This article aims to examine the notion of pleasure as a telos of the happy life in Epicurus. Understood as the first good and inherent to the human being, pleasure is presented as the beginning and the ultimate end of a happy life. Indeed, it should be noted that it is not the pleasures of the common people that Epicurus considers as the telos of a happy life, but the pleasure that is the absence of suffering in body and soul, (...) which is named by Epicurus of katastematic pleasure or static/at rest pleasure. In this sense, two concerns guide the present work: i) that of presenting pleasure as a telos of a happy life; ii) to expose the strict meaning that the concept of pleasure assumes in Epicurean philosophy, paying attention to the distinction between pleasure in movement and pleasure at rest. The present study is based mainly on passages from the epistle to Meneceus, in some Main Maxims and Vatican Sentences, texts in which Epicurus exposes the foundations of his hedonism, as well as in the testimonies of later disciples, such as Tito Lucrécio Caro, Diogenes Laertius and Diogenes de Enoanda. (shrink)

Este artigo se ocupa com a relação e interconexão entre philosophia e phrónêsis na doutrina de Epicuro. O estudo tem como objetivo, primeiro, evidenciar o significado e a função que cada uma das sabedorias assume no pensamento epicureu e, segundo, inserir-se e contribuir com o debate científico acerca de uma suposta hierarquia existente entre elas, conforme afirmação feita pelo filósofo na Carta a Meneceu. Argumentamos em favor da hierarquia (da primazia da phrónêsis) e apresentamos algumas razões que sustentam essa interpretação.

Neste artigo, mostramos que a apresentação da constituição da consciência moral moderna, em Hegel, resultante da reformulação dialético-especulativa da autonomia moral kantiana, é essencialmente crítica e se condensa numa "dialética negativa".

The epistemic, moral and political dimensions of Argentine anarchist writer Alberto Ghiraldo’s aesthetic discourse are examined here. This analysis is based upon his views of Jose Martí’s life and work as regards Ghiraldo’s attempt to edit the Cuban writer complete works ever since 1925. We hold Ghiraldo’s intent to give an epistemic and moralizing function to his writing tends to lose sight of the contingent forms of political articulation, and thus to dehistoricize practices on behalf benefit of the configuration of (...) an eschatological maximalism. (shrink)

An overcomplete logic is a logic that ‘ceases to make the difference’: According to such a logic, all inferences hold independently of the nature of the statements involved. A negation-inconsistent logic is a logic having at least one model that satisfies both some statement and its negation. A negation-incomplete logic has at least one model according to which neither some statement nor its negation are satisfied. Paraconsistent logics are negation-inconsistent yet non-overcomplete; paracomplete logics are negation-incomplete yet non-overcomplete. A paranormal logic (...) is simply a logic that is both paraconsistent and paracomplete. -/- Despite being perfectly consistent and complete with respect to classical negation, nearly every normal modal logic, in its ordinary language and interpretation, admits to some latent paranormality: It is paracomplete with respect to a negation defined as an impossibility operator, and paraconsistent with respect to a negation defined as non-necessity. In fact, as it will be shown here, even in languages without a primitive classical negation, normal modal logics can often be alternatively characterized directly by way of their paranormal negations and related operators. So, instead of talking about ‘necessity’, ‘possibility’, and so on, modal logics could be seen just as devices tailored for the study of (modal) negation. This paper shows how and to what extent this alternative characterization of modal logics can be realized. (shrink)

Ugar and Malele 1 critique the use of ‘generic’ technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for mental health diagnoses, particularly in sub-Saharan African countries. They highlight how these AI medical tools often overlook traditional perspectives and local contexts. The article has the merit of working on ethical issues regarding the particularities and risks of using AI and ML for health diagnosis in the Global South, an urgent and neglected topic. According to the authors, the use of these (...) AI technologies leads to overgeneralisation in diagnosing mental disorders, which could be especially problematic in the mental health field because of value-laden judgements intrinsic to the definition of mental health disorders. This argument is theoretically grounded in the hybrid conceptualisation of mental disorders proposed by Wakefield. 2 This author’s perspective incorporates both factual and value components in defining mental disorders, framing them as context-dependent ‘harmful dysfunctions’... (shrink)

Este estudo delineia coordenadas conceituais para a investigação do discurso e da visualidade em arte e design a partir do ferramental de Michel Foucault. Não é o caso de propor um “modo de usar” a obra desse filósofo e sim uma leitura possível sobre tal arsenal, com vistas a um horizonte que o excede. Após assinalar o caráter dinâmico e correlacional dessa proposição, as coordenadas são ordenadas em: (1) relações de poder, (2) regimes de verdade, (3) discurso e visualidade, por (...) fim, (4) arte e design. Ao final, argumenta-se que a análise das correlações discursivo-visuais permite vislumbrar como as práticas contemporâneas estão sempre enredadas em valores, condutas e modos de olhar. O artigo sugere ainda que a arte e o design poderiam se beneficiar da leitura ora proposta, que abre um novo horizonte interpretativo em torno da contínua (re)elaboração de nossas experiências e subjetividades. (shrink)

Este artigo pretende oferecer uma apresentação e análise do artigo “On the distinction between Peirce’s abduction and Lipton’s Inference to the best explanation”, de Daniel Campos. Apresentamos uma reconstrução da argumentação de Campos a favor da distinção entre abdução e inferência da melhor explicação, enfatizando a interpretação de Campos sobre inferência da melhor explicação na perspectiva de Peter Lipton. Em contraposição a Campos, que defende uma distinção parcial entre abdução e a inferência da melhor explicação, neste artigo sugerimos uma distinção (...) completa entre as formas de raciocínio. (shrink)

Apresentaçáo da traduçáo do artigo der Peter Lipton: "Is the Best Good Enough?" (publicado em 1993 no Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society , vol. XCIII, parte 2, pp. 89-104).

O presente artigo tem como objetivo justificar que a concepção de ética originária desenvolvida por Heidegger, alinhada à importância que Gadamer atribui à experiência particular, pode trazer uma relevante contribuição para a reflexão filosófica acerca dos temas que envolvem a ética, como tentativa de superação do modo tradicional de se conceber a própria ética enquanto tal. A forma pela qual a tradição metafísica tem historicamente abordado o tema da ética reforça a distinção entre teoria e prática, e a busca de (...) princípios ou normas universalmente aplicáveis tem se mostrado insuficiente para elucidar o que torna possível a experiência moral. A linguagem conceitual generalista, da mesma forma, tem se demonstrado inadequada para tratar do tema, visto que tende a aproximar a ética da técnica própria das ciências, ignorando a relevância que a experiência particular pode trazer para o debate ético. Nesta perspectiva, a ética originária fornece elementos para a construção de um sentido de ética que almeja alcançar a singularidade da existência, superando assim a distinção entre teoria e prática, e colocando em evidência uma instância prévia, que permaneceu oculta em razão dos limites da própria metafísica. (shrink)

Although ethical decision‐making theory has evolved over the years, within the field of management, research still revolves around James Rest’s (1986) four‐step framework, dominated by a positivist epistemology and a quantitative methodology. Given that currently there is a call for a theoretical, epistemological, and methodological renovation for the enlargement and enrichment of knowledge about how decisions are morally made in organizations, this paper has a double aim. First, by showing the models’ main flaws and limitations, it critically assesses the prominent (...) theoretical models of Rest, Trevino, and Jones. Then, for decision making in organizations, the paper aims to posit a fresh moral theory that addresses the phenomenon from a comprehensive epistemological perspective. To do so, it steps back from those prominent models in order to review John Dewey’s “theory of moral life.” At the core of the proposed comprehensive theoretical framework are Dewey’s concepts of a “moral standard” and “valuation.” Finally, the paper shows how the Dewey‐based framework can both overcome the flaws and limitations that are identified in those prominent models and can enrich empirical research, therefore contributing to developing as a whole the ethical decision‐making field. (shrink)

What is the fundamental insight behind truth-functionality ? When is a logic interpretable by way of a truth-functional semantics? To address such questions in a satisfactory way, a formal definition of truth-functionality from the point of view of abstract logics is clearly called for. As a matter of fact, such a definition has been available at least since the 70s, though to this day it still remains not very widely well-known. A clear distinction can be drawn between logics characterizable through: (...) (1) genuinely finite-valued truth-tabular semantics; (2) no finite-valued but only an infinite-valued truthtabular semantics; (3) no truth-tabular semantics at all. Any of those logics, however, can in principle be characterized through non-truth-functional valuation semantics, at least as soon as their associated consequence relations respect the usual tarskian postulates. So, paradoxical as that might seem at first, it turns out that truth-functional logics may be adequately characterized by non-truth-functional semantics . Now, what feature of a given logic would guarantee it to dwell in class (1) or in class (2), irrespective of its circumstantial semantic characterization? (shrink)

We say that things happen accidentally when they do indeed happen, but only by chance. In the opposite situation, an essential happening is inescapable, its inevitability being the sine qua non for its very occurrence. This paper will investigate modal logics on a language tailored to talk about essential and accidental statements. Completeness of some among the weakest and the strongest such systems is attained. The weak expressibility of the classical propositional language enriched with the non-normal modal operators of essence (...) and accident is highlighted and illustrated, both with respect to the definability of the more usual modal operators as well as with respect to the characterizability of classes of frames. Several interesting problems and directions are left open for exploration. (shrink)

Este artigo examina em âmbito fenomenológico as categorias da experiência fática da vida e do fenômeno histórico, a partir da primeira parte da preleção “Introdução à fenomenologia da religião”, proferida por Martin Heidegger, no semestre de inverno de 1920/1921. Elucida a peculiaridade dos conceitos filosóficos e a diferença de princípio que há entre filosofia e ciência. Apresenta a reelaboração do método fenomenológico, enquanto ponto de partida da filosofia, capaz de fazer jus à vida fática e à historicidade do Ser-aí. Examina (...) o significado do fenômeno histórico e a crítica à maneira habitual de pensá-lo, como “algo que transcorre no tempo” ou “uma propriedade geral aplicável a todo objeto temporal”. Conclui que as vias de afirmação da vida contra o histórico caem no modo teorético e não expressam o histórico em seu caráter imediato. Portanto, preservar o caráter fenomenológico e intranquilizador da história significa respeitar a historicidade viva e a força vital e multidirecional do sentido fático do Ser-aí. Palavras-chave: Fenomenologia. Filosofia. Ciência. Facticidade. Historicidade. (shrink)

A comunicação parece ser um dos objetivos centrais do artista na apresentação de uma peça teatral. Quando acontece essa comunicação, ele e seu público constituem, juntamente com certas características, um sistema comunicativo. Neste trabalho, expomos a noção de um sistema de comunicação proposta por Shannon e Weaver. Procuramos relacionar essa noção com o sistema comunicativo estabelecido na apresentação teatral. Investigamos questões como: quais os componentes necessários para a existência e possibilidade de comunicação entre emissor e receptor?; quando atores têm em (...) mente transmitir uma certa mensagem com um significado determinado e o público a interpreta ou entende de outro modo, pode-se dizer que houve comunicação entre eles?; há a possibilidade de o público comunicar algo ao ator, tornando-se assim o emissor? (shrink)

This edited volume explores the different and seminal ways colours matter to philosophy. Each chapter provides an insightful analysis of one or more cases in which colours raise philosophical problems in different areas and periods of philosophy. This historically informed discussion examines both logical and linguistic aspects, covering such areas as the mind, aesthetics and the foundations of mathematics. The international contributors look at traditional epistemological and metaphysical issues on the subjectivity and objectivity of colours. In addition, they also assess (...) phenomenological problems typical of the continental tradition and contemporary problems in the philosophy of mind. The chapters include coverage of such topics as Newton’s and Goethe’s theory of light and colours, how primary qualities are qualitative and colours are primary, explaining colour phenomenology, and colour in cognition, language and philosophy. "This book beautifully prepares the ground for the next steps in our research on and philosophising about colour" Daniel D. Hutto "It is not an overstatement to say that How Colours to Philosophy is a ground breaking publication" Mazviita Chirimuuta "Anyone interested in philosophical issues about color will find it highly stimulating." Martine Nida-Rümelin "The high quality papers included in this anthology succeed admirably in enriching current philosophical thinking about colour” Erik Myin “This is certainly the most complete collection of philosophical essays on colours ever published” André Leclerc “All in all this collections represents a new milestone in the ongoing philosophical debate on colours and colour expressions” Ingolf Max. (shrink)

Em sua obra A Cidade de Deus, Santo Agostinho procura definir e relacionar dialeticamente os conceitos de Cidade de Deus e Cidade terrena, considerando a origem, natureza, desenvolvimento e fins das duas cidades. É aí que encontramos a sua teologia-filosofia da história, que nos faz identificar as duas cidades com certas realidades históricas: Cidade de Deus como sendo a Igreja, Cidade terrena como sendo o Império Romano. Contudo, Agostinho adverte que estes termos não são sinônimos.

A busca pelo conhecimento permanecerá sempre viva entre os seres humanos mantendo ativos os debates e as discussões. Nesse contexto, o uso de Big Data nas pesquisas científicas reacende a discussão sobre o uso da indução como base para a construção do conhecimento científico. Esse ensaio apresenta uma análise teórica acerca do problema da indução sob a ótica do Big Data. Para tanto, tomou-se como base para o contraponto os argumentos apresentados pelo filósofo Karl Popper. Conclui-se que, sob a ótica (...) do uso de Big Data, o método indutivo não apresenta inconsistências e os enunciados universais podem ser inferidos a partir de enunciados singulares, contrariando a ideia de Popper e reforçando a teoria indutivista. (shrink)

A tese de Husserl - segundo a qual,os signos haveriamde encarnar nossos pensamentos - forneceuo ponto de partida ao projeto merleau-pontyanode restituição "filosófica" de nosso contato com omundo da percepção. Porquanto seriam gestosinstituídos por nosso corpo, os signos remeteriam a reflexãofilosófica à experiência sensível e, conseqüentemente,ao mundo da percepção revelado por essaexperiência. Mais do que isso, os signos esclareceriam a origemsensível dos pensamentos. O que acabaria porsuspender a própria tese fenomenológica de queos pensamentos seriam o desdobramento dosatos de uma consciência (...) pura. A interpretaçãomerleau-pontyana da teoria fenomenológica daexpressão mostrou que, tal como ôs pensamentos,a consciência de nós mesmos seria tributáriada experiência sensível. (shrink)

Resenha do livro VEIGA, Rychelmy Imbiriba. Um menino da Bahia: em busca de Pai Procópio de Ogunjá. 2ª ed. Salvador: Vento Leste, 2021. 148 p.

ABSTRACT The argument of inference to the best explanation sets up that, given a phenomenon to be explained, several rival hypotheses race to provide an explanation and the hypothesis that explains the phenomenon better than its rival gives good reasons for the belief in its truth and, therefore, for the acceptance of such hypothesis. The argument supposes that these rival hypotheses share the same phenomenon to be explained. In this paper it is argued that, in a few scientific episodes, scientists (...) with different hypotheses, even if sharing the phenomenon to be explained, have different goals regarding the handling of the phenomenon; but then an issue arises as to the structure of the argument, since setting different aims to handle a phenomenon would result in an axiological targeting by the scientists, one not enclosed in the structure of the argument. In addition, axiological targeting can also show itself as something crucial for the issue of accepting a hypothesis, a state of affair not foreseen in the argument of inference to the best explanation again. The purpose of this paper is, by means of “research programs” principle by Imre Lakatos, and by means of a case study – the acceptance of the DNA double helix model – to sustain the concept that the axiological difference may prove to be crucial for the acceptance of one hypothesis rather than other rival hypotheses. (shrink)

Communication campaigns often highlight environmental progress to encourage further pro-environmental behaviour. Consequently, the drop in carbon emissions caused by the COVID-19 restrictions has been framed as a positive environmental outcome of the pandemic. We conducted an experimental study with a US-representative sample (N = 500) to show that raising awareness of emissions reduction has the contrary effect: an increase in moral self-concept facilitated a negative spillover, namely, it reduced climate-friendly behavioural intentions. Normative influence was able to prevent this negative spillover (...) because activating environmental norms inhibited compensatory feelings. Besides, awareness of recent emissions reduction was less likely to increase the moral self-concept of participants with a strong environmental self-identity. Our findings demonstrate that environmental progress increases moral self-concept which, in turn, could cause a negative spillover (i.e., reduce climate-friendly low-carbon behaviour and increase climate-harmful high-carbon behaviour). Normative influences and environmental self-identity can inhibit this negative spillover. (shrink)

Scientific research in the formal sciences comes in multiple degrees of formality: fully formal work; rigorous proofs that practitioners know to be formalizable in principle; and informal work like rough proof sketches and considerations about the advantages and disadvantages of various formal systems. This informal work includes informal and semi-formal debates between formal scientists, e.g. about the acceptability of foundational principles and proposed axiomatizations. In this paper, we propose to use the methodology of structured argumentation theory to produce a formal (...) model of such informal and semi-formal debates in the formal sciences. For this purpose, we propose ASPIC-END, an adaptation of the structured argumentation framework ASPIC+ which can incorporate natural deduction style arguments and explanations. We illustrate the applicability of the framework to debates in the formal sciences by presenting a simple model of some arguments about proposed solutions to the Liar paradox, and by discussing a more extensive—but still preliminary—model of parts of the debate that mathematicians had about the Axiom of Choice in the early twentieth century. (shrink)

In many real-life applications of logic it is useful to interpret a particular sentence as true together with its negation. If we are talking about classical logic, this situation would force all other sentences to be equally interpreted as true. Paraconsistent logics are exactly those logics that escape this explosive effect of the presence of inconsistencies and allow for sensible reasoning still to take effect. To provide reasonably intuitive semantics for paraconsistent logics has traditionally proven to be a challenge. Possible-translations (...) semantics can meet that challenge by allowing for each interpretation to be composed of multiple scenarios. Using that idea, a logic with a complex semantic behavior can be understood as an appropriate combination of ingredient logics with simpler semantic behaviors into which the original logic is given a collection of translations preserving its soundness. Completeness is then achieved through the judicious choice of the admissible translating mappings. The present note provides interpretation by way of possible-translations semantics for a group of fundamental paraconsistent logics extending the positive fragment of classical propositional logic. The logics PI, Cmin, mbC, bC, mCi and Ci, among others, are all initially presented through their non-truth-functional bivaluation semantics and sequent versions and then split by way of possible-translations semantics based on 3-valued ingredients. (shrink)

This article highlights the dialect of failure and hope you can find in the oppressed, which every utopical thought should take into consideration. To justify it, we start from Walter Benjamin’s ideas on History, and in particular, we consider the perspective of the oppressed in Kafka’s literature, although he considered hope as a weak hint among catastrophe. And finally, we show this dialect as a specific and explicit place of the Liberation Theology.

Resumo: O alvo da teoria do conhecimento de dewey é a ação humana "guiada" pela inteligência, a "conduta inteligente". Mas, a inteligência não é uma estrutura que se sobrepõe aos seres humanos: ela é uma função vital natural que tem como papel específico produzir, na ação, indicações de suas conseqüências possíveis.: Dewey's epistemology target is the human behavior "guided" by intelligence: an intelligence conduct. But, not intelligence as structure which rises upon human beings: it is a natural vital function charged (...) of producing, by acting, indications of theirs consequences. (shrink)