Cet article présente les diverses manières de constituer un corpus en analyse du discours, et plus particulièrement dans le domaine de l’analyse du discours du côté de l’histoire. Il adopte une perspective historique, en prenant comme point de départ la configuration initiale des années 1970. Cependant, il s’agit aussi d’accorder une importance particulière à la formation de « corpus réflexifs », tant du côté de la lexicométrie que de l’archive et du matériau d’enquête. La notion de réflexivité du discours apparaît (...) alors au centre de toute interrogation sur la constitution des nouveaux corpus. (shrink)

Dans la préface de cet ouvrage, Mona Ozouf associe les femmes et les hommes à la Révolution française au titre d’un espace d’interdépendance entre le politique et le civil, le public et le privé où la famille, et la femme en tant que membre de cette unité, touchent au plus près à « l’universalité ». Ce qui revient à entrer dans une explication socio-historique de la mise à l’écart des femmes et nous renvoie à une pensée politique de l’unité « (...) universelle » d’intérêts entre l’homme et la femme... (shrink)

La mort de Marat, le 13 juillet 1793, est un événement régulièrement revisité par les journalistes, les érudits locaux et secondairement les historiens « universitaires ». L’originalité de la démarche de Guillaume Mazeau est de prendre parti, dès l’introduction, pour «une histoire universitaire engagée » à propos de l’assassinat commis par Charlotte Corday contre Marat. Il s’agit alors, entre histoire, historiographie et mémoire, d’entrer dans « une fabrique du passé » où se dévoilent des pr...

Isaiah Berlin, English Liberalism and a Third Concept of Liberty. The concept of Jacobinism, while lacking any strong anchorage in the historiography of the French Revolution, nonetheless represents the central category in the Marxist analysis of the revolutionary phenomenon in general. The aim of the present article is to examine the concept of Jacobinism in its relation to a series of other categories : the individual, the universal, and sovereignty, categories prominent in recent historical debates. Our aim is therefore to (...) propose a typology of the concept, by way of a provisional three-way division of political liberalism : the constituent liberalism of moderate Jacobinism, the egalitariam liberalism of centrist Jacobinism, the civic liberalism of radical Jacobinism. Going beyond the historical existence of the Jacobins as a group, the aim of our analysis is to give the largest possible extensive definition to the concept of Jacobinism, in order to evaluate its organic dimension within the political tradition which has its source in the French revolution. (shrink)

Ideology and its unsaid: the invention of the word and the invention of the notion As a neologism, the invention of “ideology” is justifiably attributed to the French Idéologues,and to Destutt de Tracy in particular. However by defining the scope of the term as “the science of man”, de Tracy broke with the political metaphysics which was in the process of being formulated in the 1770s and 80s, and which came to dominate the legislative debates between 1789 and 1794. The (...) present article examines the reasons for the marginalisation of de Tracy’s notion at this time. The emphasis is placed on the strategic dimension of the attested usage of the pseudo-concept of ideology in the context of the Directoire, itself a period which was strongly marked ideologically. This approach to the history of concepts enables us to reappraise the question of the invention of ideology and its reception by the young Marx. (shrink)

Cet ouvrage s’inscrit dans la dynamique de recherche ouverte par un précédent, Le Genre face aux mutations. Masculin/féminin du Moyen Âge à nos jours, publié en 2003 chez le même éditeur, à l’initiative de l’équipe de recherche « Genre, violence, crises » (crhisco/Université Rennes 2). La notion d’événement s’avère ici propice à un élargissement spatio-temporel d’un tel champ d’études sur le genre, en termes de trans-période (de l’Antiquité à mai 1968) et de comparaison (Europe/Afrique/Amériq...

Dans la lignée de la thèse pionnière (1988) de Dominique Godineau sur les Citoyennes tricoteuses : les femmes du peuple à Paris pendant la Révolution française (Perrin, 2004), Pauline Moszkowski-Ouargli nous propose, à partir de son mémoire (M2) qui a obtenu le prix 2013 de l’Association Mnémosyne, de déplacer notre regard des citoyennes parisiennes vers les citoyennes provinciales. L’originalité de son étude consiste à interroger conjointement, sources à l’appui, le processus d’inclusion/exc...

The aim of this article is to analyze, by way of a linguistic connection between Marx, Gramsci and Wittgenstein, the possibility of a grammar of “class struggle” that is immanent to the action of the French Revolution. The French Revolutionary historiography has never been able to provide a grammatical explanation of the “real linguistic transactions” (Wittgenstein) between agents. Our discursive study thus focuses first on the various linguistic forms of individual identities, as certified in the grammar of the first person, (...) the “I”, within the field of “political engagements”. Then, from the catchwords of the revolutionary movement in 1793, the author seeks to explore collective identity, through a grammar of negation and coordination as translated into the dialectical propositions of class struggle. (shrink)

Michel Vovelle, a historian whose work has received international acclaim, here addresses the crucial question of his original position within the field of social history, in terms of the perspective of a total history within which the random can give meaning to the historical event. As a historian of mentalités, Michel Vovelle goes on to point out how, along with Robert Mandrou, his work has made a contribution to the reformulation of the cultural history and history of representations which currently (...) define the agenda of French historiography. To conclude, he shows how, both in the topics of research which he chose and in his intellectual engagements, his practice as a historian, without in any sense departing from the search for historical objectivity, was animated by his prior heuristic sympathy for a mode of Marxist explanation. (shrink)

Après son étude exemplaire sur le discours de gauche et de droite pendant l’entre-deux-guerres dans le champ de la lexicométrie appliquée à un très grand corpus, Damon Mayaffre élargit notre horizon méthodologique, en matière de lexicologie quantitative, par une approche logométrique du discours d’un homme politique, Jacques Chirac, qu’il met en perspective au sein du discours présidentiel entre 1958 et 2003. La logométrie s’entend ici comme un ensemble de traitements documentaires et statist...

Dans ces deux derniers ouvrages, Geneviève Fraisse continue à s'interroger sur l'énigme de La différence des sexes (PUF, 1996), mais présentement de manière plus approfondie en regard de l'histoire de la démocratie française. Aujourd'hui, précise-t-elle dans Les deux gouvernements, « l'important est le repérage de l'espace large de la démocratie, des lieux où le sexe est marqué, des lieux où il paraît en relief » (p. 167). Une fois mis en évidence un parcours historique qui commence pa...

Crises and social revolts in the historiography of contemporary France Refusing to apprehend the category as a simple empirical fact, the article examine the notion of crisis against the perspective offered by the series of French Revolutions : . This enables the authors to question these « moments of crisis » in relation to the historiographical contribution of successive generations of historians. In opposition to a liberal vision where social revolts are devoid of any political project, such an approach on (...) the part of the historian places the focus on a people, a proletariat, a group which, above all, reveals itself to be a political subject. To be effective, and to avoid stifling the comprehension of a revolutionary phenomenon, the concept of conjunctural crisis is thus combined with the invocation of a longer temporality and with a comprehension of the organic movements of society. The focus placed on the moment of crisis enables the authors to propose a different way of apprehending revolution, to grasp its rootedness in time that is both profound and immediate, organic and circumstantial. (shrink)

En tant que concept social, principe politique et objet de savoir, la société est une création socio-historique, esquissée au XVIIe siècle et couronnée au XVIIIe siècle par l'esprit des Lumières. L'idée s'impose qu'elle est l'instrument collectif de l'épanouissement de la liberté individuelle.

The Dominican theologian Durand of Saint-Pourçain (ca. 1275–1334), breaking from the wide consensus, made a two-pronged attack on concurrentism (i.e., the theory according to which God does more than conserving creatures in existence and co-causes all their actions). On the one hand, he shows that the concurrentist position leads to the unacceptable consequence that God is the direct cause of man’s evil actions. On the other hand, he attacks the metaphysical foundations of concurrentism, first in the version offered by Thomas (...) Aquinas and Giles of Rome, and then in a more general way. Against Thomas and Giles, he challenges Neoplatonic assumptions about causality and being. More generally, he establishes that God’s action and a creature’s action can be neither identical nor different, and thus cannot both be direct causes of the same effect. Without claiming that Durand’s series of objections are definitely unanswerable, we may at least observe that they have generally been underestimated (which earned him the lowly role of the mere foil of the concurrentist view in the history of philosophy) and are able to do considerable damage to concurrentism. (shrink)

In this article, we provide a philosophical and ethical reflection about quiet quitting as a tool of political resistance for nurses. Quiet quitting is a trend that gained traction on TikTok in July 2022 and emerged as a method of resistance among employees facing increasing demands from their workplaces at the detriment of their personal lives. It is characterised by employees refraining from exceeding the basic requirements outlined in their job descriptions. To understand why quiet quitting can be a tool (...) of resistance useful for nurses, we first draw on Frédéric Gros' concept of ‘surplus obedience’ and Michael Lipsky's notion of ‘routines and simplification strategies’ to highlight the ethical implications associated with nurses engaging in and sustaining harmful systems, such as the neoliberal healthcare system. Leaning again on Gros, we then propose that ‘obedience a minima’, a concept akin to quiet quitting, can serve as a method of ethical nursing resistance. After describing what the concept entails, we provide a discussion emphasising the potential of obedience a minima as a one method, among many, that can be leveraged by nurses to challenge and resist a system that prioritises financial considerations over patient wellbeing. The article concludes by reflecting on the ethical nature of resistance in the context of nursing, that is the act of obeying oneself and refraining from participating in systems that are detrimental to the lives of Others. (shrink)

It is time to challenge the issue of pleasure associated with the core of medical practice. Its importance is made clear through its opposite: unhappiness—something which affects doctors in a rather worrying way. The paper aims to provide a discussion on pleasure on reliable grounds. Plato’s conception of techne is a convenient model that offers insights into the unique practice of medicine, which embraces in a single purposive action several heterogeneous dimensions. In Aristotle’s Ethics, pleasure appears to play a central (...) role for action’s assessment and intensification. Pleasure is also tightly associated with the Kantian faculty of reflective judgment, which operates at the heart of clinical reasoning. Indeed, practicing medicine means to deal with the particular and the manifold, requiring clinical judgment, but also relying on embodied habitus . With Bourdieu’s notion of habitus , pleasure is the mark of a happy practice, which presupposes a deep involvement in one’s field. Throughout our inquiry, the question of pleasure comes to offer a critical reappraisal of real medical practice and leads to consider ethics more as a component of techne than as a separate realm of concern. (shrink)

L’apologétique a pris un nouveau visage aujourd’hui. Jadis, au temps des Pères, elle vivait en tension entre le désir d’être communicable et en même temps pointe acérée de la nouveauté chrétienne. Cette tension se met ensuite au service de l’approfondissement et de la réassurance, ce qu’il convient de nommer conversion, c’est-à-dire une religion plus fervente. Une deuxième tension de l’apologétique la situe entre la fermeté de la révélation et l’humilité de son témoin. La troisième tension s’exerce entre continuité et rupture (...) de la foi avec la mondanité. Plus tard, la dénonciation pascalienne de l’indifférence des hommes à rechercher la vérité affronte l’incroyance et elle a connu une riche postérité. Issue d’une conception dramatique de l’existence, elle l’ouvre à l’espérance chrétienne. La parole du salut a toujours à dégager l’espace dans lequel elle pourra retentir. (shrink)

In this article, I analyse the role of the concepts of ‘practice,’ ‘relations,’ and ‘process’ in Rein Vihalemm’s philosophy of science and the way he defined and articulated these concepts to study the production of scientific knowledge. Then, following Vihalemm’s line of reasoning, I will show how this approach is promising for thinking in a new way about some developments in contemporary sciences and technology.

The purpose of the article is to show how the questions of anomality and animality belong together in phenomenology. The figure of the human animal serves as the guideline of the study, namely the figure of a person who is not considered as similar to myself in the frame of a Husserlian characterization of normality. Husserl’s thinking is analyzed with respect to the problem of an intersubjective co-constitution of a common world. It is shown that Husserl only accepts animality and (...) anomality within the restrictive perspective of a so-called normal humanity, that of the adult man, healthy, reasonable and European. However, he constantly strives to include the anomality and animality into humanity as well, an intention that distinguishes him from Heidegger. Heidegger radicalized the question with respect to race, which serves him as a guideline for thinking the very own of the human being. Defending a thinking of exclusion, Heidegger refuses to animals as well as to anomals all right of citizenship in the community of human beings. The article ends by proposing to overcome this duality between an inclusive thinking and an exclusive thinking. (shrink)

The End of the Avant-Gardes : May 68 and the Situationists What emerges first and foremost from Debord’s writings in 1968 is that the situationists’ initial reaction to the May “events” was to interpret them as the first example of a spontaneous general strike in the context of what he called “overdeveloped capitalism”. Debord’s position on this question is linked to his questioning of the status of the avant-gardes. At the time, Debord and those close to him sought both to (...) conceptualise and to enact the end of the avant-gardes. And this included the Internationale Situationniste in its status as political, philosophical and artistic avant-garde. e article subsequently sets out to show that if the situationists did have any leverage on the events of May, it was insofar as they practised a maverick Marxism centred on the concept of alienation. is enabled them to conceptualise both the exploitation of the wage-earner and the condition of the consumer. Because they represent a comprehensive critique of capitalism and because, furthermore, they refuse to compromise on the revolutionary and worker dimension of the May-June 1968 moment, Debord’s writings of the period enable us to grasp what, in the strict sense, remains beyond any opportunistic recuperation in these events. (shrink)

Deleuze, même s’il n’en fait presque jamais mention, connaît très bien la pensée de Nicolas de Cues, qu’il a abordée sans doute par la médiation de Maurice de Gandillac, son directeur de thèse. Le thème où l’influence du Cusain se marque le plus clairement est celui de l’Idiot. L’idiot pour Deleuze est l’homme qui philosophe avec les seules ressources de la raison naturelle, sans révélation ni recours à des traditions livresques. Or, dans la conception que Deleuze se fait de la (...) pensée, l’événement vient sortir l’esprit humain de sa torpeur native et l’invite à faire face à de l’inédit, vis-à-vis duquel la pensée est, au départ, démunie. En ce sens, penser véritablement, « c’est faire l’idiot ». L’article examine aussi quelques thématiques connexes : la philosophie comme production de concepts, la nature du concept constitué de notes caractéristiques, le statut du monde et celui des images dans ses études sur le cinéma. Dans ces différents champs, l’influence de Nicolas de Cues sur Deleuze est indéniable. (shrink)

Cet article revient sur le rapport complexe qu’ont entretenu Marx puis les marxistes à la nation et à l’internationalisme. Après un bref examen des positions de Marx, celles de plusieurs théoriciens et responsables politiques, notamment Otto Bauer, Rosa Luxemburg, Staline, et Gramsci, sont exposées. C’est enfin aux évolutions les plus récentes, notamment à travers la question de l’Union européenne et les débats qu’elle suscite, que s’attache principalement la dernière partie de l’article. La thèse centrale est de montrer que la nation (...) n’a jamais été clairement définie ni fait l’objet d’un consensus dans les traditions marxistes et socialistes. Il remarque notamment l’évolution des trente dernières années : après une période de relativisation du fait national, plusieurs courants politiques ont cherché à se réapproprier la nation, sans proposer pour autant une voie qui fasse consensus. (shrink)

Parménide n'est-il que le penseur de l'Etre? La présence des multiples déesses n'est-elle que figure poétique de style? Le récit sur le cosmos ne fait-il que décrire la voie de l'illusion, à éviter absolument? En cherchant réponse à ces questions, cet ouvrage met en lumière le rôle incontournable que jouent plusieurs déesses dans la révélation et la compréhension du Vrai. Et, chemin faisant, sont éclairés les liens étroits qui relient ces divinités, l'Etre et le monde du devenir. Ainsi, c'est à (...) partir de l'ontologie fondatrice et d'une théologie inédite que le penseur de l'Etre esquisse une conception non moins originale du cosmos. (shrink)