Partant d ’ un commentaire de quelques lignes de la Préface à la Phénoménologie de l’esprit ou au Système de la Science de Hegel 1, que nous mettrons en perspective avec des extraits et des notes du Cours de linguistique générale de Saussure, nous voudrions montrer que : 1. La philosophie est un Discours écrit ou un Livre sui-réflexif et/ou systématique, soit un Méta -discours ; aussi répond-elle à l ’ essence du Langage qui ne se signifie jamais que soi-même. (...) 2. Puisqu ’ il se fonde sur ce dernier, comme lui, le discours-livre philosophique ne laisse rien en dehors de soi et parle de, ou plutôt du, tout ; en quoi il s ’ avère effectivement universel. 3. Tous les autres discours, scientifiques, moraux, artistiques, religieux, s ’ y enracinant, inutile de s ’ interroger sur un impensé ou un sens qui échapperait au discursif. La vérité (philosophique) se confond ainsi avec le procès linguistique dont elle partage et la prémisse – être c ’ est être dit – et la conclusion – on n ’ a rien dit, tant que l ’ on n ’ a pas tout dit. Elle en forme en quelque sorte l’Auto - Réflexion explicite, achevée et/ou cohérente. Si les philosophies préhégéliennes ont bien tendu vers cela, il appartenait au Système hégélien d ’ en tirer toutes les conséquences et d ’ accomplir ce que celles-là ont seulement esquissé. Quant au système de philosophie du langage de Saussure, il en reformulera techniquement les principes. (shrink)

Recorded in Ithaca, NY by Cornell University., Sponsored by: Andrew D. White Professors-At-Large Program., Speaker: Professor of the History of Philosophy, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, Andrew D. White Professor-at-Large., Lecture, October 3, 1988.

We apply Benacerraf’s distinction between mathematical ontology and mathematical practice to examine contrasting interpretations of infinitesimal mathematics of the seventeenth and eighteenth century, in the work of Bos, Ferraro, Laugwitz, and others. We detect Weierstrass’s ghost behind some of the received historiography on Euler’s infinitesimal mathematics, as when Ferraro proposes to understand Euler in terms of a Weierstrassian notion of limit and Fraser declares classical analysis to be a “primary point of reference for understanding the eighteenth-century theories.” Meanwhile, scholars like (...) Bos and Laugwitz seek to explore Eulerian methodology, practice, and procedures in a way more faithful to Euler’s own. Euler’s use of infinite integers and the associated infinite products are analyzed in the context of his infinite product decomposition for the sine function. Euler’s principle of cancellation is compared to the Leibnizian transcendental law of homogeneity. The Leibnizian law of continuity similarly finds echoes in Euler. We argue that Ferraro’s assumption that Euler worked with a classical notion of quantity is symptomatic of a post-Weierstrassian placement of Euler in the Archimedean track for the development of analysis, as well as a blurring of the distinction between the dual tracks noted by Bos. Interpreting Euler in an Archimedean conceptual framework obscures important aspects of Euler’s work. Such a framework is profitably replaced by a syntactically more versatile modern infinitesimal framework that provides better proxies for his inferential moves. (shrink)

Face aux sommes colossales investies par les Etats, à l'augmentation des débris dans les orbites autour de la Terre, aux risques pris par les spationautes, et à l'exploitation commerciale de l'espace, cet ouvrage propose une réflexion critique sur les stratégies mises en oeuvre par les hommes dans leur conquête des étoiles.

La question des services publics, dans son idée de mise en commun des biens sociaux, suscite aujourd’hui une réflexion sur les mutations du politique. Les transformations des services publics, leur diminution voire leur abolition correspondent, selon l’auteur, au recul d’un certain projet politique de mise en commun. Le partage des biens sociaux découle, de plus en plus, du jeu des rapports de force au détriment d’un projet de mise en commun conforme à un projet politique plus vaste qui définirait les (...) paramètres d’un « vivre ensemble de solidarité ». (shrink)

Londres, 1945. Giles est declare heritier du titre et de la fortune de son pere Hugo Barrington. Au detriment de son ami - et peut-etre demi-frere - Harry Clifton, mais aussi au grand soulagement de celui-ci qui peut dorenavant epouser Emma, la soeur de Giles. Tandis que Harry et Emma s'installent a Bristol avec Sebastian, leur fils, et Jessica, une petite fille qu'ils adoptent, Giles, devenu membre de la chambre des Lords, se retrouve pris au piege de haines ancestrales dans (...) sa lutte pour le pouvoir. Une decennie plus tard, c'est Sebastian, representant de la nouvelle generation, qui fera basculer la carriere politique de son oncle. Secrets trop longtemps enfouis, vengeances longuement meditees, amours enfin possibles ou alliances interessees, une saga qui se devore d'une traite. Tout est reuni pour rendre cette lecture totalement addictive. Un excellent page-turner. Version Femina. (shrink)

L’article est un essai qui propose de faire trois additions à la théorie évolutionniste hayékienne.La première pour éclairer l’émergence des règles, sociales, zone d’ombre chez Hayek, en introduisant le concept “ d’espaces relationnels ”, embryons des espaces institutionnels.La seconde pour faire apparaître le rôle de l’action humaine dans l’évolution des règles sociales : des individus ou groupes d’individus jouent un rôle “ entrepreneurial ” et cherchent à changer des institutions qui ne conviennent pas à leurs exigences éthiques.La dernière pour réintroduire (...) une référence à l’ordre naturel qu’Hayek avait voulu éliminer, mais qui valide le processus hayékien à condition de retenir une approche subjective du droit naturel par opposition aux approches objectives courantes.This paper tries to add three elements to Hayek’s theory of evolution.The first element sheds light on a moot point in Hayek’s thought, the emergence of social rules. It does so by introducing the concept of “relational spheres”, deemed as incipient institutional spheres.The second element tries to make the role of human action conspicuous in the evolution of social rules: individuals or groups of individuals play an “entrepreneurial” role and seek to alter institutions which are no longer in harmony with their ethical moorings.The last element introduces a reference to natural order which Hayek discarded in his thought. This reference validates the Hayekian process as long as a subjective approach to natural law is retained in contrast to contemporary objective approaches. (shrink)

. Fresh evidence from Free Choice Items (FCIs) in French question the current perception of the class. The role of some standard distinctions found in the literature is weakened or put in a new perspective. The distinction between universal and existential is no longer an intrinsic property of FCIs. Similarly, the opposition between variation-based vs intension-based analyses is relativized. We show that the regime of free choiceness can be characterized by an abstract constraint, that we call Non-Individuation (NI), and which (...) can be satisfied in different ways that match current distinctions. NI says that the information conveyed by a sentence containing a FCI should not be reducible to a referential situation, that is a situation in which particular individuals satisfy the sentence in the current world. The widely used resource of modal variation becomes a particular scenario of free-choiceness, not its essence. In fact, we show that under certain conditions, FCIs can occur in episodic, non-modal sentences, a fact that NI can accommodate. We also discuss more fine-grained aspects of the semantics of FCIs, such as their emotional colour. (. . .) the tripod fell spontaneously, because, though it stood on its feet so as to serve for a seat, it did not fall so as to serve for a seat. Aristotle, Physics II,6. (shrink)

This 1991 book is a selection of Jacques Drèze's work over the last decade on the topics of lasting unemployment, stagflation and unused capacity. At the theoretical level, the author has contributed to the formulation and analysis of general equilibrium models which allow for price rigidities and excess supply and lend themselves to econometric implementation, thus represents an attempt to integrate micro- and macroeconomics, and to use theory for empirical and policy purposes.

Trois alternatives sous-tendent le questionnement sur l'homme aujourd'hui. Tout d'abord, faut-il disjoindre la nature et l'homme? Ensuite l'anthropologie étant plurielle, à quelle instance revient-il de penser l'homme? Enfin, quel sera l'avenir de la spécificité anthropologique? C'est à ces questions cruciales que répond l'auteur en en appelant à des reprises critiques et des reformulations consenties.

Faut-il abandonner l'idée de catégorisation ou lui conserver une fonction plus restreinte, diversifiée, domaniale ? On se demande ce qui peut être préservé de la conception transcendantale pour prolonger son évolution récente au-delà de Wittgenstein, Goodman et Peirce. On propose une approche interrogative, présuppositionnelle et textologique qui lui conserve assez de fonctions , pour qu'il reste significatif de parler de catégorisation. Au lieu d'être immobiles, les catégories ont vocation à commander la recherche, qu'elle soit enquête scientifique ou même quête religieuse. (...) Un concept devient catégorial pour autant qu'il ouvre un domaine à la recherche, la guide ou lui permet de se réorganiser. A first question is raised, whether the idea of categorisation should be altogether dismissed or retained, but with more restricted, diversified and less extensive functions. The second question deals with what of the transcendantal dogma can be maintained in order to extend its recent developments beyond Wittgenstein, Goodman and Peirce. An interrogative, pre suppositional and textological approach is put forward, which could preserve enough functions to allow to go on speaking of categorisation with some kind of relevance. Far from being immovable, the categories indeed call for leadership in matters of research, be it scientific investigation or sacred religious quest. It appears that a concept becomes categorial in so far as it breaks fresh ground for research, provides guidance and enables it to perform self reorganisation. (shrink)

Manuel Cruz launches a nuanced study of memory and forgetting, defining their forms and uses, political meanings, and social and historical implications. Memory is not an intrinsically positive phenomenon, he argues, but an impressionable and malleable one, used to advance a variety of agendas. Cruz focuses on five memory models: that which is inherently valuable; that which legitimizes the present; that which supports retributive justice; that which is essential to mourning; and that which elicits renunciation or revelation.

This article postulates a method of determining the date of human settlement in the Canary Islands by establishing when species of mice, which are commensal with human beings and hence in all likelihood migrated with them, arrived in the archipelago. At the same time, the extinction of several species of endemic rodents may also correlate with such arrivals. The study establishes the outer limits for the arrival of the mouse species, between the 5th millennium BCE and the 15th century CE, (...) but, while indicative archaeological evidence indicates human settlement was established by around the middle of the 1st millennium BCE, the absence of conclusive dating of fossil mice remains leaves a definitive conclusion for the start of such settlement still open. (shrink)

Although the demarginalisation of youths is an international concern, South African youths are viewed by various scholars and policy documents as a particularly vulnerable and marginalised group. It becomes essential to understand what characterises their marginalisation in order to find innovative ways to work towards their demarginalisation. In this article we reflect on current faith-based concerns and compare this with the specific characteristics of the marginalisation of young people. In an effort to contribute to the development of a strategy towards (...) demarginalisation, we will explore the key features of the Circle of Courage in terms of the principles of belonging, mastery, independence and generosity. We will further propose the inclusion of Ubuntu principles in the practical application of the Circle of Courage for churches and faith-based organisations in demarginalising youth in the South African context. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...) in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

Pour Schlick, la tâche de la philosophie de la nature n’est pas de se prononcer sur la validité du principe de causalité, mais de clarifier son sens, par la réduction de la notion de causalité à celle de « nomicité ». Schlick défend une conception de la causalité humienne : la nécessité signifie simplement la régularité. Mais le seul moyen de conserver la nécessité, tout en la définissant par l’universalité, serait de l’identifier à la notion d’universalité non pas quelconque, mais (...) nécessaire. Et le prix à payer pour l’abandon de l’axiome causal, même s’il ne peut être considéré comme présupposition nécessaire, serait très élevé.From Schlick’s point of view, the task of Philosophy of Nature is not to decide about the validity of the causality principle, but to elucidate its meaning, by reducing causality to « nomicity », thus by defuning causality in Humean terms, as a mere regularity. But the only way both to save necessity and to define it by universality would be to identify it, somehow, to a necessary universality. And the price for abandoning the causal axiom would probably be too high. (shrink)