Preimplantation genetic testing for polygenic disorders (PGT-P) has been commercially available since 2019. PGT-P makes use of polygenic risk scores for conditions which are multifactorial and are significantly influenced by environmental and lifestyle factors. If current predictions are accurate, then absolute risk reductions range from about 0.02% to 10.1%, meaning that between 10 and 5,000 in vitro fertilization patients would need to be tested with PGT-P to prevent one offspring from becoming affected in the future, depending on the condition and (...) the number of embryos available. Survey and interview data reveal that patients and the public have largely favorable views regarding the use of PGT-P for disease prevention; however, clinicians and professional organizations have many reservations. The use of PGT-P raises multiple social and ethical concerns including the need for adequate counseling, the setting of realistic expectations, the application of distributive justice, the impact of environmental and social determinants of health, and the potential exacerbation of health inequities. Clinicians expressed significant concerns relating to the cost of PGT-P, the potential time-consuming counseling for reproductive endocrinologists and genetic counselors, the intentional creation of supernumerary embryos, and patients’ unrealistic expectations regarding “healthiest disease-free” embryos. Furthermore, current evidence lacks long-term outcome data and generalizability. Prior to offering PGT-P to patients, additional clinical validation studies are needed. Also, ethical and social considerations raised by PGT-P should be carefully delineated. Systemic practices to increase equitable access to unbiased genetic counseling and reproductive services would be desirable prior to the ethical implementation of PGT-P. (shrink)

This paper seeks to highlight the French philosopher Michel Foucault's contributions regarding his analysis of power. In this sense, the text proposes a conceptual transition around the ideas that could have interested the author within a digital context, integrating some notes and examples from the 2019 Chilean mobilizations.The article has an initial section that exposes genealogy as a way of approaching social reality. Then, it shows the social behaviors anticipation possibilities and their relationship with the information available on the web. (...) Later, it renders an account of the algorithmic governmentality notion as a key to reading it in both normative structure and a political possibility to final state reflections. (shrink)

Este artículo propone que la crítica de arte que lleva a cabo Octavio Paz guarda una estrecha relación con su visión poética, particularmente la que se expone en El arco y la lira. Asimismo, aunque teóricamente hablando esta crítica se distancia de las posturas ideológicas, pues considera la producción artístico-literaria como fuente de libertad en sí, aquí vemos que al final la crítica de Paz también llega a ser ideológica y es a través de la ideología como generará su crítica (...) en contra de los murales de Siqueiros y Rivera; sin embargo, Paz será más condescendiente con la visión estética de Orozco, precisamente porque Orozco encaja dentro de su visión poética, y dentro de -en principio- su agenda no ideológica. (shrink)

This study analyzes the interests of Spanish audiences in travel magazines within the current context of press consumption. The objectives are to identify the readers' reading frequency and reasons for reading, what contents interest them, and what aspects of the photographs attract them. The methodology involves a structured questionnaire completed by a representative sample of the Spanish population (n=1000). The main results reveal a low reading frequency, great interest in practical information, preference for landscape photography (over the age of 54) (...) and nightlife photography (young people), and indifference regarding the journalistic source of the images. These data provide relevant information on which to adapt travel magazines' content strategy. (shrink)

Reseña del libro Analogía y fuerza argumentativa, por Corina Yoris.

This study aims to test the theoretical model of career adaptability of refugees to investigate the dynamics of successful resettlement. The theoretical model is grounded on career construction and social network theory. We employ quantitative and qualitative methodologies to test the model in a sample of Venezuelans living and working in Colombia. The quantitative results provide partial support for Campion’s model. However, we test an alternative model and find that career adaptability has a direct relationship with subjective resettlement. In addition, (...) cultural identification plays a buffering role on the harmful effects of discrimination on subjective resettlement. Qualitative results from eight in-depth interviews shed light on the process of refugee resettlement, thus revealing the role of social networks. Our study contributes to previous research on refugees by testing, adapting, and expanding a novel model of work resettlement and focusing on a group of refugees transitioning from one emerging country to another emerging country. (shrink)

La antropología, en una escueta pero certera definición, es la “ciencia que estudia la cultura”. Aserto que exige una comprensión clara de lo que significa lo que es la cultura y su evolución; particularmente considerando que desde mediados del Siglo XX vivimos en la Era de la Información, elemento que algunos consideran fundamental, a la par con la materia y/o energía. Este articulo propone una nueva interpretación de la antropología, considerando el impacto de la información. Para formular dicha construcción es (...) necesario no solo definir lo que es la información como objeto de estudio, sino también naturalizarla, hacerla asequible a nuestra experiencia diaria. Este afán logra descubrir el papel fundamental de la información en la antropología, tanto en sus orígenes como en su actual desarrollo local y global. (shrink)

Resumen En la presente nota crítica entablo una polémica con la obra Cuando los filósofos políticos se equivocan de Guillermo Lariguet. Este libro plantea la necesidad de pensar cómo una filosofía política responsable, ética y epistémicamente, ha de llevar a la reflexión sobre la política y lo político el rigor y la voluntad de imparcialidad que definen el pensar filosófico. Abordo los conceptos centrales de Lariguet desde una visión crítica tomando como referentes algunos tópicos del campo de la filosofía política. (...) Para tal fin, expongo el contexto de la obra, reviso varias de sus ideas y cierro con algunas reflexiones propias.This critical note discusses the book When the Political Philosophers are Wrong by Guillermo Lariguet, which raises the need to think how an ethically and epistemically responsible political philosophy must bring to the reflection on politics and politics the rigor and willingness to impartiality that define philosophical thinking. I examine Lariguet’s central concepts from a critical perspective taking as references topics from the field of political philosophy. For this purpose, I describe the context of the work, I review some of the ideas contained in it and close by putting forward certain thoughts of my own. (shrink)

The natural instinct for members of the Committee on Publication Ethics, which now number almost 12,200, as well as academia, is to assume that this organization works under strict and clearly defined ethical parameters, with a solid vision, and an independent mandate that is not influenced by power, think tanks, or partisan interests. Naturally, whistle-blowing and science shaming are not practices that one would usually associate with an ethics organization like COPE, because they involve ethically and morally questionable practices. Despite (...) this, ethical borders have become blurred between the objectives of Retraction Watch and PubPeer, two self-moderated science watchdogs that rely heavily on these questionable practices, in their efforts to grow and survive, and the values espoused by COPE. A Retraction Watch post, in which the former COPE Chair, Virginia Barbour, made a claim of apparent harassment, is the most striking example of the dangers when collaboration may take place between science-shaming websites, and an ethics organization, COPE. These bonds appear to have been in development for a number of years already, with the inclusion of Elizabeth Wager, the former COPE Chair, as a director of The Center for Science Integrity Inc., Retraction Watch’s parent organization. Retraction Watch was financed by, among other groups, the Laura and John Arnold Foundation, whose leader, John Arnold, an ex-Enron trader, declared a “war on bad science”, which may naturally include the destruction of aspects of science as well. Retraction Watch embraces several infamous pseudonymous personas under the broad umbrella of freedom of speech, liaising thereby with PubPeer. There is no doubt that errors in the literature need correcting, but this apparent connection with COPE raises questions about the basic ethical foundation of this relationship. Are scientists to embrace this bond between COPE and science watchdogs and pseudonymous whistle-blowers as the new normal in the correction of the scientific literature? This opinion piece puts forward arguments why the author believes that the ethical compass of COPE has become skewed. (shrink)

This study explored perceived benefits and risks of participation in HIV research among 33 female sex workers in Tecún Umán, Guatemala. Stigma associated with sex work and HIV was a critical barrier to research participation. Key benefits of participation included access to HIV/sti prevention and testing, as well as positive and trusting relationships between sex workers and research teams. Control exerted by managers had mixed influences on perceived research risks and benefits. Results underscore the critical need for HIV investigators to (...) develop population-tailored procedures to reduce stigma; engage managers; and reinforce trusting, reciprocal relationships between sex work communities and researchers. (shrink)

After a long and successful career in tracheal surgery and lung cancer, Paolo Macchiarini became very famous in 2008 with the transplantation of a trachea from a cadaver that then apparently used the patient’s own stem cells to supposedly regenerate new trachea, i.e., tissue-engineered tracheae. Among the nine patients that received this revolutionary treatment, using biological or artificial tracheae, under Macchiarini’s supervision, six have reportedly died. Although several critics had expressed concerns with the procedures, allegations of misconduct against Macchiarini first (...) arose in August of 2014 by four Karolinska Institutet (KI) colleagues, and an independent investigation was called for by KI based on claims made in seven published papers. Among the claims were the fact that the procedure constituted a high risk, information on the patients was incomplete and that there was no or incomplete ethical approval, thus constituting misconduct. His CV was also shown to contain inaccuracies. By September 10, 2016, most of these claims have now proved to be true, and Macchiarini was found guilty of misconduct by KI. This paper looks primarily at earlier published papers by Macchiarini and his collaborators in a search for clues to better understand the evolution of altruism, or narcissism. An assessment of the controversial papers, and of letters written by critics and skeptics like Pierre R. Delaere, indicate that insufficient experimental evidence was presented for several case studies, and that claims made about the success of the procedures exceeded what was shown by the evidence. A domino effect of personal and professional tragedies ensued, in rapid succession, between 2014 and 2016. The effect on the field of stem cell research has been chilling, and the side-effects have taken their toll, with several high-profile resignations, primarily at KI, within the Swedish education system and in the Nobel Committee. This case has mesmerized the bioethics and biomedical communities for years. (shrink)

El corpus epistolar de Focio, patriarca de Constantinopla en dos ocasiones (858-867 y 877-886), representa un documento significativo para la historia literaria no solo por su cantidad sino también por sus destinatarios y remitentes, que incluyen personajes importantes de su momento, así como amigos y familiares. A su vez, los contenidos son variados pues oscilan entre temas de corte personal, político, teológico y religioso. Entre las cartas se encuentra la 152, dirigida a su hermano Tarasio, en la que desarrolla la (...) cuestión del sentido que diversos Padres de la Iglesia dieron a la frase “ἐφ᾽ ᾧ” en Romanos 5:12, tanto aquellos que considera incompletos (pues sobreentienden “Adán” o “muerte”), como el más idóneo (“porque”). Sin embargo, debido a que Focio no especifica abiertamente ninguna de sus fuentes, desde la publicación de esta carta (1651) se han hecho intentos por ubicarlas y comentarlas. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en analizar bajo una nueva perspectiva aquellas que han sido ubicadas, así como presentar otra que no ha sido considerada hasta ahora. (shrink)

La narrativa de José Saramago es centro de análisis reciente para todos aquel que incursionen en la literatura contemporánea. A través de La caverna, el escritor expone un sinnúmero de situaciones que deben ser reflexionadas y que en el presente artículo se abordan desde la perspectiva de los estudios culturales. Entre otros, se resalta el uso del lenguaje popular, la dialéctica entre lo rural y lo urbano, y finalmente la exclusión social y el consumismo. Este es, por lo tanto, un (...) estudio de análisis crítico de la obra La caverna de José Saramago, apoyado además en los trabajos interdisciplinarios que otros pensadores han ofrecido al respecto. El aporte desde los estudios culturales y la crítica realizada por Saramago no son ajenos a la preocupación por el ser, pues este se ve acorralado por las dinámicas que la sociedad impone. (shrink)

Editorial de la revista Franciscanum 163, el significado de la gestión de una revista académica y presentación de diez artículos.

Firstly, this paper tackles the way in which – within the Christian context – the body qua body, as the sole locus of existence, only arises when the disparity between the mortal creature and the immortal God is highlighted, that is to say, when man is regarded as a sort of vestigium Dei instead of an imago Dei. Throughout early modernity, only theologians and philosophers who, like Servet or Da Costa, posit the mortality of the soul are capable of presenting (...) the body in all its radicality. Contrarily, the body cannot truly appear in an anthropology which, as in Suarez’s case, sticks to the model of likeness or the imago Dei up to its last consequences. In his juridical-political theory, which operates to a certain extent within the regio dissimilitudinis, an authentic body does appear – namely, the social or political one. However, he returns to the realm of likeness, and so the autonomous view of the body is obscured, when he insists on the need of indirectly submitting the political body’s mortal soul to the immortal soul of the Church’s corpus mysticum. (shrink)

En este artículo describiremos la vitalidad del sistema fonológico del mapudungun hablado por escolares pewenches de la Provincia del Biobío, VIII Región. Específicamente, nos hemos propuesto: a) Determinar los fonos/fonemas, y su fonotaxis, que se relevan como indicadores de vitalidad, b) Identificar las transferencias fonético-fonológicas presentes en la fonología del pewenche hablado por estos escolares y c) Interpretar las transferencias encontradas en términos del grado de vitalidad de la fonología de la lengua. La muestra está conformada por un grupo de (...) 20 escolares bilingües de entre 12 y 15 años de edad, que se encuentran cursando 7° y 8° año básico en escuelas rurales pertenecientes a dos comunidades pewenches del valle del Queuco, en la comuna de Alto Biobío. Para la recolección del material fonológico, se aplicó a los participantes una lista léxica de 65 ítems, material que se complementó con la narración oral en mapudungun de un cuento. Según nuestros datos, hemos podido constatar la existencia de una serie de rasgos fónicos en el mapudungun hablado por los escolares pewenches que obedece a la influencia de las estructuras fonológicas del castellano. Sin embargo, el grado y la difusión de los fenómenos de transferencia se desarrollan de manera heterogénea en ambas comunidades en estudio, debido, entre otros factores, a la intensidad del contacto. In this article we will describe the vitality of the phonological system Mapudungun spoken by Pewenche schoolchildren from the Biobío province, VIII Region. We intend: a) To determine the phones/phonemes, and their phonotactics, which are revealed as vitality markers. b) To identify the phonetic-phonological transferences which are present in the Pewenche spoken by these schoolchildren, and, c) To interpret the transferences found in terms of the degree of the language phonological vitality. The sample is composed of 20 bilingual schoolchildren from 12 to 15 years old, who are in 7th and 8th grade in rural primary schools belonging to two Pehuenche comunities from Valle del Queuco, in the city of Alto Biobío. To collect the phonological material, we applied a 64-item lexical list, which was complemented with the oral narration of a tale in Mapudungun. According to our data, we have been able to verify the existence of a series of phonic features in the Mapudungun spoken by Pewenche schoolchildren, which originate because of the influence of the Spanish phonological structure. However, the degree and spread of the transference phenomena develop in a heterogeneous way in both of the studied communities. due to the contact intensity, among other possible factors. (shrink)

Resumen: En este estudio nos proponemos abordar la cuestión de la esencia de la relación entre sujeto y mundo, entre Ser y subjetividad, en el marco de la “fenomenología asubjetiva” elaborada por el filósofo checo Jan Patočka. Para ello, examinamos algunas de las nociones de “mundo” presentes en diferentes lugares de la fragmentaria obra de Patočka con objeto de confrontarlas con su concepción de la subjetividad como aquello que se retira para permitir la manifestación efectiva de todo lo demás. La (...) conclusión es que el pensamiento de Patočka pertenece plenamente a un tipo de fenomenología “objetivista” opuesta a la perspectiva fenomenológica “inmanentista” o “intersubjetiva” adoptada por pensadores como Henry o Levinas.: The purpose of this study is to broach the question about the essence of the relation between subject and world, between Being and subjectivity, in the context of the “asubjective phenomenology” developed by the Czech philosopher Jan Patočka. To do so, we examine some of the concepts of “world” that can be found in different spots of Patočka´s fragmentary work in order to contrast them with his conception of subjectivity. Subjectivity understood as what withdraws to allow for the effective manifestation of everything else. Our conclusion is that Patočka´s thought entirely belongs to an “objectivist” kind of phenomenology opposed to the “immanentist” or “intersubjective” phenomenological outlook adopted by thinkers such as Henry or Levinas. (shrink)

El problema de la intencionalidad ha sido el foco de discusiones losó cas desde sus inicios hasta el día de hoy y las diferentes explicaciones que se han dado al respecto han dado pie a la construcción de sistemas losó cos de todo tipo. Lo común a estos sistemas ha sido el uso del término intencionalidad, en sentido losó co, separado del de intención, en el sentido vulgar, pese a que ambos son actos voluntarios dirigidos hacia objetos. Dicho uso da (...) lugar a confusiones que evitan la producción de nuevo conocimiento y que, para ser aclaradas, implican un nuevo tratamiento de la intencionalidad, para la cual es útil la losofía del lenguaje y de la mente de John Searle. Mediante la lectura crítica de algunos de sus textos más representativos al respecto y de algunos autores que han hecho un análisis de ellos, este artículo comienza clari cando el concepto de intencionalidad, entendiéndolo como una característica, tanto de la conciencia, como de la voluntad. Luego, expone a grandes rasgos la teoría de la intencionalidad en John Searle, pasando de los actos de habla a los estados mentales. Por último, describe los rasgos constitutivos del lenguaje humano y lo compara con el lenguaje computacional. Se concluye que la intencionalidad es una característica hasta ahora exclusiva de los seres humanos y que está en directa relación con el lenguaje y el seguimiento de reglas. (shrink)

Huberto Marraud es un filósofo formado en la lógica formal clásica que publicó sus tres primeros libros a finales del siglo pasado: Sistemas deductivos tipo Gentzen (con P. Navarro, 1988), Teoría de modelos elemental (1990) e Introducción a la teoría de los sistemas deductivos (1998). A partir de 2007, experimentó un cierto giro que le condujo a la lógica informal, con la publicación de Methodus Argumentandi; una introducción a dicha disciplina que trata, entre otros,de sus temas tradicionales: esquemas argumentativos y (...) falacias.¿Es lógic@? es una continuación de dicha obra. En ella el autor profundiza en la lógica informal como herramienta de análisis y evaluación de argumentos, elaborando un manual sucinto e imprescindible de teoría de la argumentación. (shrink)

BackgroundParole officers are one of many actors in the legal system charged with interpreting and enforcing the law. Officers not only assure that parolees under their supervision comply with the terms of their release, but also monitor and control parolees’ criminal behavior. They conduct their jobs through their understanding of their official mandate and make considered and deliberate choices while executing that mandate. However, their experiences as legal actors may impact their implicit cognitions about parolees. This experiment is the first (...) of its kind to examine implicit associations between the self and parolees among actors of the legal system.ObjectiveThe present study examines the implicit cognitive consequences of the quality of the parole officer-parolee relationship from the perspective of the parole officer; specifically, whether parole officers who are reminded of positive experiences with parolees implicitly associate more with the group parolees than those reminded of a negative experience. In addition, we explore the moderating effects of parole officers’ subjective professional orientation and identification.MethodEighty-four New Jersey parole officers participated in the study. First, an experimental manipulation of either a past positive or negative experience was administered via a writing task. Participants then completed an Implicit Association Test to measure associations between the self-concept of parole officers with parolees who are part of the group criminal, followed by measures of professional orientation and identification.ResultsParticipants who were reminded of a positive experience with a parolee exhibited stronger associations between self and the group parolee when compared to those who were reminded of a negative experience. Neither professional orientation nor parole officer group identification were related to implicit associations and did not moderate the effect of the past experience reminder on implicit associations.Conclusion and ImplicationsImplicit cognitions of parole officers may influence their behaviors and interactions with those whom they supervise. Positive reminders affect implicit self-associations with parolees presumably via empathy, which is known to affect the quality of therapeutic and supervision relationships; thus, theoretically, leading to improved outcomes for both officers and parolees. (shrink)

Este texto corresponde a una versión ligeramente extendida de la presentación leída en el lanzamiento del libro _La Universidad (im)posible_, publicado por Ediciones Macul, realizada el 10 de mayo de 2019 en el Salón Juan Gómez Millas de la UMCE. El volumen reúne la mayoría de los trabajos presentados en el Coloquio Internacional “La Universidad posible”, realizado en Santiago de Chile, entre el 18 y el 21 de abril de 2016, incluyendo contribuciones de quienes se hicieron parte de la convocatoria, (...) pero no pudieron estar presentes. Ampliando las resonancias de la fórmula nietzscheana que da nombre a la segunda de sus consideraciones intempestivas, en las que el golpe de martillo recae sobre la utilidad y el perjuicio de la historia para la vida, intentamos esbozar una clave de lectura que permita recorrer los diversos envites de este libro desde la atención al malestar que se aloja hoy en la universidad, anudado a su devenir corporativo y a la gramática de una existencia sofocada por el lenguaje_ _del neoliberalismo. Viendo resquebrajarse la idea que la universidad tenía de sí misma, su transformación exige a quienes la habitamos volver a tensar los hilos que la anudan con la vida y con la muerte, para no conceder simplemente a las prácticas que, por los poderes y lógicas que la asedian y conforman, esta institución actualmente alberga. Si la vida queda excluida de la universidad, como vislumbra Walter Benjamin en su ensayo temprano sobre _La vida de los estudiantes, _la tarea recae en activar las facultades de la contienda para inventarse una nueva, _otra _universidad posible, una en la que el pensamiento, la imaginación y el deseo puedan volver a rastrillar lo que queda de porvenir en la memoria de ese nombre. _Palabras Clave: _Universidad – Vida – Neoliberalismo – Crítica. (shrink)

Die Sittenlehre von 1812 wurde vom Standpunkt des Absoluten geschrieben. Dieses wird als der Ideal- und Real-Grund von allem, sowohl von der Welt als vom Ich und seiner Freiheit gedacht, mit Vorliebe für den Realismus. Der Weg dazu ist die Abstraktion, der Begriff des Übrigbleibenden und der ontologische Beweis; alle drei werden hier diskutiert. Außer dem absoluten Sein ist wahrhaftig nur das Wissen da, als seine Äußerlichkeit und bloße Erscheinung, und es soll sich als solche verstehen, also seine vermeinte eigene (...) Realität vernichten. So geschieht es auch mit dem Ich, seiner Urerscheinung: es ist zum Wissen und Erkenntnis des wahren Seins, also zur Vernichtung seines scheinbar eigenen Selbsts vor dem Begriff und vor der Gemeinde bestimmt. Hier herrscht eine objektivsubjektive Parmenideische Logik, die am Ende fast eine Dinglogik ist. (shrink)

Partiendo del escrito de Schiller Sobre la educación estética del hombre en una serie de cartas (1795) se expone su pensamiento sobre la belleza que, influenciado por Kant y Fichte y proyectándose hacia el romanticismo, es presentada como una necesidad transcendental para la configuración y educación del hombre completo y libre, un proceso que culminaría en el Estado estético.

In this article we identify three previously unnoticed problems with flexible moral theories, i.e., theories according to which different moral rules apply when there is full compliance and when there is partial compliance. The first problem is that flexible theories are necessarily very complex, which undermines their ability to motivate and guide action. The second problem is that flexible theories allow for a troubling kind of (moral) domination: the duties an agent has depend on other agents' willingness to comply. Finally, (...) flexible theories introduce indeterminacy: it is sometimes impossible to determine which moral rules apply. When agents stand at the threshold—i.e., when a different rule would apply if a single additional act of noncompliance took place—it is impossible to determine which rule should apply. (shrink)