics, and in this sense provokes horror and abjection. Here I will use the analyses of the anthropological machine (Agamben), the device of the person (Esposito) and indefinite detention (Butler). As a positive figure, the (...) monster would represent the new subject trying to articulate productive versions of biopolitics, and is distinguished by its metamorphic and posthuman appearance, and in this sense would be subject and object of joy. Finally, as a project of affirmative biopolitics, I discuss Butler’s proposal of a new way of thinking about the political community that assumes the original vulnerability of the subject. (shrink)

This article provides current Schwartz Values Survey data from samples of business managers and professionals across 50 societies that are culturally and socioeconomically diverse. We report the society scores for SVS values dimensions for both individual- and societallevel analyses. At the individual- level, we report on the ten circumplex values sub- dimensions and two sets of values dimensions. At the societal- level, we report on the values dimensions of embeddedness, hierarchy, mastery, affective autonomy, intellectual autonomy, egalitarianism, and harmony. For each (...) society, we report the Cronbach' s? statistics for each values dimension scale to assess their internal consistency as well as report interrater agreement analyses to assess the acceptability of using aggregated individual level values scores to represent country span sp. (shrink)

Cet article entend s’interroger sur « ce qui fait qu’un corps est vivant », en somme sur la nature propre et phénoménologique de la chair, ce lieu originaire où le sujet fait l’expérience à chaque fois singulière de sa condition de vivant. En portant l’interrogation précisément sur la dimension de l’originarité de la chair, I. Raviolo montre comment M. Henry lie la condition charnelle et l’épreuve affective du soi, mais en insistant sur la fragilité intrinsèque du processus, pris en ce (...) temps de finitude qui, marqué par la naissance et par la mort, fait que la vie « échappe ». C’est donc une réflexion sur l’apparaître et le disparaître du vivre dont il est ici question, et ceci, comme l’auteur y insiste fortement, dans une expérience d’une singularité telle que la chair inscrit l’homme dans « son identité d’être humain » et dans son « expérience d’une incarnation ». (shrink)

Ce nouvel opus de la collection Les écrits de Plotin a été rédigé en italien par A. Linguiti, puis traduit en français par A.C. Peduzzi, la traduction française du texte grec de Plotin ayant naturellement été vérifiée par A. Linguiti. Les citations de Plotin extraites d’autres traités (dans l’Introduction et le Commentaire) sont données dans la traduction d’Émile Bréhier. Ce travail, en grande partie inédit, bénéficie de recherches déjà publiées par A. Linguiti dans un ouvrage plus volumineux...

Neste trabalho apresentamos uma discussão sobre o modo como a necessidade e a teleologia se encontram presentes na teoria da natureza em Empédocles e Aristóteles. Para realização desta tarefa percorremos os fragmentos referentes ao pensamento de Empédocles do poema Da natureza, tendo como referencia central a obra Os filósofos pré-socráticos, de Kirk e Raven, e a obra Física I e II de Aristóteles.: This paper presents a discussion about how the necessity and teleology are present in the theory of nature (...) in Empedocles and Aristotle. For this task we go through the fragments relate to the thought of Empedocles in the Poem From Nature as a central reference to the work The presocratic philosophers of Kirk and Raven, and the work Physics I and II of Aristotle. Keywords: Necessity. Teleology. Empedocles. Aristotle. (shrink)

There is a large body of extant examples from the Imperial period of competitive relationships between a successful general of senatorial rank and the current emperor. An analysis of such cases shows that this type of confrontation tends to result under a particular set of conditions and shared structural characteristics. It would usually occur either when an emperor’s military profile was insufficiently distinctive, or when the emperor’s behaviour did not meet soldiers’ and officers’ expectations to a sufficient degree, i. e. (...) when a leader was unable or unwilling to achieve the charismatic power that resulted from military victory. It was this resource of victoriousness that could elevate a member of the senatorial aristocracy above the ranks of his militarily accomplished peers and invest him with the unique quality that could make him the primus inter pares. (shrink)

Precarisation means more than insecure jobs, more than the lack of security given by waged employment. By way of insecurity and danger it embraces the whole of existence, the body, modes of subjectivation. It is threat and coercion, even while it opens up new possibilities of living and working. Precarisation means living with the unforeseeable, with contingency. In this article I analyse how the new precarious living and working conditions and the privatisation of protection against precariousness are conditions of both (...) a prospering financial capitalism and its concomitant debt economy. This economy is based on the expansion of productivity that involves less work, in the traditional sense, than subjectivation. A new subjectivity is needed to assume responsibility, to take on debt, and to internalise the risks both as guilt and as debt: a personality that is doubly indebted and responsible for oneself.La precarización significa más que empleos inseguros, más que la falta de seguridad que proporciona el empleo asalariado. A través de la inseguridad y el peligro, la precarización abarca toda la existencia, el cuerpo, los modos de subjetivación. Es una amenaza y una forma de coerción, aunque también abre nuevas posibilidades de vivir y trabajar. Precarización significa vivir con lo imprevisible, bajo la contingencia. En este artículo analizo cómo las nuevas condiciones de vida y de trabajo precarias y la privatización de la protección contra la precariedad son condiciones, tanto de un próspero capitalismo financiero, como de su concomitante economía de la deuda. Esta economía se basa en la expansión de la productividad, la cual implica más bien procesos de subjetivación que lo que hemos entendido por trabajo en el sentido tradicional. Se necesita una nueva subjetividad para asumir responsabilidades, para endeudarse e internalizar los riesgos como culpa y como deuda: una personalidad doblemente endeudada y responsable de sí misma. (shrink)

Well into the 1940s, many French biologists rejected both Mendelian genetics and Darwinism in favour of neo-transformism, the claim that evolution proceeds by the inheritance of acquired characteristics. In 1931 the zoologist Maurice Caullery published Le Problème d’évolution, arguing that, while Lamarckian mechanisms could not be demonstrated in the present, they had nevertheless operated in the past. It was in this context that Raymond Aron expressed anxiety about the relationship between biology, history, and human autonomy in his 1938 Introduction à (...) la philosophie de l’histoire: essai sur les limites de l’objectivité historique, in which he rejected both neo-Kantian and biological accounts of human history. Aron aspired to a philosophy of history that could explain the dual nature of human existence as fundamentally rooted in the biological, and at the same time, as a radical transcendence of natural law. I argue that Aron’s encounter with evolutionary theory at this moment of epistemic crisis in evolutionary theory was crucial to the formation of his philosophy of history, and moreover that this case study demonstrates the importance of moving beyond the methodological divisions between intellectual history and history of science. (shrink)

Alfred North Whitehead called Isabel Scribner Stearns the most talented female philosopher in America. Drawing on Whitehead and her other teachers, Paul Weiss, C.I. Lewis, H.H. Price, and Grace de Laguna, as well as the traditions of ancient Greek philosophy, Continental Rationalism, German Idealism, and American Pragmatism, Stearns has created an epistemologically and logically sound systematic account of the ontology of individuation and the relational genesis and endurance of individual beings.

The present text comments on Steel 2005 , in which the author claims to extend from the deterministic to the general case, the result according to which the causal Markov condition is satisfied by systems with jointly independent exogenous variables. I show that Steel’s claim cannot be accepted unless one is prepared to abandon standard causal modeling terminology. Correlatively, I argue that the most fruitful aspect of Steel 2005 consists in a realist conception of error terms, and I show how (...) this conception sheds new light on the relationship between determinism and the causal Markov condition. †To contact the author, please write to: Institut Supérieur de Philosophie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place du Cardinal Mercier 14, 1348 Louvain la Neuve, Belgium; e‐mail: isabelle[email protected]. (shrink)

Features of threatening cues and the associated context influence the perceived imminence of threat and the defensive responses evoked. To provide additional knowledge about how the directionality of a threat (i.e. directed-towards or away from the viewer) might impact defensive responses in humans, participants were shown pictures of a man carrying a gun (threat) or nonlethal object (neutral) directed-away from or towards the participant. Cardiac and electrodermal responses were collected. Compared to neutral images, threatening images depicting a gun directed-towards the (...) participant induced sustained bradycardia and an increased electrodermal response, interpreted as immobility under attack. This defensive immobility reaction is evoked by high perceived threat and inescapable situations and indicates intense action preparation. Pictures of guns directed-away from the participant induced shorter bradycardia and no significant modulation of the electrodermal response compared to neutral pictures, which might be consistent with the perception of a less threatening situation. The results show that the directionality of threat stimuli is a key factor that prompts different patterns of defensive responses. (shrink)

Retraction note: Rincón Rodríguez, I. C., Chaparro Medina, J. E. & Garazón Posada, M. (2022). Business productivity and union ethics: a look at Colombia. HUMAN REVIEW. International Humanities Revista Internacional De Humanidades, 14(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.37467/revhuman.v11.4145 The Editorial Office of Eurasia Academic Publishing Group has retracted this article. An investigation carried out by our Research Integrity Department has found a group of articles, among which this one is found, that are not within the thematic scope of the journal. We believe that (...) the editorial process was manipulated and, furthermore, acceptance decisions were made under possibly inappropriate peer review. (shrink)

This article discusses some of the theses put forward by Catherine Colliot-Thélène in her latest book, Le commun de la liberté (2022). After a brief reminder of the links of continuity between the latter and La démocratie sans “demos” (2011), concerning in particular the central question, in both books, of subjective rights, I turn to the author’s treatment of the themes of property and exclusion. With regard to property, whose meaning I seek to determine in the book, it is the (...) joint, paradoxical and ultimately fruitful use of Kant’s and Marx’s theories that is examined here. According to Colliot-Thélène, the major problem of contemporary democracies is exclusion due to the dispossession or absence of property, which defies their universalist principles: I underline the originality of her approach in terms of rights, and suggest some extensions that sociological and ethnological literature can provide to it. (shrink)

In this paper, I relativize the widespread representation of the generalized relativism of 1970s philosophy. I will show how the group of thinkers of this period often referred to as the ‘French Theory’ movement is not always defined by the affirmation of a radical relativism, but rather by the obstinate search for an original ‘reality’ capable of competing and denouncing the false ‘reality’ constructed by reason. To demonstrate this, I will focus on the journey of a philosopher who is emblematic (...) of this period, namely Jean-François Lyotard. I will demonstrate that Lyotard claims a form of realism, which I will qualify as ‘tragic realism.’ Then, I will compare this ‘tragic realism’ with the more contemporary forms of realism. (shrink)

En acquisition L2, le choix méthodologique concernant le type de tâche a été décrit comme une étape capitale à l’obtention de données plus ou moins représentatives de comportements linguistiques mesurables (Norris et Ortega 2003). Le propos de notre recherche est d’analyser un corpus recueilli en acquisition L2 afin de tester des effets du type de tâche sur la nature des productions langagières obtenues. Notre recherche se base sur la comparaison d’une tâche narrative, d’une tâche directive et d’une tâche de prise (...) de décisions proposées à 36 locuteurs hispanophones apprenants d’anglais à l’Universitat de Barcelona et à l’Universitat Ramón Llull (Gilabert 2007). Notre analyse tient compte de quatre types de marqueurs : séquentiels (first, then, finally), argumentatifs (because, thus, though), temporels (when, after, before) et modaux (I think, would, should). L’extraction des items lexicaux s’est faite de manière automatique à l’aide de Childes (CLAN). Nos analyses quantitatives sur un total de 710 occurrences révèlent l’existence de différences significatives dans les fréquences de ces marqueurs selon le type de tâche réalisée (valeurs de p obtenus à l’aide du t-test de Welch). Les tâches de résolution de problèmes sollicitant des repères spatiaux (i.e., directive et de prise de décisions) constituent des activités significativement plus productives à l’obtention de marqueurs séquentiels et argumentatifs, comparées à la tâche narrative. Nos résultats suggèrent que le choix de la tâche est un enjeu majeur dans les travaux en acquisition L2 et confirment l’impact des outils méthodologiques dans les résultats obtenus. (shrink)

Resum: En aquest article presentem la possibilitat de mantenir propostes de justícia global com a alternativa a les solucions existents de justícia internacional davant el problema de la desigualtat i la pobresa extrema al món. Considerem que la resposta a aquest tipus de situacions no pot ser de caràcter humanitari sinó de justícia, perquè els qui les pateixen no arriben a ser reconeguts com a éssers valuosos, dignes ni són respectades les seves llibertats més bàsiques. Presentem així mateix de forma (...) succinta dues propostes de justícia global: la de Thomas Pogge, que segueix la línia de Rawls però ampliant la perspectiva del Dret de Gents a l’àmbit global, i la d’Amartya Sen, que es basa en l’enfocament de la capacitat i centra la justícia en la llibertat real de les persones.Paraules clau: justícia global, justícia internacional, pobresa extrema, Pogge, Sen. (shrink)

AimThe Coronavirus 2019 pandemic represents one of the most catastrophic events of recent times. Due to the hospitals’ emergency situation, the population of healthcare workers was the most affected. Healthcare workers who were exposed to COVID-19 patients are most likely to develop psychological distress and post-traumatic stress disorder. The present study aimed at investigating PTSD in a sample of Italian healthcare workers during this outbreak and to evaluate the effectiveness of the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy with this population.MethodsA (...) total of 744 healthcare workers were included. 587 healthcare workers were treated with EMDR, while the other 157 were not treated. Participants were asked to provide sociodemographic information; the post-traumatic symptomatology was evaluated through Impact of Event Scale-Revised and to investigate the level of intensity of emotional activation was used The Emotion Thermometer at two time points.ResultsThe results obtained between EMDR treatment and non-EMDR treatment were evaluated on only 2 hospitals. Treatment group n = 68 vs. waitlist non-treatment group n = 157. All scores pre- and post-EMDR decreased significantly showing an evident effect of EMDR. The differences between pre- and post-treatment of the IES-R scores of subjects in which EMDR was performed as compared to the scores pre- and post-12 weeks of waiting list subjects in which it was not performed were significantly different.LimitationThe emergency situation did not provide an opportunity to explore further aspects that would have been important for research. One limitation is the use and analysis of only two standardized tests. In addition, other psychopathologies were not investigated as outcome measures. A limitation is the comparison of subjects treated online and de visu. Although the protocol used was the same, the mode of intervention may have influenced the results. In addition, the effectiveness of EMDR treatment was only evaluated at two time points with no possibility of follow-up and the lack of a control group.Discussion/conclusionThe findings of the present study suggest that healthcare workers were at high risk of developing PTSD when confronted with COVID-19 outbreak and suggest the importance of psychological support during this humanitarian emergency. (shrink)

The main interest of this paper is to understand how different theories have influence in the anthropological study of boundaries spaces. First, I will refer to Wolf’s and Barth’s critique against the particularism of the first ethnographies. These first anthropologists maintained an isolated and separated conception of culture and consequently, they were unable to apprehend links between different human groups. In contrast, I will mention new approaches, more sensible to the differential situations in borders and the existence of transnational nets (...) among regions. Lastly, I will allude to the difficulties that three contemporary anthropologists must face, when they link these new approaches with some postmodern concepts and therefore, they cannot apprehend either the complexity of the boundaries. En este artículo se va a tratar de comprender cómo la elección del marco teórico va a tener consecuencias en la realidad estudiada, en el caso concreto de la antropología de los espacios fronterizos. En primer lugar, nos referiremos a las críticas de Wolf y Barth al particularismo característico de las primeras etnografías, dado su concepto aislado y cerrado de cultura, que les impedía reconocer los vínculos y contactos entre distintos grupos humanos. Como contraste a los particularismos, recientemente han aparecido nuevos enfoques teóricos, más atentos a las realidades fronterizas y al establecimiento de redes transnacionales entre distintas regiones; entre ellos, destacaremos las aportaciones de tres antropólogos contemporáneos quienes vinculan los enfoques transnacionales con algunos conceptos propios de la filosofía posmoderna y como consecuencia tienen dificultades aprehender la complejidad de los espacios fronterizos. (shrink)

This paper presents a discussion about how the necessity and teleology are present in the theory of nature in Empedocles and Aristotle. For this task we go through the fragments relate to the thought of Empedocles in the Poem From Nature as a central reference to the work The presocratic philosophers of Kirk and Raven, and the work Physics I and II of Aristotle.

Merleau-Ponty: From Perspective to the Chiasm,the Epistemic Rigor of an AnalogyHere, we wish to take up the discussion of Merleau-Ponty’s notion of chiasm in light of the question of its status. Is it a matter of a metaphor without any cognitive value resulting from an analogical and arbitrary transfer from one domain to another, or is it a matter of a rigorous concept susceptible of being experimented upon, taken up again, or improved? If the latter is the case, what is (...) the nature of this concept? Is it descriptive, heuristic, or even logical? The question is worth asking insofar as it is not only the most orthodox positivists who may be likely to see, in this transfer of concept, nothing more than poetic license. Indeed, the most careful commentators authorized by Merleau-Ponty are in lockstep with the critics of his supposedly “literary” style. “Ambiguous” is thus the term, which more often describes Merleau-Ponty’s notions of encroachment, of reversibility, or even chiasm. First, we shall examine the function and the role of the concept of chiasm in Merleau-Ponty’s philosophy. We shall then establish its scope in order to be able to determine its exact status. It is only at the conclusion of this study that we will be able to show how this notion sheds light on Merleau-Ponty’s main concern, namely, to produce a counter-model of perspective and to promote a newcategory of relation – a concern which organizes the seemingly unrelated elements in his philosophy.Merleau-Ponty: dalla prospettiva al chiasma,il rigore epistemico di un’analogiaIntendiamo riprendere, in questa sede, la discussione sulla nozione di chiasma in Merleau-Ponty, alla luce di una domanda circa il suo statuto: si tratta di una metafora, priva di ogni valore cognitivo perché nata da un trasferimento analogico ed arbitrario da un campo semantico ad un altro, o si tratta di un concetto rigoroso, suscettibile di essere messo alla prova dell’esperienza e via via perfezionato? In tal caso, qual è la natura di questo concetto? È descrittiva, euristica, oppure logica? È interessante porre questa domanda dato che non sono solamente i positivisti più ortodossi, a vedere in questo trasferimento una semplice licenza poetica. In effetti, molti tra i commentatori più autorevoli di Merleau-Ponty aderiscono alle diverse critiche sollevate intorno alla presunta natura «letteraria» di questa espressione, e ritengono che il chiasma sia una semplice metafora. Interrogheremo innanzitutto la funzione e il ruolo di questo concetto nella filosofia di Merleau-Ponty al fine di determinarne l’esatto statuto. Solo al termine di questo studio preliminare potremo mostrare come questa nozione possa gettare nuova luce sulla preoccupazione principale di Merleau-Ponty, vero e proprio filo rosso che organizza in profondità tutti gli elementi apparentemente eterogenei della sua filosofia: vale a dire, il tentativo di produrre un contro-modello della prospettiva e una nuova categoria di relazione. (shrink)

En este artículo consideramos la pobreza extrema como un caso de violación de los derechos humanos en tanto que la situación de las personas que la padecen vulnera el mínimo de dignidad o justicia que permitiría reconocerlos como seres valiosos. La respuesta internacional en esos casos no puede entenderse como una cuestión de beneficencia sino que debe ir orientada prioritariamente con medidas de justicia que busquen el reconocimiento de la dignidad y las libertades de esas personas. En este sentido consideramos (...) la posibilidad de defender una propuesta de justicia global distributiva como la de Thomas Pogge y, por otra parte, reconocemos el valor de los derechos humanos como imperativos éticos globales para la fundamentación y la defensa de una justicia global desde el enfoque de la capacidad de Amartya Sen.In this article we consider extreme poverty as a case of violation of human rights as the situation of people who suffer it do not have the minimum of dignity or justice that would recognize them as valuable beings. The international response in such cases cannot be understood as a matter of charity but should be oriented primarily with justice measures seeking the recognition of the dignity and freedoms of those people. In this regard we consider the possibility of presenting a proposal for distributive global justice as Thomas Pogge does and, on the other hand, we recognize the value of human rights as global ethical imperatives for foundation and defense of a proposal of global justice from the perspective of the capability approach by Amartya Sen. (shrink)

La Femvertising ha aparecido con fuerza en los últimos años como una estrategia de comunicación persuasiva que intenta eliminar los estereotipos de género al tiempo que trabaja por el empoderamiento de las consumidoras. Sin embargo, el carácter esencialmente comercial de la publicidad plantea dudas sobre sus verdaderos fines. Si bien deberían tender al cambio social, siempre emerge la sospecha ante la posible instrumentalización del feminismo en función de objetivos comerciales. El presente artículo pretende contribuir a paliar la escasez de bibliografía (...) especializada sobre Femvertising, por lo que comienza por ofrecer antecedentes de este tipo de publicidad, plantea luego los nudos teóricos que deben abordarse desde la filosofía feminista y, finalmente, construye una metodología para analizar o diseñar publicidad que genere feminismo (Advertising Profem o Publicidad Profem), enfoque más adecuado para los intereses de género que la definición como publicidad feminista.‘Femvertising’ has gained relevance in the last few years as a strategy of persuasive communication that tries to eliminate gender stereotypes while promoting the empowerment of female consumers. However, the essentially commercial quality of advertising raises doubts about its actual aims. Although ‘femvertising’ is supposed to tend towards social change, there is always some suspicion about its instrumentalization of feminism for commercial purposes. This paper tries to fill a gap within the specialized bibliography on ‘femvertising’. In order to do so, it revises its origins, it explores its main theoretical keys from the point of view of feminist philosophy and, finally, it elaborates a method to analyze or design a type of ‘advertising that generates feminism’, which we have dubbed ‘profem advertising’, taking an approach that seems to be more useful for gender-based interests than the more problematic definition of ‘feminist advertising’. (shrink)

L’enjeu de cette étude est, une fois surmontée l’apparente faiblesse des vues fichtéennes sur le langage (partie I), de restituer leur cohérence et leur importance. La cohérence tout d’abord, qui nous fera passer d’une théorie de la désignation (le mot renvoyant à une chose indépendante) à une théorie de la signification comme effectuation (partie II). L’importance ensuite, puisqu’il sera alors loisible de comprendre comment au cœur du système fichtéen se trouve une théorie de l’énonciation, qui met en œuvre un principe (...) fondamental, celui de l’accord entre le dire ( Sagen )et le faire ( Tun ) (Partie III). Pour l’établir, Fichte se livre à la fois à une critique serrée de l’illusion référentielle et à une critique de la représentation. Par là, sa philosophie se révèle être une philosophie du dire comme faire. (shrink)

In the history of metaphysics the position of John Duns Scotus is of major significance. Scotus argues that a univocal concept of being qua being serves as the subject of metaphysics. But the question remains whether this ought to be a concept of being which is so common that it even includes both real and mental being. Scotus himself opts for metaphysics as a real science by excluding the ens rationis from it. How did his pupils receive this doctrine? Do (...) they conform with the interpretation of metaphysics as a real science or do they consider being to be «supertranscendental», i.e., as being common to real as well as mental being and even transcending the transcendentals in the sense of a mere something? For these questions, the position of the Franciscan Nicolaus Bonetus , probably a pupil of Scotus’, is of great importance because he indeed defends the innovative position — almost completely unknown today — that ‘being’ is univocal to real and mental being. Here I present and interpret this metaphysical thesis of Bonetus, his sources and consequences. For this purpose I also draw on by John P. Doyle’s studies on the supertranscendental, which are dedicated to finding the missing link between medieval and Kantian conceptions of metaphysics. (shrink)

Not all those who write philosophy are recognized as philosophers. In this paper I argue that Dutch writer Isabelle de Charrière, usually known as a novelist, is actually engaged in doing moral philosophy. In the second half of the eighteenth century, Charrière wrote novels about characters who endorsed moral theories and commitments. Her novels track the dilemmas that these characters face in trying to live according their moral theories and commitments. I consider the case for treating fiction as philosophically (...) valuable, and argue that Charrière's novels fall into the category of philosophically valuable fiction. (shrink)

Si nombreux sont les penseurs qui s’aceordent a dire que « notre epoque est celle de I’espace», là où la précedente avait été celle du temps et de I’histoire, les tentatives pour spatialiser nos concepts, et par là sortir des apories induites par la domination du temps (messianisme d’un avenir radieux ou nostalgie d’un passé idyllique) sont diverses (Deleuze, Foucault, Lacan, ete.). Avant eux Merleau-Ponty fut un des premiers à appeler de ses vœux eette spatialisation. C’est cette volonté de Merleau-Ponty (...) de spatialiser nos concepts que I’A. voudrait interroger. Quelle est la fonction de la topologie merleau-pontyenne et surtout quel en est le statut? N’assiste-t-on pas in fine à une difficulté de cette spatialisation de nos notions et ce faisant à un retour à un modèle temporel elassique ? Teiles sont les questions que se propose d’étudier cet article. (shrink)

The Buyide wezir Abū I-Faḍl Ibn al-‘Amīd became famous as a poet and expert in epistolary literature, but also as a scholar and scientist. His letters, published here together with translation, commentary and complete glossary, inform us on questions of meteorology, physics, mechanics and psychology.