In developing a theory of consciousness, one of the main problems has to do with determining what distinguishes conscious states from non-conscious ones—the delimitation problem. This paper explores the possibility of solving this problem in terms of self-awareness. That self-awareness is essential to understanding the nature of our conscious experience is perhaps the most widely discussed hypothesis in the study of consciousness throughout the history of philosophy. Its plausibility hinges on how the notion of self-awareness is unpacked. The idea that (...) consciousness involves self-awareness has been understood in two different ways: either as awareness of oneself—the subject of experience—or as awareness of the conscious episode itself. In this paper I argue (i) that every experience concerns the subject in a very specific way, involving what I will call ‘perspectival de se representation’, and (ii) that there is no need to appeal to the experience itself in order to characterize the awareness within that experience. The view I articulate explains the subjective nature of experience without over-intellectualizing it, accommodates the phenomenology of experience, and dispels any doubt about the need to find the self in introspection. (shrink)

In this essay we discuss recent attempts to analyse the notion of representation, as it is employed in cognitive science, in purely informational terms. In particular, we argue that recent informational theories cannot accommodate the existence of metarepresentations. Since metarepresentations play a central role in the explanation of many cognitive abilities, this is a serious shortcoming of these proposals.

Ethical principles are fundamental for the exercise of any profession. Portuguese psychologists have waited for 30 years for professional validation. This paper will define the Portuguese psychologists’ ethical principles, with a universal view as a starting point and then an adaptation to the cultural and professional reality in Portugal. The level of acceptability of these principles will be ascertained in a later paper.

As the contemporary heirs of popular music or cinema, computer games are gradually taking over the mar-kets of entertainment. Much like cinema and music, computer games are taking the spotlight in another front – that which blames them for encouraging unethical behaviors. Apparently, computer games turn their users into blood thirsty zombies with a computer game learnt ability of aiming with deadly precision. The goal of this paper is to pay attention to the ethical nature of computer games, in order (...) to understand better the ways we can evaluate their morality in western cultures providing a framework to understand some of these concerns. This paper poses questions about the ontology of games and their ethical meaning, in an attempt to give ethical theory a word in the analysis of computer games. (shrink)

This book reprints a wide variety of articles and speeches for the first time since they appeared in Spanish and foreign journals and in clandestine broadsheets from France. Some censored material has been restored.

One thousand four-hundred thirty Portuguese psychologists answered a questionnaire that had been designed in order to ascertain the level of acceptability of a set of proposed ethical principles, which subsequently served as a basis for the Portuguese Psychologists’ Ethics Code. On the one hand, the results show that, as expected, the ethical principles rated high on the evaluation scale. On the other hand, the results also highlighted the need for a formal regulation of the practice of psychology in Portugal, especially (...) in view of participants’ noticeable failure to recognize the importance of the principle of professional integrity. The responsibility of psychologists in modern societies is huge. As such, the large number of different training programs in Portugal, and the implied lack of a strong professional identity, is a cause of concern. The creation of a professional association allows an external identification of the profession in terms of aims and methods. The main goal of such an association is to promote public trust and enhance public demand. The results also indicate that training and experience lead to a higher valorization of ethical principles, and this is an insight that will be of great importance to the professional practice of psychology. (shrink)

There is a substantive disagreement with regard to the characterization of pre-reflective self-awareness despite the key role that is supposed to play for the distinction between conscious and unconscious states. One of the most prominent ones—between egological and non-egological views—is about the role that the subject of experience plays.I show that this disagreement falls short to capture the details of the debate, as it does not distinguish phenomenological and metaphysical disputes. Regarding the former, the contenders disagree on whether pre-reflective self-awareness (...) concerns the subject of experience or the experience itself. I first argue that such an awareness has to be indexical—de se or de mentis respectively—, and then show that de se awareness can straightforwardly address classical objec­tions against egological views, whereas de mentis awareness fails to support epistemological arguments in favor of non-egological ones. The metaphysical commitments of a phenomenologically egological view depend on what the corresponding de se awareness demands from reality. I consider two alternatives, the structural and the representational approach and offer some consid­erations in favor of the later and its prima facie neutrality with regard to the metaphysical dispute. (shrink)

En su reciente libro Social Cognition and the Second Person in Human Interaction, Pérez y Gomila presentan una forma novedosa de entender nuestra capacidad de atribuir estados mentales a otras personas basada en lo que llaman interacciones en la segunda persona. Este artículo cuestiona la conceptualización y el papel explicativo que este tipo de interacciones pueden desempeñar.

Existe-t-il une hypothèse de la servitude volontaire chez Spinoza? En partant des tensions qui naissent de l’apparente contradiction entre une telle hypothèse et l’anthropologie spinoziste, le présent article montre qu’il existe bien chez l’auteur du Traité théologico-politique des conditions politiques qui conduisent à l’inversion du conatus, au point de pousser les hommes à combattre « pour leur servitude comme s’il s’agissait de leur salut ». Spinoza tempère l’hypothèse laboétienne : un individu ou un peuple ne saurait de lui-même désirer la (...) servitude, mais peut y être conduit sous l’effet de l’adoption d’une certaine politique ou institution. Il ne s’agit pas seulement de la crainte favorisée par le régime monarchique. La fondation de la République des Hébreux, après la sortie d’Égypte du peuple juif, pose également la question de la servitude volontaire. La pensée spinoziste, ce faisant, témoigne d’un rationalisme politique inquiet, dont on peut s’inspirer aujourd’hui pour réfléchir sur les « causes extérieures cachées » qui peuvent fragiliser, voire contredire, le désir de liberté. (shrink)

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-021-03136-1.

The main purpose of this dissertation is to apply and develop new forcing techniques to obtain models where several cardinal characteristics are pairwise different as well as force many (even more, continuum many) different values of cardinal characteristics that are parametrized by reals. In particular, we look at cardinal characteristics associated with strong measure zero, Yorioka ideals, and localization and anti-localization cardinals.In this thesis we introduce the property “F-linked” of subsets of posets for a given free filter F on the (...) natural numbers, and define the properties “ $\mu $ -F-linked” and “ $\theta $ -F-Knaster” for posets in a natural way. We show that $\theta $ -F-Knaster posets preserve strong types of unbounded families and of maximal almost disjoint families. These kinds of posets led to the development of a general technique to construct $\theta $ - $\textrm {Fr}$ -Knaster posets (where $\textrm {Fr}$ is the Frechet ideal) via matrix iterations of ${<}\theta $ -ultrafilter-linked posets (restricted to some level of the matrix). The latter technique allows proving consistency results about Cichoń’s diagram (without using large cardinals) and to prove the consistency of the fact that, for each Yorioka ideal, the four cardinal characteristics associated with it are pairwise different. Another important application is to show that three strongly compact cardinals are enough to force that Cichoń’s diagram can be separated into 10 different values. Later on, it was shown by Goldstern, Kellner, Mejía, and Shelah that no large cardinals are needed for Cichoń’s maximum (J. Eur. Math. Soc. 24 (2022), no. 11, p. 3951–3967).On the other hand, we deal with certain types of tree forcings including Sacks forcing, and show that these increase the covering of the strong measure zero ideal $\mathcal {SN}$. As a consequence, in Sacks model, such covering number is equal to the size of the continuum, which indicates that this covering number is consistently larger than any other classical cardinal characteristics of the continuum. Even more, Sacks forcing can be used to force that $\operatorname {\mathrm{non}}(\mathcal {SN})<\operatorname {\mathrm{cov}}(\mathcal {SN})<\operatorname {\mathrm{cof}}(\mathcal {SN})$, which is the first consistency result where more than two cardinal characteristics associated with $\mathcal {SN}$ are pairwise different. To obtain another result in this direction, we provide bounds for $\operatorname {\mathrm{cof}}(\mathcal {SN})$, which generalizes Yorioka’s characterization of $\mathcal {SN}$ (J. Symbolic Logic 67.4 (2002), p. 1373–1384). As a consequence, we get the consistency of $\operatorname {\mathrm{add}}(\mathcal {SN})=\operatorname {\mathrm{cov}}(\mathcal {SN})<\operatorname {\mathrm{non}}(\mathcal {SN})<\operatorname {\mathrm{cof}}(\mathcal {SN})$ with ZFC (via a matrix iteration forcing construction).We conclude this thesis by combining creature forcing approaches by Kellner and Shelah (Arch. Math. Logic 51.1–2 (2012), p. 49–70) and by Fischer, Goldstern, Kellner, and Shelah (Arch. Math. Logic 56.7–8 (2017), p. 1045–1103) to show that, under CH, there is a proper $\omega ^\omega $ -bounding poset with $\aleph _2$ -cc that forces continuum many pairwise different cardinal characteristics, parametrized by reals, for each one of the following six types: uniformity and covering numbers of Yorioka ideals as well as both kinds of localization and anti-localization cardinals, respectively. This answers several open questions from Klausner and Mejía (Arch. Math. Logic 61 (2022), pp. 653–683).Abstract prepared by Miguel Antonio Cardona-MontoyaE-mail: miguel[email protected]: https://repositum.tuwien.at/handle/20.500.12708/19629. (shrink)

A través del personaje Agnes de la novela La inmortalidad de Milán Kundera, se hace una reflexión acerca de la singularidad en el mundo contemporáneo, singularidad que se halla invadida por los imagólogos, los medios masivos de comunicación y los lugares comunes que estos fenómenos provocan. La reflexión se acercará al personaje como símbolo de una singularidad en peligro y como posibilidad estética de resistencia a través de un derrumbamiento como posibilidad singular.

Este artículo se enmarca en el proyecto de investigación de la Maestría en Filosofía Latinoamericana, Bartolomé de Las Casas: Recepción de la filosofía analítica en Colombia y Latinoamérica de la Universidad Santo Tomás. Inicialmente fue redactado en inglés: The Quest for the Numbers: An Approach to Frege’s Philosophy, cuyo trabajo pretende acercarse al fundamento de la obra fregeana como hito fundamental del pensamiento filosófico; asimismo, desarrolla en detalle los temas y puntos más relevantes de su sistema de pensamiento. A partir (...) de un análisis del proyecto logicista, es decir, la búsqueda de una reducción de la matemática a la lógica, se demuestran las fuertes influencias del pensamiento de Frege en todas las ramas de la filosofía contemporánea. La comprensión de la filosofía de Frege entonces constituye un paso fundamental, para tener un horizonte acerca de las problemáticas de la filosofía en la actualidad y, asimismo, un fundamento o propedéutica para el desarrollo de un pensamiento latinoamericano maduro en diálogo con la tradición. (shrink)

Arete is ten years old. It is, to be sure, a modest anniversary, which nonetheless gives us the opportunity for an academic celebration. It iswith this intention that we decided, almost two years ago, to prepare a special volume dedicated to explaining, from different points of view, the notion that gives our journal its name: the notion of arete. We invited our usual collaborators and friends, and other philosophers who have dedicated part of their work to studying the origins or (...) repercussions of that notion in the history of philosophy. (shrink)

Lévinas is one of the most important thinkers of the 20th century and, perhaps, the philosopher who has attempted to think of difference most seriously. In this effort, he encountered the limits of language itself, as well as the difficulties it poses for thinking the other, difference, outside the ..

En las respuestas a siete preguntas resume el autor lo esencial del pensamiento filosófico y religioso del Islam: Cuándo empieza y acaba la Falsafa ; cuál fue la aportación de Avicena; si la religión islámica incluye la unión mística; las dificultades para entender a Ibn Jaldún; si el Islam es otra forma de razón.In the answer to seven questions, the author resumes what is essential in the philosophical and religious thought of Islam: When the Falsafa begins and ends; what was (...) Avicena's contribution; the question whether Islamic religion includes the mystical union; the difficulties to understand lbn Jaldún; whether Islam is another species of reason. (shrink)

Este trabajo indaga la dimensión poética del testimonio en situaciones donde el agravio se encuentra tejido entre discursos impulsados por aspiraciones democráticas y dinámicas destructivas de la diversidad lingüística y cultural. A partir de la documentación del caso de Inés Fernández Ortega y etnografías en La Casa de los Saberes, Gúwa Kúma, se abordarán las prácticas de cuidado, los discursos de verdad y resistencia ante los mecanismos de reproducción social, política y cultural generados por la transición partidista en México y (...) el militarismo diseminado como reflujo de la violencia. En este marco la plasticidad, el testimonio no se encuentra solo y únicamente en marcos lingüísticos y ostensibles, que se despliegan con pretensiones de persuasión y de una verdad aceptada de manera lógica racional, sino se instala de manera dinámica, clandestina y eventual desde expresiones corporales múltiples, contra normativas que dinamizan vínculos inesperados y afectividades alternativas que atestan formas de habitar la tierra desde la vulnerabilidad sin daño, la comunalidad sin explotación y el cuidado sin condiciones. (shrink)

La problematización de la pobreza, la criminalización, encierro, reclusión y disciplinamiento de los pobres constituyen factores fundamentales para poder explicar con éxito el nacimiento del primer capitalismo. En este artículo queremos mostrar de qué forma la pobreza, que durante toda la Edad Media había sido naturalizada como una parte más de un orden divino, se convierte, a partir del siglo XVI, en una cuestión problemática que protagoniza apasionados debates. En esta nueva problematización de la pobreza encontraremos los mimbres con los (...) que posteriormente se tejerá toda una tupida red punitiva y disciplinaria que tendrá como propósito la creación de un ejército de trabajadores sumisos en condiciones de miseria. (shrink)

El proyecto educativo nacional busca establecer una cultura democrática, integral e inclusiva que aborde los problemas estructu­rales que el país padece, tal y como lo afirma y promueve la Nueva Escuela Mexicana (NEM). Sin embargo, las estrategias educativas reproducen discursos hegemónicos, así como marcos de comprensión y valoración normativos que consolidan las violencias estructurales que asedian los cuerpos y los territorios. A partir de la participación observante en el eje de escuelas en las brigadas nacionales de bús­queda de personas desaparecidas (...) en México se plantea un análisis crítico de la educación formal desde una pedagogía ante la desaparición, que abre posibilidades para una educación ante las víctimas de graves violaciones a los derechos humanos, como atestiguan las personas en situación de desaparición forzada. Este planteamiento ofrece alternativas a los marcos de normalización de la violencia, la precarización y el desprecio de sectores vulnerados de manera sistemática. Desde tales coordenadas, el texto se ubica desde la fi­losofía de la educación interseccional, en clave anamnénica, como herramienta de restauración de situaciones históricas tensadas por la violencia y como dispositivo que favorece la construcción de una cultura de la paz. (shrink)

El Preámbulo del Código francés de 1804 anuncia un nuevo orden basado en la recta razón y en los valores político-jurídicos de la Revolución francesa, en un intento de sustituir el papel tradicional que las iglesias habían jugado en la moralidad de la sociedad. Es más, la nueva ley civil se presenta como un sustituto de la ley moral y de la religión con intención de ocupar su lugar en la nueva sociedad que alumbra. Aparece la norma unidimensional con pretensión (...) de regular todos los ámbitos de la vida y que, en definitiva, acabará con la dicotomía pecado/delito. (shrink)

Machiavelli's influence on modern politics and the importance of his thought for the development of modern political ideas has long been universally acknowledged. The Prince has become a key text in Philosophy and Political Theory, one that is widely read and studied. Machiavelli's most important work is a hugely exciting, yet challenging, piece of philosophical writing. In Machiavelli's 'The Prince': A Reader's Guide, Miguel Vatter offers a clear and thorough account of this key philosophical work. Setting Machiavelli's text in (...) its historical and philosophical context, the book offers a detailed review of the key themes (epistemological, social, ethical and theological-political) and a lucid commentary that will enable readers to rapidly navigate the text. Geared towards the specific requirements of students who need to reach a sound understanding of the text as a whole, the guide explores the complex and important ideas inherent in the text and provides a cogent survey of the reception and influence of Machiavelli's work. This is the ideal companion to study this most influential of texts. (shrink)

In this essay we argue that attempts to justify the value of the liberal arts in narrowly instrumental ways are a mistake, one that is likely to miss the central importance of a liberal arts education. Of course, we do not claim here that such instrumental justifications are completely wrong, but that in so far as liberal education is defended primarily in terms of enhanced practical outcomes (better paying jobs, saleable professional skills, higher scores on graduate and professional admissions exams, (...) and so on) advocates will fail to articulate one of the most important reasons for study in the liberal arts. We will characterizeliberal education as a practice of reflecting on, discussing, and evaluating the question of what sort of lives I we should lead. Based on this, we then offer whatwe believe is a more promising, more consistent way of justifying liberal education. (shrink)

O objetivo principal deste artigo consiste em averiguar os propósitos que levaram Bacon a compor o que chamou de Instauratio Magna: uma grande instauração da ciência futura nos termos de uma ampla restauração do passado da ciência. Trata-se de uma exposição de seu projeto em contraposição ao que efetivamente realizou. Visto que Kant dedicou a Bacon a Crítica da Razão pura, também se impôs como objetivo deste artigo a necessidade de buscar o motivo dessa dedicatória.

Al mostrar las implicaciones de los conceptos gadamerianos de “anticipación de la perfección” e “historia efectual”, así como la relación que mantienen entre sí, el autor se propone explicar por qué en la filosofía de Gadamer el tradicional problema hermenéutico de una más adecuada comprensión de los “otros” queda subordinado al problema de la posible verdad de lo que éstos dicen. Asimismo, el autor sugiere que este último problema y el marco dialógico que Gadamer presupone como única posibilidad de afrontarlo, (...) constituyen la clave principal para entender las diferencias entre su pensamiento y la tradición hermenéutica que lo precede, incluido –pese a su influencia directa- Martin Heidegger. (shrink)

Este artigo se ocupa em averiguar os termos com os quais Cícero, Lucrécio e Diógenes Laércio buscaram tornar compreensível a prólêpsis de Epicuro. Cícero forneceu os termos antecipatio, praenotio e informationem; Lucrécio, notitia, exemplare et vestigia, a fim de dar voz e expor entre os latinos a doutrina do epicurismo. Diógenes Laércio indicou os termos katalêpsis, dóxa, énnoia, hypólêpsin, com os quais, segundo ele, os próprios epicuristas tentaram explicitar a prólêpsis de Epicuro. Por fim, o artigo expõe a opinião de (...) alguns comentadores contemporâneos. (shrink)

Peut-on continuer à considérer les canons d’Elvire comme appartenant à un seul concile ? L’historiographie française la plus répandue jusqu'a ce jour a répondu affirmativement à cette question. Depuis la fin du siècle dernier, on assiste a un débat très anime sur l’authenticité et l’unité des Actes dits d’Elvire. Les différentes thèses se partagent entre deux approches totalement opposées : l’une soutient l’unité des Actes, sans refuser qu’ils aient pu être remanies au cours de leur transmission historique ; l’autre, a (...) la suite de l’article pionnier de M. Meigne (1975), défend le caractère composite des Actes, qui constitueraient une collection de dispositions juridiques hétérogènes. L’article présente l’état actuel de la recherche sur le concile d’Elvire ainsi que les enjeux principaux du débat. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo consiste emdetalhar como Pedro Abelardo transformou a Dialéticatanto em método de investigação, quanto emtécnica de ensino e de aprendizagem. Nesteartigo, são também examinados os seguintesconceitos: o de probabiliter e o de consensus, e o de motes(r-ferente à Ética.