We describe a corpus of speech taking place between 30 Korean mother–child pairs, divided in three groups of Prelexical (M= 0;08), Early-Lexical (M= 1;02), and Advanced-Lexical (M= 2;03). In addition to the child-directed speech (CDS), this corpus includes two different formalities of adult-directed speech (ADS), i.e., family-directed ADS (ADS_Fam) and experimenter-directed ADS (ADS_Exp). Our analysis of the MLU in CDS, family-, and experimenter-directed ADS found significant differences between CDS and ADS_Fam, and between ADS_Fam and ADS_Exp, but not between CDS and (...) ADS_Exp. Our finding suggests that researchers should pay more attention to controlling the level of formality in CDS and ADS when comparing the two registers for their speech characteristics. The corpus was transcribed in the CHAT format of the CHILDES system, so users can easily extract data related to verbal behavior in the mother–child interaction using the CLAN program of CHILDES. (shrink)

The development of commercial revenue streams allows traditional nonprofit organizations to increase financial certainty in response to the reduction of traditional funding sources and increased competition. In order to capture commercial revenue-generating opportunities, traditional nonprofit organizations need to deliberately transform themselves into social enterprises. Through the theoretical lens of institutional entrepreneurship, we explore the institutional work that supports this transformation by analyzing field interviews with 64 institutional entrepreneurs from UK-based social enterprises. We find that the route to incorporate commercial processes (...) and convert traditional nonprofit organizations into social enterprises requires six distinct kinds of institutional work at three different domains; these are—“engaging commercial revenue strategies”, “creating a professionalized organizational form”, and “legitimating a socio-commercial business model”. In elaborating on social entrepreneurship research and practice, we offer a comprehensive framework delineating the key practices contributing to the transformation from traditional nonprofit organizations to social enterprises. This extends our understanding of the ex-ante strategy of incorporating commercial processes within social organizations. Furthermore, the identification of these practices also offers an important tool for scholars in this field to examine the connection of each practice with different ethical concerns of social entrepreneurship in greater depth. (shrink)

近世を代表する思想家・伊藤仁斎。諸稿本に残る書き入れや訂正を基に、「庶民の道徳」を追究した仁斎の思想構造を浮き彫りにする。.

This thesis is a collection of three self-contained papers on related themes in the area of formal and social epistemology. The first paper explores the possibility of measuring the coherence of a set with multiplicative averaging. It has been pointed out that all the existing probabilistic measures of coherence are flawed for taking the relevance between a set of propositions as the primary factor which determines the coherence of the set. What I show in this paper is that a group (...) of measures, namely the confirmation-based ones, can be saved from this problem if we adopt a nonlinear averaging function to measure the coherence of a set. The second paper discusses how people should conciliate in disagreements. Some epistemologists take linear averaging as the only way of conciliating and claim that conciliating leads to fallacious results. In the paper, I show that the problem is not conciliating, but taking linear averaging as the only way to conciliate. Since there is no reason for us to insist on conciliating with linear averaging, we can adopt nonlinear averaging functions for conciliating and thereby avoid the formal deficiencies. The third paper focuses on the pragmatic results of taking conciliating as a general strategy in disagreements. There is a potential dilemma about conciliating: if everyone always conciliates, it is likely for an epistemic bubble to arise. If everyone refuses to conciliate, an epistemic echo chamber may appear. A possible way of solving the dilemma is to develop a diachronic strategy which tells people how to both conciliate and update their estimate of their interlocutors’ reliability. Although the three papers differ in the subject, they jointly offer some unifying reflections on the way we approach philosophical problems with formal tools. From 5 the first two papers, we see that a formal analysis of a philosophical position is incomplete if philosophers fail to consider a sufficiently wide range of formal tools. The third paper, on the contrary, shows that we should change the ordinary way of modelling a notion if required. This thesis concludes by proposing a pluralistic view of formal methods in formal epistemology. (shrink)

A VERSION OF CARTESIAN METHOD RODERICK H. CHISHQLM Introduction In one of his many profound discussions of the method of philosophy, Korner makes the ...

Tomographic approach to describing both the states in classical statistical mechanics and the states in quantum mechanics using the fair probability distributions is reviewed. The entropy associated with the probability distribution (tomographic entropy) for classical and quantum systems is studied. The experimental possibility to check the inequalities like the position–momentum uncertainty relations and entropic uncertainty relations are considered.

English summary: Although the idea of a Euro-Asian Axis Age can be traced back to the pioneer of Iranian studies, Anquetil Duperron, ancient Iran usually plays only a minor role in the 20th century Axis Age theory founded by Karl Jaspers, which revolves around the recording and explanation of rationality. In this investigation of the history of Ancient Iranian rationality, Gotz Konig first points out which theory-immanent moments in Jasper's basic text The Origin and Goal of History (1949) may have (...) favored this omission. Examplary analyses show how minimal changes in the ritual, a change in the configuration of intellectual capacity, or the replacement of a metaphysical concept of order by a legal one open up paths that are oriented towards certain central axial categories. A concluding study of the dialectic of the Axis Age shows how the Achaemenid period (6th-4th century BC) can be regarded in various respects as the true Axis Age of Iran, but ultimately misses and reverses its own rational measures. German description: Obgleich sich der Gedanke einer euro-asiatischen Achsenzeit bis auf den Pionier der Iranistik Anquetil Duperron zuruckfuhren lasst, so spielt der antike Iran in der von Karl Jaspers begrundeten Achsenzeittheorie des 20. Jahrhunderts, die um die Erfassung und Erklarung von 'Rationalitat' kreist, in der Regel nur eine Nebenrolle. Gotz Konig stellt in seinen Untersuchungen zur altiranischen Rationalitatsgeschichte zunachst heraus, welche theorieimmanenten Momente in Jaspers Basistext Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte (1949) dieses Vergessen begunstigt haben konnen. In Beispielanalysen wird gezeigt, wie durch minimale Veranderungen des Rituals, durch einen Wandel in der Konstellation geistiger Vermogen oder durch die Ersetzung eines metaphysischen durch einen rechtlichen Ordnungsbegriff Wege (im antiken Ost- wie sodann West-Iran) eroffnet werden, die sich auf bestimmte axiale Zentralkategorien hin ausrichten. Eine abschliessende Studie zur Dialektik der Achsenzeit zeigt, wie die Periode der Achameniden (6.-4. Jahrhundert v.Chr.) zwar in verschiedener Hinsicht als die eigentliche Achsenzeit Irans betrachtet werden kann, letztlich aber die eigenen, von ihr aufgestellten rationalen Massstabe verfehlt und verkehrt. (shrink)

A new field of gene expression regulation research is emerging that has previously been overlooked. This new area is concerned with distinguishing the expression of a single gene from the averaged expression of many gene copies within the cell population. This paper reviews research focused on individual genes in inducible gene expression systems. The main experimental strategy is to measure the gene expression level of a single cell containing a single reporter gene molecule. In contrast to the commonly held belief, (...) gene induction is found to be stochastic under certain conditions. The possible mechanisms and implications are discussed. (shrink)

This lucid and comprehensive essay by a distinguished philosopher surveys the views of Plato, Aristotle, Leibniz, and Kant on the nature of mathematics. It examines the propositions and theories of the schools these philosophers inspired, and it concludes by discussing the relationship between mathematical theories, empirical data, and philosophical presuppositions. 1968 edition.

Edmund Königs Studie über Wilhelm Wundts Philosophie und Psychologie bietet einen sehr detaillierten Einblick in das Leben und Werk eines der einflussreichsten Psychologen und Philosophen der Moderne. Er untersucht Wundts Ansätze und Theorien zu den BereichenWahrnehmung, Bewusstsein, Emotionen, Sprache sowie politische und ethische Konzepte. Dieses Buch ist ein wichtiger Beitrag zur Psychologiegeschichte und ein faszinierender Einblick in das Leben und Wirken von W. Wundt. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge (...) base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

A theory of approximation to measurable sets and measurable functions based on the concepts of recursion theory and discrete complexity theory is developed. The approximation method uses a model of oracle Turing machines, and so the computational complexity may be defined in a natural way. This complexity measure may be viewed as a formulation of the average-case complexity of real functions—in contrast to the more restrictive worst-case complexity. The relationship between these two complexity measures is further studied and compared with (...) the notion of the distribution-free probabilistic computation. The computational complexity of the Lebesgue integral of polynomial-time approximable functions is studied and related to the question “FP = ♯P?”. (shrink)

This is a translation of a work increasingly recognized as one of the most important & innovative contributions to the history of philosophy in recent times. Kohnke's account of the impact of the amorphous movement known as neo-Kantianism combines statistical analysis of the actual courses taught at German universities with broader speculation on the political & social tastes of the thinkers discussed. A major contribution to the intellectual history of the nineteenth century, Kohnke's book has profound implications for the way (...) in which the history of philosophy is pursued. Lewis White Beck, the dean of American scholars in this field, has provided a foreword to R. J. Hollingdale's lucid translation, & the whole is likely to have an impact well beyond specialists in nineteenth-century German thought. (shrink)

Every Christian who carefully reads the message of St. Apostle Paul, can not do it pay attention to the number of times he uses, so to speak, military terminology. Suffice it to read the sixth chapter of the epistle to the Ephesians - the words, which is also St. Mr. Patriarch Joseph finished his Testament: "Fix in the Lord and in the power of his power. Put on a full armor of God so that you can resist the tricks devilish (...) For we have to fight not against the body and blood, but against the beginning, against the authorities, against the rulers of this world of darkness, against the spirits of malice Therefore, take a full weapon God so that you can resist and... stand firmly. Stand, then, girth Your hips are right, putting on the armor of justice, and putting your legs ready preaching the gospel of peace. (shrink)

世界的な貧困や格差を前に、私たちはどんな正義を構想できるのだろうか。民主主義的な実践に根ざした新しい政治理論がここに誕生。 グローバルな正義を机上の空論で終わらせないために近年主張されているのが、「実践によって媒介された関係」に基づく正義論、つまり実践依存アプローチだ。サンジョヴァンニやウォルツァーなどによるこの理論をさら にアップデートすべく、NGOや社会運動といった主体を取り入れ、「集合的主体による実践依存アプローチ」の正義論を構想する。.

揺らぐ「生老病死」―現代とはどんな時代か。等身体の生命観と人類の未来図をどう描くか。さまざまなバックグラウンドをもつ論客たちが縦断無尽に語る白熱の講義録。.

Marquant les derniers mots d'un penseur qui n'a jamais cessé de se confronter aux questions du monde, du temps, du jeu, de la technique, En quête de l'impensé se veut le témoignage de qui, au seuil de la mort, s'attache à scruter le secret des secrets, porté par le souci de ce qui meut l'homme contemporain à une époque régie par la rationalité technique. Il y va ici de la question de l'impensé qui submerge et interpelle l'homme, de cette énigme (...) du temps qui demande à être scrutée par ce fragment pensant du monde, taraudé par l'angoisse, pris dans l'histoire mondiale et jeté dans l'aventure technico-scientifique. Il y va de la quête de cet impensé qui suppose un éveil et une audace, mais également le pâtir et l'agir de ces "penseurs poétiques qui ont laissé derrière eux la plate recherche du bonheur". C'est cette angoisse fondamentale que la pensée d'Axelos nous propose ici d'assumer, nous montrant qu'il est possible de frayer, en en faisant l'épreuve de manière radicale, le chemin d'une sérénité vibrante, renouvelée. (shrink)

Excerpt from Das Realitatsproblem Diese Sammlung geht hervor aus Vortragen, die in der Kantgesellschaft gehalten werden. An dieser Vortragsveranstaltung werden sich die Fuhrer der verschiedenen Standpunkte der zeitgenossischen Philosophie beteiligen, und es findet keine andere Themenbeschrankung statt als die durch den wissenschaftlichen Charakter des ganzen Unternehmens gegebene. So wird die Sammlung nicht in einseitiger Weise eine bestimmte Richtung vertreten, sie wird vielmehr im Laufe ihrer Entwicklung ein abgerundetes und umfassendes Bild der ge samten gegenwartigen Philosophie in allen ihren Stromungen und (...) Schattierungen bieten. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.". (shrink)

Buddhist teachings and philosophies; volume commemorating 100th birth anniversary of Panyanantha Phikkhu, and 105th birth anniversary of Phutthathat Phikkhu, senior monks of Thailand.

The notion of dynamical symmetry is discussed in the framework of the symplectic tomography scheme for the harmonic oscillator. The stationary states are shown to appear as solutions to eigenvalue equation for “classical” probabilities. All the probabilities describing the energy levels are constructed using dynamical-symmetry operators.