The concept of polarity is pervasive in natural language. It relates syntax, semantics and pragmatics narrowly, Semantics: an international handbook of natural language meaning, De Gruyter Mouton, Berlin, 2011; Israel in The grammar of polarity: pragmatics, sensitivity, and the logic of scales, Cambridge studies in linguistics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014), it refers to items of many syntactic categories such as nouns, verbs and adverbs. Neutral polarity items appear in affirmative and negative sentences, negative polarity items cannot appear in affirmative (...) sentences, and positive polarity items cannot appear in negative sentences. A way of reasoning in Natural Language is through Natural Logic. This logic is based on the concept of polarity in order to make the meaning of a sentence weaker o stronger without changing its truth value. There exist many proposals to compute polarity in the Natural Logic context, the most widely known are the ones by: van Benthem, Sánchez-Valencia, Dowty, and van Eijck, 6th international Tbilisi symposium on logic, language, and computation, Batumi, Georgia, Springer, 2007). If Natural Logic is going to be used, as an inferential mechanism between text fragments, in Natural Language Processing applications such as text summarization, question answering, and information extraction, it is a priority to know what the existing relationship among the aforementioned algorithms is; for example, to implement the most general. We show in this paper the equivalence among the analyzed algorithms, filling a gap in Natural Logic research, particularly in computing polarity, and the soundness of their algorithms. (shrink)

Background: COVID-19 has taken many lives worldwide and due to this, millions of persons are in grief. When the grief process lasts longer than 6 months, the person is in risk of developing Complicated Grief Disorder. The CGD is related to serious health consequences. To reduce the probability of developing CGD a preventive intervention could be applied. In developing countries like Mexico, the psychological services are scarce, self-applied interventions could provide support to solve this problem and reduce the health impact (...) even after the pandemic has already finished.Aims: To design and implement a self-applied intervention composed of 12 modules focused on the decrease of the risk of developing CGD, and increasing the life quality, and as a secondary objective to reduce the symptomatology of anxiety, depression, and increase of sleep quality. The Intervention Duelo COVID follows the principles of User Experience and is designed according to the needs and desires of a sample of the objective participants, to increase the adherence to the self-applied intervention, considered one of the main weaknesses of online interventions.Methods: A Randomized Controlled Trial will be conducted from the 22nd of December of 2020 to the first of June 2021. The participants will be assigned to an intervention with elements of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Mindfulness and Positive Psychology. The control group will be a wait-list condition, that will receive the intervention 1.5–2 months after the pre-measurement were taken. The Power Size Calculation conducted through G*Power indicated the need for a total of 42 participants, which will be divided by 21 participants in each group. The platform will be delivered through responsive design assuring with this that the intervention will adapt to the screen size of cellphones, tablets, and computers.Ethics and Dissemination: The study counts with the approval of the Research Ethics Committee of the Autonomous University of Ciudad Juárez, México, and it is registered in Clinical Trials. The article is sent and registered in clinical trials before the recruitment started. The results will be reported in future conferences, scientific publications, and media. (shrink)

Este artículo analiza Aventuras sigilosas (1945), poemario de José Lezama Lima, a través del concepto de deseo como principio estructural y dinámico en el proceso de transformación al que es sometido el sujeto protagónico; en dicho tránsito, la compleja red de imágenes en sucesión, con distintos valores simbólicos en los poemas, tiene una función central. Para estudiar este fenómeno, se retoman tres composiciones: “Llamado del deseoso”, “El fuego por la aldea” y “El guardián inicia el combate circular”, pues constituyen puntos (...) nodales en el itinerario de transformaciones que articula este poemario. Tras el análisis textual, se señala la naturaleza heterogénea e integral del deseo no sólo como principio propio de la esfera sexual, sino como una voluntad dinámica de cambio, vinculada con imágenes naturales y míticas como el fuego. Palabras clave: deseo, imagen, transformación, fuego, poesía. (shrink)

The Post-genomic Era includes features both from a methodological and epistemic point of view and from an ontological perspective. Firstly, it incorporates new methods of high-throughput sequencing of DNA and RNA, and the development of complete genomes that allow a precise reference of the molecular results obtained. In addition, from an ontological perspective, the centre of gravity of the molecular processes is placed on the expression of genes, and the way in which such expression is regulated; these features turn the (...) attention towards the study of Gene Regulatory Networks, and in particular to the role of RNA. This new molecular-biological perspective based on new methodologies and approaches is affecting the existing Molecular Genetics Theory including the definition of gen and Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. An important philosophical challenges posed by this new situation is the question whether there is a sophistication of the present theory or a New Theory of Molecular Genetics and whether there is an incommensurability between this theory and the accepted theory. In this work we evaluate these changes in the light of Kuhn’s theory of scientific revolution in order to propose an alternative between a moderate and a strong view. According to the moderate one, the Post-genomic changes do not properly involve a paradigm shift or, if they do, they constitute a minor revolution. The strong view considers that, the anomalies disclosed in the Molecular Genetics Theory at conceptual and methodological level and the Post-genomic changes they lead to suppose a scientific paradigm shift. (shrink)

The US poultry industry based on flexible accumulation has been advanced as the model of agro-industrial development for agrifood globalization. Similarly, Mexico has been presented as a noteworthy example of the negative effects of neoliberal restructuring associated with the globalization project. In this paper we use both of these assertions as points of departure to guide an investigation of the case of the restructuring of the Mexican poultry industry. Informed by a commodity systems analysis, archival data and key informant interviews (...) are used to generate an overview of the history of the poultry industry in Mexico. A sociology of agrifood theoretical framework informed by regimes theory is employed to analyze the events of the case. We conclude that neoregulation related to the IMF and NAFTA restructuring in Mexico facilitated the diffusion of the US model of poultry production. (shrink)

La literatura especializada ha solido reproducir la distinción scheleriana entre “actos” y “funciones” sin aventurar, por lo general, una justificación teórica satisfactoria de la misma; la cual tampoco es ofrecida con claridad por el fenomenólogo muniqués. En este artículo propongo una interpretación de dichos conceptos que ayude a clarificarlos y que haga comprensible su diferenciación. Se comprobará que la distinción entre acto y función es de importancia decisiva para la antropología filosófica y, en particular, para el contraste entre el “mundo” (...) (Welt) de la persona humana y el “entorno” (Umwelt) del animal. Como contribución al tratamiento de tales cuestiones, plenamente vigentes un siglo después de la muerte de Scheler, me permito introducir el concepto adicional de “mera función”. (shrink)

En este trabajo respondo a las críticas dirigidas en Ser y tiempo contra la fenomenología scheleriana del valor, que se amparan en la omisión de la correspondiente teoría fenomenológica de los tipos de unidad cósica. Tras mostrar que los reproches de Heidegger no alcanzan el punto de vista defendido por Scheler, evidencio que este no solo anticipa en más de una década, dentro de la propia fenomenología, la tesis de la primacía de la vida práctica sostenida en Ser y tiempo, (...) sino que, de hecho, únicamente la tematización scheleriana del valor la hace viable. Por último, argumento que la comprensión heideggeriana de la «mundanidad» (Weltlichkeit) del mundo, realizada también al margen de la categoría de «cosa», la aproxima descriptivamente al «entorno» (Umwelt) de Scheler —y no tanto al «mundo» (Welt)—, lo cual refuerza la acusación de vitalismo que este dirigió contra Heidegger en su escrito póstumo El problema emocional de la realidad. (shrink)

Among the wide variety of experiences linked to academic work, there are some intense affective experiences that are more directly related to the conceptual development that the learners will achieve because they are intrinsically linked to the activity displayed during the acquisition of knowledge, such is the case of curiosity, confusion and surprise. These epistemic emotions that occur during learning activities are aimed at the conceptual content of the individual's beliefs. The objective of this work is to theoretically explore the (...) idea that the conceptual development that occurs in educational contexts depends on the development of an affective tendency with an intersubjective base that serves as a background to the advent of epistemic emotions in social learning situations. The confidence with which a learning situation is faced is a general tendency (an epistemic attitude) fruit of the individual's trajectory that functions as a background for the activities in which knowledge is acquired. An adequate understanding of the relationships between epistemic emotions, confidence and knowledge can generate ideas that promote the consolidation of this attitude as a facet of learning in school. As pedagogical implications of this conceptual model, some common epistemic emotional patterns are presented in asymmetrical relationships between teachers and children. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the Spanish mobile phone industry to determine how mobile phone companies and certain institutions can improve protection for children who use mobile phones. We carried out a multivariate statistical analysis using anonymous primary data from mobile phone companies, and institutions and associations that protect children, to compare these stakeholders’ opinions and to put forward solutions. We proved that, even though some European countries have made an effort to provide safer ICT services, all (...) stakeholders still need to cooperate and agree on solutions to the commercial problems associated with children using mobile phones. This can be done by signing codes of conduct. We found that even though some companies implement measures to protect children from accessing harmful content via their mobile phones, they do so for reasons of legal and not social responsibility. (shrink)

RESUMEN: El derecho constituye una de las formas de inteligencia más necesarias y potentes, de la que depende el futuro de la humanidad. Es preciso conectar el pensamiento jurídico con el debate contemporáneo sobre la inteligencia. Se propone un enfoque integrador que abarca tanto la inteligencia artificial como la inteligencia institucional y la inteligencia emocional. Necesitamos juristas inteligentes, con nuevas formas de pensamiento, preparados para manejar un derecho que responde cada vez más a una dinámica de red. Conceptos clave de (...) la racionalidad jurídica aparecen como componentes de la inteligencia. Las sociedades inteligentes dependen de sistemas inteligentes y las instituciones se presentan como objetos inteligentes. El derecho está modulando nuestro mundo mental y nuestra sensibilidad ABSTRACT: Law is one of the most necessary and powerful types of intelligence. The future of humanity depends on it. We should connect legal thinking with the actual discussion on intelligence. This article presents an integrative approach that embraces both artificial, institutional and emotional intelligence. We need smart jurists, provided with new forms of thinking and trained to manage a law working increasingly as a net. Key concepts of legal rationality are components of intelligence. Smart societies depend on smart systems. Institutions appear as smart entities. Law modulates our mental world and our sensibility. (shrink)

La inteligencia artificial transforma el derecho. No es solo un modo de facilitar la actividad jurídica. Tiene implicaciones epistemológicas y sociales. El derecho se reduce a datos y a cálculos. Prospera un jurista maquinal. Se empobrece la racionalidad jurídica. Se olvida que la clave del derecho no es el procesamiento de datos sino la creación de sentido.

Resumen: Se efectúa una aproximación a los derechos humanos desde la perspectiva de la inteligencia en sus distintas facetas, especialmente desde la inteligencia artificial pero también desde la inteligencia institucional y la emocional. Aparecen como derechos inteligentes, que desarrollan la inteligencia de los individuos y hacen a las sociedades más inteligentes. Se presenta su dimensión cognitiva y su capacidada para cuestionar programas. Son instancias críticas que preservan la dignidad de los seres humanos en su compleja interacción con las máquinas inteligentes (...) y estimulan un pensamiento no mecánico. Absrtact: This article aims to give an approach to the human rights from the point of view of intelligence in their different types, especially from artificial intelligence, but also from institutional and emotional intelligence. They appear as smart rights that develop the intelligence of the individuals and make societies more intelligent. Their cognitive dimension is shown, as well as their capacity to question programs. They are critical instances that preserve the human dignity in their complex interaction with intelligent machines and stimulate a not-mechanical thinking. (shrink)

El antes y un después del comienzo de la guerra de Ucrania muestra los cambios en la opinión de los ciudadanos ante la seguridad y la defensa. No es igual en todos los países de la UE. Habrá que ver si la percepción del riesgo y la forma de hacerle frente se mantiene conforme se alarga la guerra y las consecuencias colaterales. En los gobiernos de la UE existe una cacofonía estratégica semejante a la de los ciudadanos cuando aceptan de (...) manera desigual los costes para garantizar la seguridad colectiva. Una percepción y respuesta desigual como desigual es la realidad de la UE. Las _europas _de la UE dificultan que se realice de manera cómoda los esfuerzos creadores equiparables a los peligros que la amenazan. Esfuerzos tanto en el poder blando, como en el duro. Los líderes estratégicos en la UE al margen de la retórica deben reconocer las amenazas, tomar decisiones políticas y llevar a cabo el esfuerzo continuado para reducirlas. Los ciudadanos del común aportan en número suficiente y por ahora el apoyo en ese sentido. Que en la UE no se desaproveche tanto esfuerzo del pueblo de Ucrania. (shrink)

​This paper examines the life and work of the Novohispanic philosopher Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, who used a great deal of irony to respond to what, we argue, were gender-based microaggressions in 17th century New Spain. The case of Sor Juana is particularly interesting not only because it suggests that microaggressions are not the product of our time, as has been suggested in the literature, but also because it reveals some of the advantages as well as limitations of (...) using irony when one is subject to microaggression. The case of Sor Juana also provides insights regarding the difficulties of using irony to address microaggressions that take place in the classroom. (shrink)

It is argued that the rule-circular justification of induction proposed by David Papineau is illegitimate, that is, that it is not a genuine justification.

It is argued that epistemological naturalism is the result of a holistic thesis plus a high valuation of empirical science. Epistemological naturalism criticizes the sceptic for entertaining unjustified global doubts and naturalism tries to avoid scepticism by taking for granted as non-problema..

La Biotecnología es una tecnología estratégica basada en el conocimiento científico. La obtención y análisis de indicadores, mediante consulta a bases de datos, permite conocer los recursos científicos, los resultados de la investigación y de actividad tecnológica del sector Publico de I+D. La transferencia de estos conocimientos y de tecnología a las empresas se lleva a cabo a través de: a) La investigación cooperativa del sector público de I+D con la empresa, mediante proyectos de investigación, servicios y consultorías y las (...) cesiones a las empresas de personal investigador. b) La gestión de la propiedad intelectual en el sistema público de I+D. c) La creación de nuevas empresas de base tecnológica por las universidades y CPIs. Traducir el conocimiento científico en innovaciones con éxito comercial requiere: Establecer una buena relación entre la investigación académica y la industria, incluir el papel de la ciencia en la estrategia de negocios de las empresas y utilizar las alianzas estratégicas como transferencia de tecnología entre empresas. (shrink)

Resumen: En la fórmula Campo + [Capital + Habitus] = Prácticas sociales, se condensan las aportaciones de un autor como Pierre Bourdieu a nivel teórico, y de ahí es posible desprender el método de abordaje para la investigación social al recuperar lo objetivo y lo subjetivo de las prácticas sociales. A partir de los conceptos así formulados, se proponen dos lecciones que se desprenden del trabajo intelectual del sociólogo bearnés: lecciones teóricas y algunas lecciones metodológicas derivadas de las primeras, con (...) el fin de contribuir a una sistematización explícita de su modus operandi para la investigación social, toda vez que el autor nunca lo hizo para evitar que sus aportaciones quedasen atrapadas con la rigidez de los esquemas escolásticos. En este sentido, el autor es tanto objeto como instrumento de la reflexión propuesta que mira a la noción de capital como la metodológicamente más importante para la práctica de la investigación social.: In the formula Field + [Capital + Habitus] = Social practices, the contributions of an author such as Pierre Bourdieu are condensed on a theoretical level, and from there it is possible to detach the approached method for social research by recovering the objective and subjective aspects of social practices based on the concepts thus formulated, two lessons are proposed that are derived from the intellectual work of the béarnese sociologist: theoretical lessons and some methodological lessons derived from the former, in order to contribute to an explicit systematization of their modus operandi for social research, since the author never did it to avoid that his contributions were trapped with the rigidity of the scholastic schemes. In this sense, the author is both an object and an instrument of the proposed reflection that looks at the notion of capital as the most important methodologically for the practice of social research. (shrink)

Resumen: Pierre Bourdieu es uno de esos autores que siempre es posible “redescubrir” dependiendo de los intereses científicos que el lector tenga, y eso por la maestría con la que practicó la ciencia de forma crítica. Para él la epistemología, más que una metaciencia discursiva, es una práctica para todo sociólogo que ejerce el oficio de la investigación científica, y su mismo legado científico lo evidencia. De ahí que su “sociología reflexiva” no sea sino una epistemología práctica que permite a (...) la vez la más variada construcción de objetos científicos con el apoyo de un capital teórico amasado a través de toda su trayectoria intelectual en la fórmula [ ] + campo = práctica cuyos conceptos abordados de forma abierta lo permiten. Así como se pueden aprender lecciones teóricas y metodológicas, este artículo presenta dos lecciones directas de la obra del sociólogo francés, una epistemológica y otra sobre la construcción del objeto de estudio, y una indirecta en las conclusiones sobre las ventajas de estar ante una propuesta abierta e inacabada como la de Pierre Bourdieu para la investigación científica.: Pierre Bourdieu is one of those authors that it is always possible to “rediscover” depending on the scientific interests that the reader has, and that because of the mastery with which he practiced science critically. For him, epistemology, more than a discursive meta-science, is a practice for every sociologist who exerts the office of scientific research, and his very scientific legacy evidences it. Hence, his “reflexive sociology” is nothing more than a practical epistemology that allows at the same time the most varied construction of scientific objects with the support of a theoretical capital amassed throughout his intellectual career in the formula [ ] + field = practice whose openly addressed concepts allow it. Just as it can be learned theoretical and methodological lessons, this article presents two direct lessons from the work of the French sociologist, one epistemological and another about the construction of the object of study, and an indirect one in the conclusions about the advantages of being faced with an open and unfinished proposal like Pierre Bourdieu's for scientific research. (shrink)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo esclarecer la relación entre juicio y deseo en el pensamiento de Gilles Deleuze y destacar la importancia de Spinoza para la resolución de este problema. La concepción negativa del deseo es la base de la cultura y el pensamiento de Occidente; sin embargo, Spinoza nos propone una concepción afirmativa e inmanente. Estos elementos son fundamentales para esclarecer el sentido teórico y práctico de la propuesta de Gilles Deleuze en su obra, donde una concepción afirmativa del (...) deseo le permite proponer la existencia de dos imágenes del pensamiento: una imagen moral, la cual crítica; y, una imagen ética, que restituye, a partir de la teoría de los afectos y la naturaleza de Spinoza, el valor afirmativo del cuerpo y los afectos. Deleuze y Spinoza, así, nos proponen una imagen del pensamiento que sostiene el valor de lo afirmativo sobre lo negativo, es decir, que relieva la producción de lo diferente y lo múltiple sobre la jerarquía de lo idéntico o lo hegemónico. (shrink)

In this article, the dominant legitimating discursive strategies around the ever-increasing labour demands and ever-declining standards of safety and well-being at work in Spain are analysed through the lens of Boltanski and Thévenot’s (2006) view of the transformation of capitalism. A qualitative methodology based on semi-structured interviews is used. Results show that the justificatory arguments most commonly put forward by managers and experts are the logic of supply and demand, and values related to flexibility, resilience and adaptability to change. In (...) contrast, the stability and protection established in the twentieth century are widely cherished values, particularly among union representatives and some human resources specialists. We found that discourse practices map two specific legitimating categories (market values and a projects orientation), and one critical category (Civic World), but the critical category has no practical impact, as the predominant feeling is resignation. Our research describes the common attitudes to legitimacy in the job market and points to a deep discontent in some of its key agents. (shrink)

The article explains the relationship between formal education and cog- nitive development in chapter 6 of Vygostky’s Thought and Language, “The development of scientific concepts in childhood; the design of a working hypothesis”. Subsequently, it frames the proposal of Vygotsky in Annette Karmiloff-Smith’s theory of cognitive development. The thesis is that formal education is fundamental in the child’s mental develop- ment because it enables the child to become aware of spontaneous thin- king, that is, to recognize spontaneous thinking as a (...) particular instance of a more general and abstract thought, namely, the scientific thought. Fina- lly, I set up objections to this thesis and suggest that Vygotsky’s position is not incompatible with current research on conceptual development, but complements it. (shrink)