This paper takes a unique approach to framing the political obligation social media companies like Twitter and Facebook have in a democratic society by casting the public sphere as a common-pool resource. Over the last decade or so much of our civic discourse has moved to social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter. This paper argues that just as citizens have an obligation to one another, social media companies have an obligation to promote agonistic forms of civic, political discourse (...) through their algorithms. This algorithmic obligation that social media companies have must be reconciled with social media companies’ formulation of their fiduciary shareholder obligations. We posit that a commons based view of social media discourse allows these companies to make both a democratic health and fiduciary interest argument. (shrink)

In the recent literature on confirmation there are two leading approaches to the provision of a probabilistic measure of the degree to which a hypothesis is confirmed by evidence. The first is to construe the degree to which evidence E confirms hypothesis H as a function that is directly proportional to p and inversely proportional to p . I shall refer to this as the probability approach. The second approach construes the notion as a function that is directly proportional to (...) the true-positive rate – the probability of the evidence if the hypothesis is true, p – and inversely proportional to the false-positive rate – the probability of the evidence if the hypothesis is false, p . These reverse conditional probabilities – of the evidence on the truth or falsehood of the hypothesis – are sometimes known as likelihoods. I shall refer to the approach to confirmation that uses them as the likelihood approach.For each of these approaches, there are two obvious options as to how to define the confirmation function. The first is to define it as the difference between the magnitude that is treated as increasing confirmation or p ) and the magnitude that is treated as decreasing confirmation or p ). The second is to define confirmation as the quotient of these two magnitudes.This yields four different measures of confirmation, represented in the following table: Differences RatiosProbabilities PD = p – p1 PR = Graphic2Likelihoods LD = p – p3 LR = Graphic4All these measures agree on whether or not E provides some support for H. Intuitively, we want to say that E provides some support for H just in case learning that E is true would make us assign a higher probability to H, i.e. when p(H …. (shrink)

The Spanish conquests of the Americas were not yet completed when famous Humanists already began to appear in the first generation of native-born Spanish-speaking Americans. A mestizo born in 1539 and who liked to call himself “the Indian whose mouth is full” thus published in 1590, in Madrid, the first-fruits of the Humanism of the New World. The son of an Indian woman, he succeeded in very unusual circumstances in writing a superb Castilian version of a classic work of Renaissance (...) Neoplatonism. Its title reads: The Indian's translation of the three Dialogues of Love by Leone Ebreo, from Italian into Spanish, by Garcilaso Inca de la Vega, a native of the great city of Cuzco, capital of the Kingdoms and provinces of Peru. (shrink)

En este artículo se recupera la noción de prosodia musical vinculada con el portugués brasileño y algunas manifestaciones músico-literarias, como fuente de irradiación hacia géneros musicales y textualidades, y en especial centrada en fragmentos narrativos del escritor brasileño Chico Buarque. Al mismo tiempo, se recorren aspectos semióticos que interesan en el análisis comparatista de la interferencia música/literatura.

Some time ago, Ian Kennedy asked whether consent wasthe great bulwark of “patient's rights”? Is it a necessary nuisance granted as a concession to modish thinking? Is it simply a figment of some lawyer's imagination which practitioners know is meaningless in practice? Is it just part of the rhetoric of “patient power”, sent to try doctors' patience and challenge their authority?

O objetivo deste estudo é o de esclarecer um dos termos axiais da reflexão de Nietzsche sobre a história, aquele do sentido histórico (historische Sinn) que aparece em sua obra desde os seus primeiros escritos até os últimos, não como uma definição do que ele seja, mas como uma designação relativa que o filósofo usa em suas análises de determinada cultura, época, ideia, situação e acontecimento, estando a serviço da sua noção de uma história criativa. Contudo, neste estudo, nós nos (...) teremos apenas na análise do uso que Nietzsche faz do termo na primeira fase do seu processo de desenvolvimento intelectual. (shrink)

The objective of this assay is to make one analyzes on the Philosophy of History covering an including period of its historical development. However, the focus of our study is not to present a general and exhausting panorama of the Philosophy of History, without before pointing out a problem that it crosses, not even to develop innumerable existing teses concerning its problematic, therefore tasks of this transport would mostly extend for all chains or of them, what he would be superfluous. (...) Our intention is more modest, in we will content them in presenting in general lines as the sprouting of the theories of history in century XIX did not eliminate for complete the Metaphysical bases that based the classic philosophies of history, for the opposite, if they had nourished of them and to leave of them they had raised its epistemologies foundations and made possible in the following century, the renaissance of the Philosophies of History with diverse variations. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo situar o escrito de Nietzsche Also Spracht Zaratustra (ASZ) no contexto de sua obra e conferir-lhe o estatuto de obra principal.

ABSTRACT This article explores the relationship between rhetoric and violence by running this pairing through a corresponding couplet: rhetoric and race. Arguing for a common substrate between these two pairs of terms—coloniality—this article proposes that rhetorics of “nonviolence” are better understood as rhetorics of anti-violence.

This paper deals with the question of the conflict of constitutional rights with regard to basic rights. Two extreme accounts are outlined: the subsumptive approach and the particularistic approach, that embody two main conceptions of practical rationality. Between the two approaches there is room for a range of options, two of which are examined: the proportionalist approach, which conserves the scope of rights restricting their stringency, and the specificationist approach, which preserves the stringency of rights restricting their scope. I will (...) present arguments in defence of the latter. (shrink)

La obra de Jean Améry es uno de los intentos más notables de reflexión filosófica crítica y sistemática realizada por un superviviente del Holocausto. Jean Améry ejemplifica a través de su propia persona y de su escritura un _ethos_ inflexible de humanismo radical, frente a un mundo transformado por el totalitarismo en ámbito de extrañamiento. En este artículo queremos acercarnos a su pensamiento desde la perspectiva de la original teorización del resentimiento que en él se desarrolla. Una reflexión sobre la (...) condición humana y sobre la exigencia de justicia y reparación entendida como ontología negativa de la condición humana y como una moralidad que teoriza el futuro como una suerte de imposibilidad. (shrink)

El presente estudio se propone, a lo largo de dos entregas consecutivas, evaluar cuál sea el estatuto a un tiempo hierofánico y cosmológico, ontológico y antropológico, que la noción de Belleza reviste en la mística especulativa del andalusí MuhyÌ al-DÌn Ibn ÿArabÌ (1165-1240), conocido asimismo como "el más grande de los maestros" en materia de espiritualidad islámica. Y ello en confrontación con las teorías al uso de la estética y la filosofía islámicas, a través del esclarecimiento de un vocabulario denso (...) en sugerencias poliédricas, y de la presentación de la doctrina relativa a la facultad creadora de una imaginación de la que se indagará, en fin, su valor noético y sagrado. (shrink)

A hemi-implicative lattice is an algebra \((A,\wedge,\vee,\rightarrow,1)\) of type (2, 2, 2, 0) such that \((A,\wedge,\vee,1)\) is a lattice with top and for every \(a,b\in A\), \(a\rightarrow a = 1\) and \(a\wedge (a\rightarrow b) \le b\). A new variety of hemi-implicative lattices, here named sub-Hilbert lattices, containing both the variety generated by the \(\{\wedge,\vee,\rightarrow,1\}\) -reducts of subresiduated lattices and that of Hilbert lattices as proper subvarieties is defined. It is shown that any sub-Hilbert lattice is determined (up to isomorphism) by (...) a triple (_L_, _D_, _S_) which satisfies the following conditions: _L_ is a bounded distributive lattice, _D_ is a sublattice of _L_ containing 0, 1 such that for each \(a, b \in L\) there is an element \(c \in D\) with the property that for all \(d \in D\), \(a \wedge d \le b\) if and only if \(d \le c\) (we write \(a \rightarrow _D b\) for the element _c_), and _S_ is a non void subset of _L_ such that _S_ is closed under \(\rightarrow _D\) and _S_, with its inherited order, is itself a lattice. Finally, the congruences of sub-Hilbert lattices are studied. (shrink)

La reciente muerte de Pierre Legendre (1930-2023), tras una vida dedicada al estudio de la estructura jurídica de Occidente, permite una evaluación de su importante obra ya concluida. Este ensayo solo quiere identificar el núcleo de su teoría de Occidente en una específica esquizofrenia entre la mentalidad jurídica romana, de estructura patriarcal, y su cruce con la religión cristiana, de aspiración mundial y potencialmente anómica. El resultado ofrece ese especial desequilibrio permanente de Europa, su pulsión expansiva, su incapacidad para mirar (...) su propia contradicción interna. En este sentido, se considera la obra de Legendre como fundamental desde el punto de vista de una genealogía de la razón imperial europea. (shrink)

La tesis central del artículo está inspirada en Lessing, y gira en torno a la última relación que hay entre los conceptos de comedia, comunicación y democracia. Su espíritu opuesto lo representan los conceptos de tragedia, heroísmo solitario y aristocratismo, inspiradores hasta el presente de la política de Occidente. La fuerza de la comedia consiste en la desacralización del poder, gracias a su estrategia de salvación de lo presente, de autolimitación, y de reconocimiento recíproco. El motivo del artículo es una (...) referencia de Nietzsche a Platón y Maquiavelo. (shrink)

Trata-se de pensar o riso (enquanto expressão da hilaritas) como uma possível maneira de operar a emendatio espinosana, no sentido de dispor o corpo e a mente, por um treino e instrução propiciados a partir de uma articulação de afetos alegres, ao fortalecimento e manutenção crescentes de sua potência de agir. No entanto, por que escolhemos o riso, aparentemente uma manifestação mais física da hilaridade, como o ponto privilegiado de análise? Tal escolha se justifica através da interpretação fornecida por Henri (...) Bergson em seus ensaios sobre o cômico. Enquanto censura satírica e ato de correção, o riso observado pelo filósofo francês contemporâneo visa restaurar a espontaneidade dos sujeitos alijados da duração e da intuição do mundo. Recuperar essa criatividade intuitiva de princípio – que se correlaciona com o conceito espinosano de felicidade, escopo do Tratado da Emenda do Intelecto, mas que se cumpre efetivamente na Ética – é o objetivo de nosso estudo. (shrink)

Dummett’s Manifestation Argument against realism attempts to show that a realist conception of meaning cannot explain the understanding of truth-conditions transcendent to evidence. In this work the general structure of the argument is discussed along with several objections to it. This examination finds that the anti-realist is committed to a deflationary conception of the normative character of meaning that is unpalatable. This essay contends that the argument in its present form cannot have the metaphysical consequences it claims (at least not (...) without begging the question). (shrink)

o amor e 0 6dio, dois sentimentos fundamentais do ser humano, estao ligados as fases evolutivas do desenvolvimento sexual infantil, as quais, por sua vez, sao sobredeterminadas pelas relacees intersubjetivas que a crianc;:a experimenta. Tentando precisar 0 significado do amor como 0 sentimento de unidade entre dois seres diferentes, no qual 0 amado assume uma importancia vital para 0 amante, somos levados a definir 0 6dio como 0 sentimento de oposicao entre diferentes seres que estao afetivamente ligados, onde 0 ser (...) odiado representa aquilo que deve ser eliminado, expulso, destruido. Se 0 amor liga-se a fase oral, ao 6dio compulsivo parace ligar-se em determinadas pessoas a uma certa consfituicao da fase anal, onde 0 comportamento transgressor surge como uma forma<;ao de compromisso entre a repeticao de uma viol!ncia sofrida e a tentativa de libertar-se dela. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: amor, 6dio, libido. (shrink)

The paper focuses on Reinhardt Grossmann's analysis of the Argument from Physics, as well as the analysis by the Spanish philosopher Antonio Millán-Puelles, in an attempt to assess the validity of the Argument on the basis of their respective critical views. Both authors agree in perceptual realism and in the need to distinguish between the scope and object of Physics and the ordinary objects of natural perception. Their criticisms mainly concern the innappropiate use of the principle of reduction in the (...) Argument and the distinction between secondary and primary qualities, which is, according to Grossmann, one of the sources of idealism and phenomenalism. (shrink)

O artigo inicia com o enfoque do absolutismo hobbesiano à luz da doutrina tradicional do direito natural. A seguir expõe a complexa relaçáo de Hobbes com a democracia e a noçáo hobbesiana de representaçáo política. Depois de reconstruir algumas das objeções básicas de Hobbes ao pensamento político clássico, o texto procura mostrar que o filósofo inglês opera, em relaçáo a Aristóteles, com um conceito relativamente inalterado de natureza. Objetivo maior do trabalho é configurar o Estado como produto genuíno do desempenho (...) intelectual do teórico político inglês. (shrink)

Ninian Smart, 1927-2001, English philosopher.

En esta nota discutimos una forma generaldel Teorema de Deducción (TD) para sistemas modales de primer orden, la cual permite derivar varias otras formulaciones del mismoque aparecen en la literatura, así como su relación con la Fórmula de Barcan.

En este artículo se dan condiciones necesarias y suficientes para una forma generalizada del metateorema de deducción y se lo aplica a varios sistemas lógicos usándolo como un criterio para determinar la existencia de una implicación interna a tales sistemas.