The discussion of whether people understand themselves and others by using theories of behaviour (theory theory) or by simulating mental states (simulation theory) lacks conclusive empirical evidence. Nichols et al. (1996) have proposed the Langer effect (Langer, 1975) as a critical test. From people's inability accurately to predict the difference in the subjective value of lottery tickets in choice and no‐choice conditions, they argued that people do not simulate behaviour in such situations. In a series of four experiments, we consistently (...) failed to replicate the original difference between choice and no‐choice under the conditions used by Nichols et al. We conclude that the replicability of the effect depends on an unknown combination of factors. As long as the target effect is not better understood and under better experimental control, it is difficult to use it as a yardstick against which the accuracy of simulation can be assessed. (shrink)

Die Anthroposophie Rudolf Steiners (1861-1925) ist eine der wichtigsten esoterischen Traditionen der Gegenwart. Ihre Bedeutung verdankt sie nicht nur Steiners stark philosophisch geprägter Weltanschauung aus dem Geist des Okkultismus, sondern vor allem den Praxisfeldern: Waldorfschulen, anthroposophischen Krankenhäusern, der biodynamischen Landwirtschaft und den weniger bekannten Dimensionen (Banken, Hochschulen, Stiftungen)... Die wissenschaftliche Forschung ist jedoch bislang schwach. Zwar liegen einige grundlegende Publikationen vor, an Detailforschung fehlt es jedoch überall. Der vorliegende Band enthält exemplarische Forschungen zu Waldorfpädagogik, Landwirtschaft, Steiners Philosophie, Kunst (Hilma af (...) Klint), Entwicklungen nach 1945 sowie Länderstudien (Bulgarien, Rumänien). Der Forschungsstand wird darüber hinaus durch bibliographische Informationen zu wichtigen Praxisfeldern sowie einen einleitenden Überblick über aktuelle Debatten dokumentiert. Damit wird Einstieg in die Anthroposophieforschung sowohl für akademische Forscher/-innen als auch für Interessenten der Praxisfelder erleichtert. Somit ermöglicht dieser Band auch eine Orientierung angesichts des Dschungels der weltanschaulich geprägten Literatur. (shrink)

Hermeneutics can loosely be defined as the theory or philosophy of the interpretation of menaing. It is a central topic in the philosophy of the social sciences, the philosophy of art and language and in literary criticism. This book, first published in 1980, gives a detailed overview and analysis of the main strands of contemporary hermeneutical thought. It includes a number of readings in order to give the reader a first-hand acquaintance with the subjects and the debates within it.

Gilles Deleuze and belief in the world -- A struggle against oneself: cinema as technology of the self -- The evidence of film and the presence of the world: Jean-Luc Nancy's cineastic ontology -- Cinema as human art: rescuing aura in gesture -- Exhibiting or presenting?: politics, aesthetics and mysticism in Benjamin's and Deleuze's concepts of cinema -- Made and yet true: on the aesthetics of presence of the heroic -- An art of gesture: returning narrative and movement to images (...) -- It is if we could trust: fiction and aesthetics of the political -- All you need is love: Cavell and the comedy of remarriage of film and philosophy. (shrink)

The book represents a historical overview of the way the topic of gesture and sign language has been treated in the 18th century French philosophy. The texts treated are grouped into several categories based on the view they present of deafness and gesture. While some of those texts obviously view deafness and sign language in negative terms, i.e. as deficiency, others present deafness essentially as difference, i.e. as a set of competences that might provide some insights into how spoken language (...) works. One of the arguments of the book is that these two views of deafness and sign language still represent two dominant paradigms present in the current debates on the issue. The aim of the book, therefore, is not only to provide a historical overview but to trace what might be called a "history of the present". (shrink)

This work looks at the phenomenon of cosmopolitanism: the fears that it triggers, the contradictions inherent within in, the threats that befall it, the hopes that it nourishes, and the challenges that a cosmopolitan society brings with it. In this essay, Girschovich addresses over two millennia of cosmopolitan ideas. Looking at numerous ancient and modern sources--from literature, philosophy, music, and religion to contemporary popular culture--he investigates the origin of the term "cosmopolitan" along with different concepts of the cosmopolitan: from the (...) Cynic Diogenes to the cocktail. At the same time, he shows us the philosophical path to a cosmopolitan future. (shrink)

Ethics and legal design currently seem to be involved in a “vortex of temporality” (Jürgen Habermas), which, according to the understanding of many, integrates them into a modern way of life. Examples are the protection of life (Embryo Protection Act and abortion, reinterpretation of Article 1 of the Basic Law in the Maunz/Dürig commentary by Herdegen), the promotion of plural family forms and sexual relationship worlds (“marriage for all“, life stage partnership), assisted dying (judgment of the Federal Constitutional Court on (...) assisted suicide). Apparently, it is always about the dismantling of traditional taboos and the establishment of legal regulations that are intended to correspond to a new ethical consciousness and plural ideological worlds. The discussion in ethics theory and legal theory in this situation has agreed on a model of the gravitational fields of liberal self-execution, in which cultural development in ethics and law should find its moral support and at the same time its legal ethical dynamics. According to this understanding, a basic consensus is maintained in the execution of liberal debates (also on moral and legal questions). It is articulated in human rights principles, which themselves must be discussed again in open conversation in their meaning, but which at the same time bring themselves to the fore as irrefutable exactly in this social process. Theological ethics maintains a certain distance from this interpretation. The understanding of freedom must then be structured for the lifestyle of society in such a way that the one-sidedness of individualism and abstract overemphasis, even exaggeration, is avoided. The aim is to integrate social integration, reference to natural framework conditions and realistic border awareness in ethics and law. Moral theology can be based in this on the further development of social science. (shrink)

The histories of skateboarding and philosophy are not entirely dissimilar. Skateboarding got its start in the middle of the 20th century and quickly garnered a reputation as an activity that both attracted and encouraged a sort of lawless rebellion. In a similar vein, not long after its inception, philosophy was most commonly known for its out-of-the-box questioning of authority. However, both skating and philosophy eventually crept into the mainstream of society and have since earned their place as permanent fixtures in (...) the culture. With all they have in common, it's only appropriate that the two should intersect in this book. -/- This collection of 19 essays (written by philosophers who are also skaters and skating enthusiasts) covers a wide variety of topics important to skating such as its culture, politics, history, art, and status as a sport. If you're a skater (or someone who simply appreciates skating), and you're interested in thinking a bit more carefully--a bit more deeply--about skateboarding, this book was put together to help you do just that. (shrink)

Cortical reverberations may induce synaptic changes that underlie developmental plasticity as well as long-term memory. They may be especially important for the consolidation of synaptic changes. Reverberations in cortical networks should have particular significance during development, when large numbers of new representations are formed. This includes the formation of representations across different sensory modalities.

Der Ausdruck Phänomenologie ist heute höchst vieldeutig geworden. Husserl hat seit 1905 eine immer stärkere Wendung zum Idealismus kantischer Prägung hin vollzogen, durch die er den Boden der Phänomenologie, wie er sie begründet hatte, verlassen hat. Eine ähnliche Abweichung von der ursprünglichen Idee der Phänomenologie findet sich bei vielen anderen "Phänomenologen." Die "realistische Phänomenologie", deren Vorläufer von Platon an und Klassiker von Husserl bis Schwarz in dieser ersten umfangreichen deutschsprachigen Anthologie zu Wort kommen, ist kein System, sondern eine Anwendung der (...) philosophischen Urmethoden, wie sie alle großen Philosophen tatsächlich anwandten, wenn sie ihre entscheidenden Entdeckungen machten. Mögen auch von Philosophen generell andere Methoden bewußt zugrunde gelegt werden, in dem Moment, in dem diese Einsichten gewonnen werden, liegt tatsächlich zu allen Zeiten jener letzte, fruchtbare Kontakt mit "den Sachen selbst" vor, der den Sinn der phänomenologischen Methode ausmacht, wie sie von den Meistern der realistischen Phänomenologie nur bewußter und systematischer angewandt wird als von vielen früheren Denkern. Nichts wäre darum irriger als in der phänomenologischen Betrachtungsweise eine Reduktion der Welt auf bloße "Phänomene" zu erblicken oder gar eine bloße Deskription der "Erscheinung" der Dinge. Zwischen phänomenologischer Betrachtungsweise und metaphysischer Wesensanalyse besteht kein Unterschied oder gar Gegensatz. (shrink)

The famous and popular Thomistic philosopher addresses the topic of hope from the perspective of human history and asks the questions: "Is man's hope such that it can find any fulfillment in the field of human history?" And: "Is man's human history such that it can give us any grounds not to despair?" Pieper looks at the movement of history, the idea of progress, man's hope for a better future, and he counters the temptation to despair with a Christian philosophy (...) of hope based on faith in divine providence and the compatibility of faith and reason. (shrink)