This study analyzes the metaphoric and metonymic nature ofbaş/kafa‘head’ in Turkish idiomatic expressions from a cognitive linguistic perspective. The database for the study is composed of idioms containing the two head-denoting wordsbaşandkafa. Idioms and their definitions are analyzed in terms of their figurative uses of abstract concepts, and the conceptual metaphors and metonymies are identified. Findings are examined under five categories: head as the representative of the person, the seat of mental faculties, the locus of emotions, the sign of superiority/power, (...) and the sign of value. The study proposes a cultural model in which the image schemaswhole-part,containmentandverticalityplay a key role, and reveals cross-cultural similarities and differences in the conceptualization ofhead. The study also provides further support for the embodiment thesis, and underscores the impact of cultural processes in shaping the way the body is conceptualized. (shrink)

Dialogues with Dhanajībāpu, b. 1922, philosopher from Gujarat, India.

In the digital age, the relationship between film and literature demonstrates how different forms of art can collaborate to improve the storytelling experience. Rather than competing, these mediums complement one another, each bringing their own strengths to the storytelling process. This mutual relationship not only enhances the audience's experience but also fosters a greater appreciation for both film and literature (Hutcheon, 2006; Sanders, 2016). The various film adaptations of Chris Van Allsburg’s picturebook Jumanji (1981) are excellent examples of how literature (...) and film can complement and improve one another over time. The first major adaptation of Jumanji was released in 1995 starring Robin Williams and directed by Joe Johnston. Decades later, the story of Jumanji was revitalized with the releases of Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (2017) and Jumanji: The Next Level (2019) both directed by Jake Kasdan. These adaptations illustrate the changing nature of storytelling across mediums and how each new iteration introduces new perspectives and engages contemporary audiences in novel ways. Mikhail Bakhtin’s concepts of heteroglossia and dialogic relationship (1981) are great tools for understanding how different voices and cultural contexts interact within and between texts, thereby revealing the dynamic nature of storytelling and interpretation. Thus, this paper aims to investigate how Bakhtin's concepts of heteroglossia and dialogic relationship function in Jake Kasdan's 2017 sequel, focusing on how the film adaptation evolves in response to its contemporary context. (shrink)

Background: Attitudes of nurses towards death and related concepts influence end-of-life care. Determining nurses’ views and attitudes towards these concepts and the factors that affect them are necessary to ensure quality end-of-life care. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine nurses’ views and attitudes about death, dying patient, euthanasia and the relationships between nurses’ characteristics. Methods: Participants consist of the nurses who volunteered to take part in this descriptive study from 25 hospitals (n = 340) which has a (...) paediatric or adult intensive care unit and located within the boundaries of Ankara, Turkey. ‘Nurse Information Form’ and ‘Attitude Scale about Euthanasia, Death and Dying Patients (DAS)’ were used as data collection tool. Ethical consideration: Written permissions were received from the ‘Noninterventional Clinical Researches Ethics Board’ of authors’ university and education councils of each hospital. Informed consent was obtained from participants. Findings: It is found that there are statistically significant difference among the factors of marital status, having a child, years of experience, bereavement experience, affected by working with dying patient, definition of euthanasia, views about patients who are appropriate for euthanasia, views about patients who desire to die and feeling need for counselling on these concepts according to the mean total score of nurses’ attitudes about euthanasia, death and dying patient (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results indicate that nurses are negatively affected to face the concepts of death, euthanasia and work with dying patient. This is reflected in their attitude. In order to gain positive attitude towards death, dying patient and euthanasia, the implementation of training and consulting services to nurses at appropriate intervals during both education and professional life are required. (shrink)

Stoacılığın “doğaya uygun yaşamak” ifadesinde dile gelen meşhur düsturu, doğanın, uygunluğun ve yaşamın anlamıyla yakından ilgilidir. Bu kavramların mahiyeti ereğin “doğaya, akla ve erdeme uygun yaşamak” şeklinde genişletilmesini sağlar ve bu haliyle erek, Stoacı felsefe bölümlerinin tümüne sirayet eder. Doğanın fizikle, uygunluğun da mantıkla olan bağlantısı, erdemi de etikle ilişkilendirmeyi sağlar ve Stoa etiği bütünüyle erdem araştırmasına adanmış gibi görünür. Pek çok Antikçağ filozofu gibi erdemi yetkinlik ya da tamamlanma olarak düşünen Stoacılar, insanın iyisinin ve nihai ereğinin erdemli bir yaşam (...) olduğunu düşünürler. Bu iddialarını temellendirmek üzere erdemin doğasını incelemeye yöneldiklerinde ise onun doğasını, türlerini, niteliklerini ve değerini tartışma konusu yaparlar. Bu noktada erdemin biricikliğini temellendirmeyi amaçlayan erken dönem Stoacıların bazen benimsemek bazen de reddetmek üzere sahiplendikleri Nikomakhos’a Etik, Stoacı filozoflar ile Peripatetik okulun temsilcileri arasında süre giden tartışmaların asli kaynağı olur. Aristotelesçi öncülleri kısmen paylaşan erken dönem Stoacılar, sahiplendikleri Sokratesçi mirası tahrif etmeksizin erdemin biricikliğini vurgulayan görüşleriyle bir ahlaklılık olanağı sunarlar. Erken dönem Stoacıların öncellerinden farklılaşan erdem görüşlerinin tartışıldığı bu çalışmada erdem kavramı üç açıdan ele alınmıştır. Etik, epistemolojik ve ontolojik kuramlarla yakından ilişkili olan bu sınıflandırmaya göre erdemin neden tek iyi olarak konumlandırıldığı, bilgiyle özdeşleştirilmesinin ne anlama geldiği ve bilgenin ruhunda bedenlenen erdemlerin nasıl bir bilgelik anlayışına yol açtığı ortaya konulmuştur. Sonuç bölümünde ise günümüz açısından bu erdem görüşünün anlamına ve değerine ilişkin birtakım hususlara değinilmiştir. (shrink)

Transcript of speeches by a Hindu philosopher, chiefly on Hindu philosophy and Hinduism.

Recent research suggests holding a structural, rather than interpersonal, understanding of racism is associated with greater impetus to address racial disparities. We believe greater acknowledgment of structural racism also functions to mitigate against empathic failures in response to structural injustices. Given South Africa’s situatedness as a country characterized by historical racialized oppression and continuing unjust legacies, it is appropriate to examine these ideas there. Across three studies, we tested the hypotheses that members of advantaged groups’ perspective taking and empathic concern (...) may be compromised in response to people challenging the unequal status quo, and that a priori perceptions about the impact of structural racism may mitigate or exacerbate such empathic failures. In Study 1, a national sample of White South Africans endorsed perceptions of interpersonal racism more readily than perceptions of structural racism, and expressed high levels of competitive victimhood for perceived anti-White structural racism. Studies 2 and 3 showed that White participants at a historically White university responded with impaired perspective taking and intergroup empathy bias in response to people challenging structural disparities. Finally, reduced recognition of continuing structural racism predicted greater intergroup empathy bias, which, in turn, was associated with reduced willingness to engage in intergroup discussions about past harm. We propose that greater acknowledgment of structural racism is necessary not only to surmount intergroup empathic failures, but also to transcend the socioeconomically unequal legacies of apartheid and beyond. (shrink)

Study on Pratītyasamutpāda, theory of relativity and causality in Buddhism with reference to canonical literature.

19. yüzyıl felsefesinin önemli bir düşünürü olan Dilthey’in amacı tin bilimlerini, epistemolojik ve metodolojik açıdan temellendirmektir. Dilthey bu amacı gerçekleştirmek için tin bilimlerinin yöntemini “anlama” olarak belirlemiştir. Anlama Tin bilimleri için verimli bir zemin teşkil eder ve yeni bir dünya açan özelliğe sahiptir. Dilthey’in Tin bilimlerini temellendirmek amacı ile yazdığı en önemli eserlerinden biri “Tin Bilimlerine Giriş” adlı eseridir. Bu eserde Dilthey hem metafiziğe hem de psikolojiye getirdiği eleştiriler ile dikkat çeker. Dilthey bu eserinde psikoloji konusunda “anlamaya dayalı psikoloji” ve (...) “açıklamaya dayalı psikoloji” ayrımı yapmıştır. “Açıklamaya dayalı” psikoloji bugün bizlerin bildiği klasik psikolojidir. Dilthey’e göre bu psikoloji içsel tecrübeye yeterince önem vermez ve sadece genel yasaya dönüşebilecek durumları inceler. Buna karşılık Dilthey “anlamaya dayalı psikoloji” anlayışını ortaya koymuştur. “Anlamaya dayalı psikoloji” bireyin içsel tecrübesine önem verip onu bir bütün olarak ele alır. Dilthey metafizik konusunda ise hayatı anlamlandırmak için metafiziğe ihtiyaç duyduğumuzu fakat geleneksel metafiziğin bugün geldiği noktada hayat ile olan bağlarını kesmiş olduğuna dikkat çeker. Bu anlamda yapılması gereken şey hayat ile olan bağları koparmadan bir metafizik anlayış ortaya koymaktır. Anlama metodunun psikoloji ve metafizik üzerinden Tin bilimlerine nüfuz etmesi önemlidir. Hem metafizikte hem de psikolojinin Tin bilimlerine dâhil olabilmesin koşulu “anlama” metodunu bu iki disiplinin içerisine yerleştirilmesinden geçmektedir. (shrink)

() Baul sadhana: introduction The word 'baul, in popular interpretation, is generally equated with singing: with folk song of Bengal or, more concretely, ...

Keine ausführliche Beschreibung für "Die Transzendentalienlehre im Corpus Aristotelicum" verfügbar.

Projet En développant son « empirisme constructif », Bas Van Fraassen est devenu une référence incontournable pour la philosophie des sciences contemporaine. Après la vague de critiques qui, vers les années 1960, avait fait perdre à l'empirisme logique sa prédominance dans le champ des idées, le réalisme scientifique semblait s'être imposé comme le seul compte rendu acceptable du travail et des orientations de la recherche. Quine avait beau énoncer ce que pourrait être un empirisme affranchi de ses deux « dogmes (...) » (l'intangibilité de la distinction vérités analytiques / vérités synthétiques, et la réduction des constructions aux « faits »), le programme d'une philosophie des sciences empiriste renouvelée restait à l'état d'esquisse. Mais par trois ouvrages successifs, Scientific Image (1980), Laws and symmetry (1989), et Quantum mechanics an empiricist view (1991), Van Fraassen a posé les bases d'un empirisme viable, parce que capable de prendre en charge la plupart des spécificités dont se prévaut le réalisme contre l'empirisme classique ou logique, et de rendre raison des développements les plus actuels de la physique. Contre l'empirisme classique ou logique, les réalistes font d'abord valoir que la réduction de toute réalité et de tout acte de référence aux phénomènes, ne rend justice ni à la pratique du langage courant ni à celle des sciences. Lorsque quelqu'un procède à une dénomination, il ne cherche pas à désigner par là une tranche d'apparaître, ou quelque ensemble fini et répertorié d'apparitions; il pointe vers "quelque chose" dont les modalités de manifestation sans fin assignable sont pour partie anticipées et pour partie ouvertes. De même, quand un chercheur scientifique parle de l'objet de ses investigations, il ne limite pas son discours à un ensemble fini de résultats d'expérience obtenus sous des conditions instrumentales actuellement disponibles; il renvoie à une entité dont la variété des manifestations futures est prévue aussi complètement que possible (et avec un succès croissant) par des cadres conceptuels et théoriques révisables. Face à cette objection, Van Fraassen fait jouer un rôle capital aux modèles dans sa version de l'empirisme.. (shrink)

Stem cell research has important implications for medicine. The source of stem cells influences their therapeutic potential, with stem cells derived from early-stage embryos remaining the most versatile. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), a source of embryonic stem cells, allows for understandings about disease development and, more importantly, the ability to yield embryonic stem cell lines that are genetically matched to the somatic cell donor. However, SCNT requires women to donate eggs, which involves injection of ovulation-inducing hormones and egg retrieval (...) through laparoscopy or transvaginal needle aspiration. Risks from this procedure are fiercely debated, most notably risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). This review examines risk of OHSS resulting from oocyte donation. We conclude that risk posed by OHSS in egg donation is not significant enough to warrant undue concern, and much of this can be eliminated when proper precautions are taken. This bears relevance to the future of stem cell research policymaking. (shrink)

In the philosophy of science, identity over time emerges as a central concern both as an ontological category in the interpretation of physical theories, and as an epistemological problem concerning the conditions of possibility of knowledge. In Reichenbach and subsequent writers on the problem of indistinguishable quantum particles we see the return of a contrast between Leibniz and Aquinas on the subject of individuation. The possibility of rejecting the principle of the identity of indiscernibles has certain logical difficulties, leading us (...) inexorably from ontology into epistemology. For the epistemological problem we attend to the differences that emerged between the (neo-)Kantian and logical empiricist traditions, also saliently displayed in Reichenbach's writings. After examining the contrast between Kant's and Leibniz's conceptions of empirical knowledge, specifically with respect to the irreducibility of spatiotemporal determinations, we explore an application of a neo-Kantian view to the same problem of indistinguishable quantum particles. (shrink)

This article argues that the reception of the work of Cheikh Anta Diop by French historians and Egyptologists is a case of epistemic injustice as this concept has been defined by the British philosopher Miranda Fricker. I first explain the concept of epistemic injustice and then show, using Popper’s demarcation criterion, that it is impossible to objectively reject Diop’s work as lacking in scientificity. I thus analyze the heterogeneity of Diop’s work reception depending on the positionality of the actors in (...) the French scientific field and conclude that this reception is only understandable if we analyze it as an illustration of the phenomenon of epistemic injustice. (shrink)

Existing conceptualizations of the demos fail to treat issues of composition and performativity consistently. Recent literature suggests that both aspects are required in a satisfactory account of the demos. An analysis of this literature suggests several desiderata that such an account must meet. I approach the definition of demos with a conceptual framework derived from Margaret Gilbert’s plural subject theory of social groups. I propose an account of demos as a plural subject, constituted by joint commitment. This account offers an (...) improved and consistent understanding of normativity, composition, agency, and cohesion of demos. -/- . (shrink)

Cosmetic surgery and techno-medical manufacturing of the body are booming. The transformative potential of cosmetic surgery is used to shape and enhance physical appearance, gender identity and sexuality. Among the cosmetic procedures that have become popular is intimate surgery for women, which is oriented towards an ideal shape of the vulva. Almost in parallel with this trend, vulva-positive websites highlighting the diversity of the vulva are becoming ever more widespread in order to enlighten women and contribute to women’s health. This (...) Art-Science Interaction consists of two parts that are in conversation with one another. Artist Merve Şahinol presents in her part “VULVA STUDY. hidden but not undiscovered” photographs of clay vulvas she modeled during therapy sessions to use in talks with women who are challenged by their own perception of their body image. She shares her thoughts and experience of the modeling and learning process in form of prose. In “Manufacturing the Vulva”, sociologist Melike Şahinol explores the rhizomatic dilemma between self/body awareness and empowerment, and the normalization and beauty constraints of manufacturing the vulva. This contribution emphasizes the awareness of the vulva as well as the lack of specific analyses of post-surgery embodiment experiences that include the “new” corporeal experience of sexuality and the fact that these experiences in general have been addressed but not sufficiently analyzed. (shrink)

This book challenges the common view that classical education in 19th-century Germany was dominated by a progressive ideal called neohumanism. The prevailing ideal of education at the German Gymnasien was emphatically traditional and is best described as classical humanism. Moreover, this 19th-century classical humanism dynamically related to modern society and should therefore be seen as the continuation of a living tradition.".

Critical analysis of the commercialization and malpractice current in the profession of medicine.

This volume contains the papers read at the conference on 'Semantics from different points of view' that took place at Konstanz University in Septem ber 1978. This interdisciplinary conference Vias organized by the':Sonderfor schungsbereich 99 - Linguistik' and sponsored by the Deutsche Forschungsge meinschaft. Li~guists, philosophers, logicians, and psychologists met to dis cuss recent developments in the study of the semantics of natural language from the point of view of their disciplines. But this is not to say that there was (...) one particular topic shared by all the participants. The conference was organized because the seven research groups that constitute the Sonderforschungsbereich wanted to discuss their results in an international context and to get advice and guidance for the work still to be done. Therefore, quite a number of topics were covered, though at different levels of precision, under the general label 'semantics'. And the selection of topics, as well as the relative importance given to them, is due to the research interests currently represented in the Sonderforschungs bereich. (shrink)

Twentieth anniversary souvenir of the Bangladesh Philosophical Association, comprises articles chiefly on Bangladesh philosophy; includes activities of the Association.

For a long time people have been trying to develop probability theory starting from ‘finite’ events rather than collections of infinite events. In this way one can find natural replacements for measurable sets and integrable functions, but measurable functions seemed to be more difficult to find. We present a solution. Moreover, our results are constructive.

Thomason (1979/2010)’s argument against competence psychologism in semantics envisages a representation of a subject’s competence as follows: he understands his own language in the sense that he can identify the semantic content of each of its sentences, which requires that the relation between expression and content be recursive. Then if the scientist constructs a theory that is meant to represent the body of the subject’s beliefs, construed as assent to the content of the pertinent sentences, and that theory satisfies certain (...) ‘natural assumptions’, then it implies that the subject is inconsistent if the beliefs include arithmetic. I challenge the result by insisting that the motivation for Thomason’s principle (ii), via Moore’s Paradox, leads to a more complex representation, in which stating the facts and expressing one’s beliefs are treated differently. Certain logical connections among expressions of assent, and between expression and statement, are a matter of consequence on pain of pragmatic incoherence, not consequence on pain of classical logical inconsistency. But while this salvages the possibility that a modification of the above sort of representation could be adequate, Thomason’s devastating conclusion returns if the scientist identifies himself as the subject of that representation, even when paying heed to the requirement of pragmatic coherence of the sort highlighted by Moore’s Paradox. (shrink)

Vague subjective probability may be modeled by means of a set of probability functions, so that the represented opinion has only a lower and upper bound. The standard rule of conditionalization can be straightforwardly adapted to this. But this combination has difficulties which, though well known in the technical literature, have not been given sufficient attention in probabilist or Bayesian epistemology. Specifically, updating on apparently irrelevant bits of news can be destructive of one’s explicitly prior expectations. Stability of vague subjective (...) opinion appears to need a more complex model. (shrink)

This Inspirational Guide To An Open, Critical Exchange Between India And The West Is Framed As A Tribute To Dr. Bettina Baumer, An Eminent Scholar Of Indology. Comprising 32 Essays, Segregated Into Three Sections Indian Philosophy And Spirituality, Indian Arts And Aesthetics, And Interreligious And Intercultural Dialogue.